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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
AnarchismEdit
- Political internationals
- Anarkismo (platformism and specifism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (synthesis anarchism)
- International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
- International Union of Anarchists (anarcho-communism)
- International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)
ClassicalEdit
Post-classicalEdit
ContemporaryEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
AuthoritarianismEdit
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
CommunitarianismEdit
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
Regional variantsEdit
CommunismEdit
- Political internationals
- Committee for a Workers' International (Trotskyism)
- Committee for Revolutionary International Regroupment (Trotskyism)
- Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (ICR) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (post-reunification) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International Posadist (Trotskyism)
- International Bolshevik Tendency (Trotskyism)
- International Committee of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Current (left communism)
- International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Party (left communism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter) (Maoism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) (Hoxhaism)
- International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (anti-revisionism)
- International League of Peoples' Struggle (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism)
- International Marxist Tendency (orthodox Trotskyism)
- International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties (Marxism–Leninism)
- International Socialist Alternative (Trotskyism)
- International Socialist Tendency (neo-Trotskyism)
- International Workers League – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Workers' Unity – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Internationalist Communist Tendency (left communism)
- Internationalist Communist Union (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fifth International (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Revolutionary Communist International (Trotskyism)
- Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- United Secretariat of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
- Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
AuthoritarianEdit
LeninismEdit
Marxism–LeninismEdit
- Brezhnevism
- Castroism
- Ceaușism
- Dubčekism
- Gorbachevism
- Guevarism
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Husakism
- Juche
- Kadarism
- Khrushchevism
- Maoism
- Marxist–Leninist atheism
- Scientific communism
- Stalinism
- Titoism
LibertarianEdit
MarxismEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
- Albania
- Bosnia, and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechoslovakia
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
OceanianEdit
ConservatismEdit
- Political internationals
GeneralEdit
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Civic conservatism
- Classical conservatism
- Conservative corporatism
- Conservative liberalism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Monarchism
- National conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Paternalistic conservatism
- Right-wing populism
- Social conservatism
- Social Darwinism
- Theoconservatism
- Traditionalist conservatism
ReactionaryEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
United StatesEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
CorporatismEdit
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
Western EuropeEdit
DemocracyEdit
GeneralEdit
- Associative democracy
- Bioregional democracy
- Bourgeois democracy
- Cellular democracy
- Conservative democracy
- Constitutional democracy
- Cosmopolitan democracy
- Defensive democracy
- Economic democracy
- E-democracy
- Ethnic democracy
- Guided democracy
- Liquid democracy
- Market democracy
- Media democracy
- Multiparty democracy
- Non-partisan democracy
- Participatory democracy
- Pluralist democracy
- Procedural democracy
- Proletarian democracy
- Racial democracy
- Radical democracy
- Representative democracy
- Republican democracy
- Revolutionary democracy
- Sectarian democracy
- Semi-democracy
- Semi-direct democracy
- Social democracy
- Socialist democracy
- Sovereign democracy
- Substantive democracy
- Tory democracy
OtherEdit
Direct democracy movementsEdit
- Anticipatory democracy
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Cellular democracy
- Collaborative governance
- Consensus democracy
- Copyright reform movements
- Council democracy
- Cyber-utopianism
- Deliberative democracy
- Delegative democracy
- Dynamic governance
- E-democracy
- Economic democracy
- Empowered democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Inclusive Democracy
- Localism
- Marxist democracy
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Pirate politics
- Popular democracy
- Producerism
- Semi-direct democracy
Pirate politicsEdit
Pirate politics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ideology | Anti-corruption Civil libertarianism Civil rights Direct democracy E-democracy Participatory democracy Social liberalism |
- Political internationals
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Christian democracyEdit
- Political internationals
- Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
