India has both private and public universities, many of which are supported by the Government of India and the state governments. Apart from these there are private universities supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.[1] In addition, 16 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination.[2]
The types of universities controlled by the UGC include:
- Central universities, or Union universities are established by Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education in the Union Human Resource Development Ministry.[3] The UGC lists 42 central universities.[4] However, as Central University of Jammu was has not started operating as of June 2011[update],[5] there are, in effect, 41.
- State universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a local parliament act. As of 26 August 2011[update], the UGC lists 281 state universities, around 170 of which are receiving Central/UGC assistance.[6] The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the University of Mumbai, the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta.
- Deemed university, or "Deemed-to-be-University", is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC, under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956.[7] The UGC list from 23 June 2008 lists 130 deemed universities.[8] According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. Note that in many cases, the same listing by the UGC covers several institutes. For example, the listing for Homi Bhabha National Institute covers the Institute of Mathematical Sciences the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research and other institutes.[9] The list below includes only the major institute granted the status, and such additional institutes are not listed separately.
- Private universities are approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges. The UGC list from 1 September 2011 lists 94 private universities.[10]
Another group of universities are the Agricultural Universities, which are under the control of the Agricultural Education Division of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), one of the professional councils.[11] The ICAR lists 47 such universities,[12] most of which are also recognized by the UGC as either central (the Central Agricultural University specifically) or state universities. Ten universities which are not recognized by the UGC are listed below with "ICAR" as the type of university.
In addition to the above universities, other institutions are granted the permission to autonomously award degrees, and while usually not called "university" by name, act as such. These groups are called "autonomous organizations" and are under the administrative control of the Department of Higher Education.[13] These include the following:
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a group of autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes with special funding and administration. The original Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 lists seven IITs.[14] Nine more are listed under the Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2010[15] which was passed by the Lok Sabha on 24 March 2011[16] and is still to be adopted by the Rajya Sabha.
- National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are a group of engineering, science, technology and management schools which were established as "Regional Engineering Colleges" and upgraded in 2003 to national status and central funding. The latest act governing NITs is the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007 which declared them Institutes of National Importance. It lists twenty NITs.[17] In 2010 the government announced plans for ten more.[18]
- Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) are a group of business schools created by the Government of India. IIMs are registered Societies governed by their respective Board of Governors. The Department of Higher Education lists 13 IIMs.[19]
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) are a group of five institutes established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, devoted to science education and research in basic sciences. They are broadly set on the lines of the Indian Institute of Science.[20]
- Other autonomous institutes. The Department of Higher Education also lists some other institutes which do not fall into any of the categories above, and are not governed by any specific body. Some of these institutes were also granted deemed university status and are listed below as such. The rest are listed as "Autonomous". One specific such group is the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), a group of four institutes focused on information technology. They are established by the central government, centrally funded, and managed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[21] Three of the four were granted deemed university status,[8] and the fourth, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram, is listed below as "Autonomous".
Of specific interest are Institutes of National Importance (INIs). INIs are institutions which are set by an act of parliament. They receive special recognition and funding. The Department of Higher Education's list includes 33 institutions.[22] Some other institutes were added to the list recently.[23][24] INIs are marked below with a hash (#).
Note that institutes which are affiliated with a listed institute are not listed separately. For example, the National Institute of Science Education and Research is affiliated with Homi Bhabha National Institute[25] and is not listed separately.
