 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Wu Chinese on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Wu Chinese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Wu Chinese pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-wuu}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
ConsonantsEdit
In the Romanization schemes of Wu Chinese:
- i denotes 吴语协会拼音
- ii denotes 吴语学堂拼音
- iii denotes 吴语拉丁式注音法, also known as 法吴
- iv denotes Qian Nairong's 上海话拼音方案 in 2006, also known as 钱拼[1]
- Example characters correspond to the Shanghainese dialect
| IPA | Romanization schemes | Characters | English Approximation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ii | iii | iv | |||
| p | p | p | b | 巴百 | spin | |
| pʰ | ph | ph | p | 怕捧 | pin | |
| b | b | b | bh | 旁别 | big | |
| m | m | m | mh | 没母 | might | |
| ˀm | m | m | 闷美 | lamb, with glottalization | ||
| m̩ | m | 姆亩 | rhythm | |||
| f | f | f | f | 夫反 | find | |
| v | v | v | fh | 佛犯 | vase | |
| ˀv | v | v | 勿[2] | leave, with glottalization | ||
| t | t | t | d | 多德 | stop | |
| tʰ | th | th | t | 体通 | top | |
| d | d | d | dh | 地同 | dash | |
| n | n | n | nh, -n | 纳努 | night | |
| ˀn | ng | 囡呢 | ton, with glottalization | |||
| ȵ[3] (n̠ʲ) |
ny | gn | nh | 尼女 | canyon | |
| ˀȵ[3] (ˀn̠ʲ) |
gn | n | 研妞 | canyon, with glottalization | ||
| n̩ | n | n | 唔 | button | ||
| l | l | l | lh | 勒路 | lip | |
| ˀl | l | l | 拎了 | pull, with glottalization | ||
| ts | ts | ts | z | 子张 | cats | |
| tsʰ | tsh | tsh | c | 超参 | cats head | |
| s | s | s | s | 书三 | sea | |
| z | z | z | sh | 传食 | zoo | |
| tɕ | c | c | j | 居尖 | cheap | |
| tɕʰ | ch | ch | q | 曲青 | catch him | |
| dʑ | j | j | jh | 求极 | jeep | |
| ɕ | sh | sh | x | 需血 | sheep | |
| ʑ | zh | zh | xh | 谢墙 | vision | |
| k | k | k | g | 工各 | scan | |
| kʰ | kh | kh | k | 苦客 | can | |
| ɡ | g | g | gh | 共搞 | get | |
| ŋ | ng | ng | nhg-, -ng | 鹅牙 | bring | |
| ˀŋ | ng | ng | 我砑 | sing, with glottalization | ||
| ŋ̍ | ng | ng | 五鱼 | No English equivalent | ||
| ɦ | gh | gh | hh | 红合 | behind | |
| ɻ | er | -r (er) | 而尔 | right | ||
| ʔ | -h | -q | -k | Pause in uh-oh! | ||
VowelsEdit
| IPA† | Romanization schemes † | E.g. | English Approximation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ii | iii | iv | |||
| i | -i, -i-, y-, yh- | 西谢 | beat | |||
| ɿ[3] (ɹ̩) |
y | -y | 资处 | American better | ||
| o/u | -o, -u, w- | -u, -u-, w-, wh- | 多坏 | boot | ||
| y | iu | yu, -u[4], -u-, yhu- | 须卷 | RP cute, but the vowel is more front | ||
| ᴀ[3] (ä) |
a, ia | a (ia, ua) | 拉写 | father, but the vowel is more front | ||
| o~ʊ | o | o (o, ong, iong) | 沙画 | between go and push | ||
| ᴇ[3] (e̞) |
e | e (e, ue) | 海难 | play | ||
| ɔ | au | ao (ao, iao) | 少表 | off | ||
| ɤ | eu | ou (ou, iu[5]) | 头流 | foot, but with unrounded lips | ||
| ø | oen, oe | oe (uoe, yoe) | 看完 | RP fur, but the vowel is more front and with rounded lips | ||
| ə | en, er | e (en, un[5], er) | 登而 | about | ||
| ã | an | an (ian, uan) | 长横 | sang | ||
| ɑ̃ | aon | ang (ang, iang, uang) | 刚光 | Similar to song | ||
| Vowels with glottal stops | ||||||
| ᴀʔ (äʔ) |
aq | ak (ak, iak, uak) | 白脚 | but, with glottalization | ||
| əʔ | eq | ek (ek, uek) | 合活 | comma, with glottalisation | ||
| oʔ~ʊʔ | oq | ok (ok, iok) | 角肉 | between go and push, with glottalisaton | ||
| iɪʔ | eq | ik | 笔吃 | beat, but the vowel is more open and with glottalization | ||
| yɪʔ | ioq, iuiq | yuik | 血月 | RP cute, but the vowel is more front and with glottalization | ||
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Qian, Nairong (2006-12-06). "首届国际上海方言学术研讨会审定上海话拼音方案". 北大中文论坛 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-16.
- ^ 出现在三个或以上音节的语音词的第一个音节。
- ^ a b c d e [ɿ ᴀ ᴇ ȵ] are Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet and are not accepted by the general IPA community.
- ^ yu开头的韵母与除n、l外的声母相拼时省去y, 如qyuoe（“券”）写作quoe。
- ^ a b iou、uen与声母相拼时分别省去o与e，作iu与un。