- Christian Democrat Organization of America (Christian democracy)
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
OtherEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AsianEdit
AmericanEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
EnvironmentalismEdit
- Political internationals
- Friends of the Earth (environmentalism)
- Global Greens (green politics)
- World Ecological Parties (bright green environmentalism)
Bright green environmentalismEdit
Deep green environmentalismEdit
Light green environmentalismEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
Fascism and NazismEdit
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
- Alt-right movement
- Aryanism
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Corporate statism
- Fascist corporatism
- Fascist mysticism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Feudal fascism
- Identitarian movement
- National populism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Nouvelle Droite
- Palingenetic ultranationalism
- Racial nationalism
- Reactionary modernism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Supremacism
- Syncretism
- Third Position
- Ultranationalism
OppositionEdit
By countryEdit
- During and before World War II
- Post-World War II
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
- Albania
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Estonia
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
OceanianEdit
Identity politicsEdit
- Political internationals
- International Council of Women (feminism)
- Minority Rights Group International (minority rights)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (indigenous rights and self-determination)
Edit
Edit
Edit
FeminismEdit
GeneralEdit
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Care-focused feminism
- Conservative feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
- Difference feminism
- Eco-feminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Intersectional feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Libertarian feminism
- Lipstick feminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Post-modern feminism
- Pro-feminism
- Radical feminism
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
OppositionEdit
Chronological variantsEdit
Ethnic and social variantsEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
LGBT social movementsEdit
Men's movementEdit
Regional variantsEdit
Self-determination movementsEdit
African-AmericanEdit
Indigenous peoplesEdit
Latin AmericanEdit
Separatist and supremacist movementsEdit
EthnicEdit
BlackEdit
WhiteEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceaniaEdit
GenderEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Student movementsEdit
GeneralEdit
Regional variantsEdit
LiberalismEdit
- Political internationals
GeneralEdit
- Agonistic liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Economic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- National liberalism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Neo-liberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Secular liberalism
- Social liberalism
- Technoliberalism
OtherEdit
- Anti anti-communism
- Liberal centrism
- Liberal constitutionalism
- Liberal egalitarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal corporatism
- Liberal democracy
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal internationalism
- Liberal progressivism
- Liberal socialism
- Liberal transhumanism
- Liberal welfarism
- Liberal radicalism
- Liberal republicanism
- Social libertarianism
- Whiggism
OppositionEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
OceanianEdit
LibertarianismEdit
- Political internationals
- Center for a Stateless Society (left-libertarianism)
- International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (right-libertarianism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (anarchism)
- International Union for Land Value Taxation (geoism)
- Liberty International (right-libertarianism)
Left-libertarianismEdit
Right-libertarianismEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
United StatesEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
NationalismEdit
- Political internationals
- International Conference of Asian Political Parties (pan-Asianism and regionalism)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (nationalism and self-determination)
GeneralEdit
- Bourgeois nationalism
- Civic nationalism
- Cultural nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
- Economic nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Homonationalism
- Integral nationalism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- Liberation nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Post-colonial nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Radical nationalism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Right-wing nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Socialist nationalism
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
Unification movementsEdit
- Chinese unificationism
- Continentalism
- Eurasianism
- Hui pan-nationalism
- Indian nationalism
- Indigenism
- Korean reunificationism
- Multiculturalism
- Neo-Sovietism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Albanianism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Dravidianism
- Pan-Europeanism
- Pan-Finnicism
- Pan-Francoism
- Pan-Germanism
- Pan-Hellenism
- Pan-Hispanism
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Mongolism
- Pan-Netherlandism
- Pan-Oceanianism
- Pan-Rumanianism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