Summary
edit| State | Central universities |
State universities |
Deemed universities |
Private universities |
Autonomous institutes |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 30 | 7 | 0 | ICAR, IIT (A), NIT | 43 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| Assam | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | IIT, NIT | 9 |
| Bihar | 1 | 14 | 2 | 0 | ICAR, IIT (A), NIT | 20 |
| Chandigarh | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | 10 | 0 | 3 | IIM, NIT | 16 |
| Delhi | 4 | 5 | 11% | 0 | IIT, Unclear% | 22 |
| Goa | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Gujarat | 1 | 18 | 2 | 9 | 2×ICAR, IIM, IIT (A), NIT | 35 |
| Haryana | 1 | 10 | 5 | 5 | IIM, NIT | 23 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | 4 | 0 | 11 | IIT (A), NIT | 18 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 1 |
6 | 0 | 0 | ICAR, NIT | 9
|
| Jharkhand | 1 | 7 | 2 | 1 | IIM, NIT | 13 |
| Karnataka | 1 | 20 | 15 | 2 | 2×ICAR, IIM, NIT | 42 |
| Kerala | 1 | 11 | 2 | 0 | IIM, IISER, NIT | 17 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 15 | 3 | 3 | ICAR, IIM, IISER, IIT (A), NIT | 28 |
| Maharashtra | 1 | 19 | 21 | 0 | IISER, IIT, NIT | 44 |
| Manipur | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Meghalaya | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | IIM | 9 |
| Mizoram | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| Nagaland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |
| Orissa | 1 | 12 | 2 | 1 | IIT (A), NIT | 18 |
| Puducherry | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| Punjab | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | IISER, IIT (A), NIT | 16 |
| Rajasthan | 1 | 14 | 8 | 18 | ICAR, IIM, IIT (A), NIT | 45 |
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | 24 | 29 | 0 | IIM, IIT, NIT, Other | 59 |
| Tripura | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | NIT | 3 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | 23 | 10 | 16 | ICAR, IIM, IIT, IIT (A), NIT | 58 |
| Uttarakhand | 1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | IIM, IIT | 20 |
| West Bengal | 1 | 20 | 1 | 0 | IIM, IISER, IIT, NIT | 26 |
| Total | 41 |
281 | 129% | 94 | 66 | 611 |
IIT (A) – IIT according to the amendment act of 2010
– Does not include Central University of Jammu which has not started operating.[5]
% The number of deemed universities does not include the National School of Drama which changed status on 7 October 2011, and its current status is unclear.[26]
Universities by state
editAndhra Pradesh
editIn Andhra Pradesh there are three central universities, 30 state universities, seven deemed universities, an NIT, an amendment IIT and an additional agricultural university.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Following the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Universities Act, 2008 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University was split into four universities, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture & Fine Arts University, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.[69] This is also reflected by the UGC list.[6] The date of establishment of all four institutes is therefore 2008, though Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University was established in 1972 by The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Act, 1972[70] which is what the UGC lists as the establishment date for Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.
Arunachal Pradesh
editIn Arunachal Pradesh there is one central university and one deemed university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology | Itanagar | Deemed | 1986 (2005 )
|
Technology | [71] |
| Rajiv Gandhi University | Itanagar | Central | 1984 | General | [72] |
granted deemed university status
Assam
editIn Assam there are two central universities, four state universities, one private university, an NIT and an IIT.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assam Agricultural University | Jorhat | State | 1968 | Agriculture | [73] |
| Assam Don Bosco University | Guwahati | Private | 2009 | General | [74] |
| Assam University | Silchar | Central | 1994 | General | [75] |
| Dibrugarh University | Dibrugarh | State | 1965 | General | [76] |
| Gauhati University | Guwahati | State | 1948 | General | [77] |
| Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati | Guwahati | IIT# | 1994 | Technology | [78] |
| Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University | Guwahati | State | 2007 | General, distance education | [79] |
| National Institute of Technology, Silchar | Silchar | NIT# | 1967 | Technology | [80] |
| Tezpur University | Tezpur | Central | 1994 | General | [81] |
# Institute of National Importance
Bihar
editIn Bihar there are one central university, 14 state universities, two deemed universities, an NIT, an amendment IIT and an additional agricultural university.
# Institute of National Importance
Chandigarh
editIn Chandigarh there is one state university and one deemed university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panjab University, Chandigarh | Chandigarh | State | 1947 (1956 )[104]
|
General | [105] |
| PEC University of Technology | Chandigarh | Deemed | 1921 (1954 ) (2003 )
|
Engineering | [106] |
relocated to Chandigarh
granted deemed university status
Chhattisgarh
editIn Chhattisgarh there are one central university, ten state universities, three private universities an IIM and an NIT.
– date established as central university
# Institute of National Importance
Delhi
editIn Delhi there are four central university, five state universities, eleven deemed universities, an IIT and one institute with unclear status, the National School of Drama.
granted deemed/central university status
The National School of Drama was granted deemed university status in 2005. However, in 2011 the status was revoked on the institute's request.[26] Its current status is unclear.
# Institute of National Importance
Goa
editIn Goa there is one state university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goa University | Goa | State | 1985 | General | [145] |
Gujarat
editIn Gujarat there are one central university, 18 state universities, two deemed universities, nine private universities an IIM, an IIT (amendment), an NIT and two additional agricultural universities.
.jpg)
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) was split in 2004 under that Gujarat Agricultural University Act-2004 into four universities, namely Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Anand Agricultural University, Junagadh Agricultural University and Navsari Agricultural University.[181] The UGC lists the first as "Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar" with the date of establishment of GAU, 1972. The second is listed by its name, with 2004 as the establishment date. The last two are not listed by the UGC, but are listed by the ICAR.
Haryana
editIn Haryana there are one central university, ten state universities, five deemed universities, five private universities, an IIM and an NIT.
.jpg)
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Himachal Pradesh
editIn Himachal Pradesh there are one central university, four state universities, 11 private universities, an Amendment IIT and an NIT.
# Institute of National Importance
Jammu and Kashmir
editIn Jammu and Kashmir there are one central university, six state universities, an NIT and an additional agricultural university. As of June 2011[update], Central University of Jammu, which is listed by the UGC list,[4] has not started operating due to delays in the appointment of a Vice-Chancellor.[5]
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University | Rajauri | State | 2005 | General | [223] |
| Central University of Kashmir | Srinagar | Central | 2009 | General | [224] |
| Islamic University of Science & Technology | Pulwama | State | 2005 | Science and technology | [225] |
| National Institute of Technology, Srinagar | Srinagar | NIT# | 1960 | Technology | [226] |
| Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
|
Jammu | ICAR | 1999 | Agriculture | [227] |
| Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
|
Srinagar | State | 1982 | Agriculture | [228] |
| Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University | Katra | State | 2004 | Science and technology | [229] |
| University of Jammu | Jammu | State | 1968 | General | [230] |
| University of Kashmir | Srinagar | State | 1949 | General | [231] |
# Institute of National Importance
The Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Act 1982 which established Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology was amended in 1999, creating Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) and Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J).[228] The UGC lists the original university, with establishment date of 1982, at the original Kashmir location, without listing SKUAST-J in any way. The SKUAST-K website also sees this as a split of SKUAST-J and a rename of the original university.[228] The ICAR lists the original university at the Jammu location, and lists SKUAST-K separately.
Jharkhand
editIn Jharkhand there are one central university, seven state universities two deemed universities, one private university, an IIM and an NIT.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra | Ranchi | Deemed | 1955 (1986 )
|
Technology | [232] |
| Birsa Agricultural University | Ranchi | State | 1980 | Agriculture | [233] |
| Central University of Jharkhand | Ranchi | Central | 2009 | General | [234] |
| Indian Institute of Management Ranchi | Ranchi | IIM | 2010 | Management | [235] |
| Indian School of Mines University | Dhanbad | Deemed | 1926 (1967 )
|
Mining | [236] |
| Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Jharkhand | Ranchi | Private | 2008 | Management | [237] |
| Kolhan University | Chaibasa | State | 2007
|
General | [238] |
| National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur | Jamshedpur | NIT# | 1960 | Technology | [239] |
| National University of Study and Research in Law | Ranchi | State | 2010 | Law | [240] |
| Nilamber-Pitamber University | Palamu | State | 2007
|
General | [241] |
| Ranchi University | Ranchi | State | 1960 | General | [242] |
| Sido Kanhu University | Dumka | State | 1992 | General | [243] |
| Vinoba Bhave University | Hazaribagh | State | 1993 | General | [244] |
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
In both of these cases, the UGC lists an establishment year of 2007 while the institutes themselves list 2009.[238][241]
Karnataka
editIn Karnataka there are one central university, twenty state universities fifteen deemed universities, two private universities, an IIM, an NIT and two additional agricultural universities.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
The UGC does not list a year of establishment. 2004 is the year of the Act.
Kerala
editIn Kerala there are one central university, eleven state universities, two deemed universities, an IIM, an IISER and an NIT.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Madhya Pradesh
editIn Madhya Pradesh there are two central universities, fifteen state universities, three deemed universities, three private university, an IIM, an IIT (Amendment), an IISER, an NIT and an additional agricultural university.
granted university/deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (RVSKVV) was bifurcated from Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University by an act of the Madhya Pradesh government.[328] While it is not listed by the UGC as a separate university, it is listed by the ICAR.
Maharashtra
editIn Maharashtra there are one central university, 19 state universities, 21 deemed universities, an IISER, an IIT and an NIT.
granted university/deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Manipur
editIn Manipur there are two central universities.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Agricultural University | Imphal | Central | 1993 | Agriculture | [375] |
| Manipur University | Imphal | Central | 1980 (2005 )
|
General | [376] |
granted central university status
Meghalaya
editIn Meghalaya there are one central university, seven private universities and an IIM.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMJ University | Shillong | Private | 2009 | General | [377] |
| Indian Institute of Management Shillong | Shillong | IIM | 2007 | Management | [378] |
| Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University Meghalya | Tura | Private | 2009 | Management | [379] |
| Mahatma Gandhi University | Nongpoh | Private | 2011 | Management | [380] |
| Martin Luther Christian University | Shillong | Private | 2005 | General | [381] |
| North Eastern Hill University | Shillong | Central | 1973 | General | [382] |
| Techno Global University | Shillong | Private | 2008 | Technology | [383] |
| University of Science and Technology Meghalaya | Ri-Bhoi | Private | 2008 | Technology | [384] |
| University of Technology and Management | Shillong | Private | 2011 | Technology and management | [385] |
Mizoram
editIn Mizoram there is one central university and one private university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Mizoram | Aizawl | Private | 2006 | Management | [386] |
| Mizoram University | Aizawl | Central | 2000 | General | [387] |
Nagaland
editIn Nagaland there are two private universities and one central university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nagaland University | Kohima | Central | 1994 | General | [388] |
| The Global Open University Nagaland | Dimapur | Private | 2006 | Distance learning | [389] |
| The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University Nagaland | Dimapur | Private | 2009 | Finance | [390] |
Orissa
editIn Orissa there are one central university, 12 state universities, two deemed universities, one private university, an amendment IIT and an NIT.