- Postnationalism
- Regionalism
PopulismEdit
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
GeneralEdit
Left-wing populismEdit
- Agrarian socialism
- Anti-austerity movement
- Anti-consumerism
- Anti-corporate movement
- Anti-globalization movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Autonomism
- Copyright reform movement
- Cyber-utopianism
- Economic democracy
- Economic progressivism
- Egalitarianism
- Labour movement
- Left-wing nationalism
- Net neutrality movement
- Occupy movement
- Open-source-software movement
- Parecon
- Parpolity
- Peace movement
- Radical democracy
- Social democratic populism
- Socialist populism
Right-wing populismEdit
- Alt-lite movement
- Alt-right movement
- Anti-intellectualism
- Chauvinism
- Conservative populism
- Demagogy
- Market populism
- National conservatism
- National populism
- Nativism
- Neo-nationalism
- Neo-reactionary movement
- Paleoconservatism
- Penal populism
- Right-wing nationalism[disambiguation needed]
- Reactionary populism
- Third Position
- Völkisch movement
OtherEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AsianEdit
AmericanEdit
EuropeanEdit
- Ancient Rome
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- European Union
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Nederlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
OceanianEdit
ProgressivismEdit
- Political internationals
- Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
Religio-political ideologiesEdit
- Political internationals
- Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamism)
- Humanist International (humanism)
- Muslim Brotherhood (Islamism)
GeneralEdit
- Anti-Masonry
- Antisemitism
- Clericalism
- Complementarianism
- Confessionalism
- Feminist theology
- Freemasonry
- Humanism
- Messianism
- Political religion
- Postcolonial theology
- Religious anarchism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Religious apoliticism
- Religious communism
- Religious egalitarianism
- Religious environmentalism
- Religious liberalism
- Religious nationalism
- Religious pacifism
- Religious socialism
- Secularism
- Spiritual left
- State religion
Political atheism and agnosticismEdit
Political Baháʼí FaithEdit
Political BuddhismEdit
Political ChristianityEdit
Political ConfucianismEdit
Political HinduismEdit
Political indigenous religionsEdit
Political IslamEdit
- Gülen movement
- Hindu-Muslim unity
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic antisemitism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic environmentalism
- Islamic egalitarianism
- Islamic feminism
- Islamic liberalism
- Islamic modernism
- Islamic monarchism
- Islamic pacifism
- Islamic republicanism
- Islamic socialism
- Islamic Zionism
- Islamism
- Muslim nationalism in South Asia
- Pan-Islamism
Political JudaismEdit
Political NeopaganismEdit
Political ShintoEdit
Political SikhismEdit
Political TaoismEdit
Political ZoroastrianismEdit
Satirical and anti-politicsEdit
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
Social democracyEdit
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
- Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
- Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
OceanianEdit
SocialismEdit
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism and socialism of the 21st century)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
- Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)
- World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
GeneralEdit
AuthoritarianEdit
- Arab socialism
- African socialism
- Barracks socialism
- Blanquism
- Fitzhughism
- Leninism
- Democratic centralism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Trotskyism
- Vanguardism
- War socialism
- Nechayevism
- Tkachevism
LibertarianEdit
- Anarchism
- Communard movement
- Communalism
- Communism
- Left-libertarianism
- Marxism
- Syndicalism
- Third camp socialism
OtherEdit
- Agrarian socialism
- Centrist Marxism
- Communitarianism
- Copyleft
- Eco-socialism
- Economic egalitarianism
- Economic progressivism
- Ethical socialism
- Guild socialism
- International socialism
- Kibbutz movement
- Labourism
- Liberal socialism
- Market socialism
- Marxist democracy
- Millennial socialism
- Municipal socialism
- Queer socialism
- Proto-socialism
- Radicalism
- Scientific socialism
- Social egalitarianism
- Social democracy
- Socialism of the 21st century
- Socialist feminism
- Socialist nationalism
- Socialist populism
- Utopian socialism
- World socialism
OppositionEdit
Religious variantsEdit
Regional variantsEdit
AfricanEdit
AmericanEdit
AsianEdit
EuropeanEdit
- Albania
- Andorra
- Bosnia, and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Byelarus
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Social Democratic Party
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
OceanianEdit
SyndicalismEdit
- Political internationals
- International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
- International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
OppositionEdit
Regional variantsEdit
TranshumanismEdit
- Political internationals
GeneralEdit
OtherEdit
Regional variantsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
- ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
- ^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
- ^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
- ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
- ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
- ^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.