Granted university status
# Institute of National Importance
Puducherry
editIn Puducherry there is one central university and one deemed university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pondicherry University | Pondicherry | Central | 1985 | General | [409] |
| Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University | Pondicherry | Deemed | 2001 (2008 )
|
Medical | [410] |
granted deemed university status
Punjab
editIn Punjab there are one central university, seven state universities, two deemed universities, three private universities, an IISER, an amendment IIT and an NIT.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Rajasthan
editIn Rajasthan there are one central university, fourteen state universities, eight deemed universities, eighteen private universities, an IIM, an amendment IIT, an NIT and an additional agricultural university.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Sikkim
editIn Sikkim there are four private universities and one central university.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Sikkim | Gangtok | Private | 2004 | Management | [474] |
| Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management | Jorethang | Private | 2006 | General | [475] |
| Sikkim Manipal University | Gangtok | Private | 1995 | General | [476] |
| Sikkim University | Gangtok | Central | 2007 | General | [477] |
| Vinayaka Missions Sikkim University | Gangtok | Private | 2008 | General | [478] |
Tamil Nadu
editIn Tamil Nadu there are two central universities, 24 state universities, 29 deemed universities, an IIM, an IIT, an NIT and one other autonomous institute.
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Tripura
editIn Tripura there are one central university, one private university and an NIT.
| University | Location | Type | Established | Specialization | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Tripurah | Agartala | Private | 2004 | Management | [539] |
| National Institute of Technology, Agartala | Agartala | NIT# | 2006 | Technology | [540] |
| Tripura University | Agartala | Central | 1987 | General | [541] |
# Institute of National Importance
Uttar Pradesh
editIn Uttar Pradesh there are four central universities, 23 state universities, ten deemed universities, 16 private universities, an IIM, an IIT, an amendment IIT, an NIT and an additional agricultural university.
.jpg)
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University is listed by the UGC as "King Georges Medical University, Lucknow", but renamed since. In addition, "U.P. King George’s University of Dental Science, Lucknow", which is also listed, is now the Faculty of Dental Sciences under the Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University.[553][598]
± Listed by the UGC as Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU). In 2010 Mahamaya Technical University was bifurcated from UPTU and UPTU was renamed.[576] The UGC also lists the original establishment of UTPU.
Uttarakhand
editIn Uttarakhand there are one central university, six state universities, four deemed universities, six private universities, an IIM and an IIT.
Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG)
granted deemed university status
# Institute of National Importance
West Bengal
editIn West Bengal there are one central university, twenty state universities, one deemed university, an IIM, an IISER, an IIT and an NIT.
.jpg)
See also
editReferences
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- ^ "Higher Education". education.nic.in. Union Human Resource Development Ministry. http://education.nic.in/higedu.htm#C%20E%20N%20T%20R%20A%20L%20%20%20U%20N%20I%20V%20E%20R%20S%20I%20T%20I%20E%20S. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Central Universities". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ a b c Watts, Archit (10 June 2011). "Central University of Jammu Local to be appointed VC soon, says minister". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b "List of State Universities" (PDF). University Grants Commission. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST) Thiruvanathapuram Declared as Deemed to be University". Union Human Resource Development Ministry, Press Information Bureau. 14 July 2008. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40292. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ a b ":::Deemed University – University Grants Commission :::". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ "Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institute as deemed university". ugc.ac.in. http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/homibaba.html. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ ":::Private Universities – University Grants Commission :::". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 9 October.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Agricultural Education Division | Indian Council of Agricultural Research". icar.org.in. http://www.icar.org.in/en/agricultural-education.htm. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
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- ^ "The Institutes of National Importance" (PDF). Union Human Resource Development Ministry. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "B'lore: NIMHANS gets national importance status". Oneindia.in. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "The Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011" (PDF). 1 July 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ ":: NISER ::". niser.ac.in. http://www.niser.ac.in/institute.php?p=vision. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ a b "NSD loses deemed varsity status on own request". The Hindu. 7 October 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
{{cite news}}: More than one of|work=and|newspaper=specified (help) - ^ "A.P. University Of Law". apulvisakha.org. http://www.apulvisakha.org/aboutus.html. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
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- ^ "welcome to Acharya Nagarjuna University". nagarjunauniversity.ac.in. http://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/profile.asp. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ ":: Adikavi Nannaya University ::". nannayauniversity.info. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090608194541/http://www.nannayauniversity.info/about-university.php. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University". aphu.edu.in. http://www.aphu.edu.in/about.htm. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
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