_Station_Line_2_Platform_200602.jpg)
This list of metro systems includes electrified rapid transit train systems worldwide. In some cases, metro systems are referred to as subways, U-Bahns or undergrounds. As of October 2014[update], 148 cities[1] in 55 countries around the world host the approximately 160 metro systems that are listed here. The earliest metro system, the London Underground, first opened as an "underground railway" in 1863;[4] its first electrified underground line opened in 1890,[4] making the London Underground the world's first metro system.[3] The metro system with the longest route length in the world is the Shanghai Metro;[1][2] the busiest one is the Beijing Subway;[2] and the one with the most stations is the New York City Subway.[2]
Considerations
editThe International Association of Public Transport (L'Union Internationale des Transports Publics, or UITP) defines metro systems as urban passenger transport systems, "operated on their own right of way and segregated from general road and pedestrian traffic".[5][6] The terms Heavy rail (mainly in North America) and heavy urban rail are essentially synonymous with the term "metro".[7][8][9] Heavy rail systems are also specifically defined as an "electric railway".[7][8]
The dividing line between metro and other modes of public transport, such as light rail[7][8] and commuter rail,[7][8] is not always clear, and while UITP only makes distinctions between "metros" and "light rail",[5] the U.S.'s APTA and FTA distinguish all three modes.[7][8] A common way to distinguish metro from light rail is by their separation from other traffic. While light rail systems may share roads or have level crossings, a metro system runs, almost always, on a grade-separated exclusive right-of-way, with no access for pedestrians and other traffic. And in contrast to commuter rail or light rail, metro systems are primarily used for transport within a city, and have higher service frequencies and substantially higher passenger volume capacities. Furthermore, most metro systems do not share tracks with freight trains or inter-city rail services. It is however not relevant whether the system runs on steel wheels or rubber tyres, or if the power supply is from a third rail or overhead line.
The name of the system is not a criterion for inclusion or exclusion. Some cities use metro as a brand name for a transit line with no component of rapid transit whatsoever. Similarly, there are systems branded light rail that meet every criterion for being a rapid transit system. Some systems also incorporate light metro or light rail lines as part of the larger system under a common name. These are listed, but the light rail lines are not counted in the provided network data. Certain transit networks match the technical level and service standards of metro systems, but reach far out of the city and are sometimes known as S-Bahn, suburban, regional or commuter rail. These are not included in this list. Neither are funicular systems, or people movers, such as amusement park, ski resort and airport transport systems.
This list counts metros separately when multiple metros in one city or metropolitan area have separate owners or operating companies. This list expressly does not aim at representing the size and scope of the total rapid transit network of a certain city or metropolitan area. The data of this list should not be used to infer the size of a city's, region's, or country's rapid transit systems, or to establish a ranking. Doing so would in many cases lead to a gross misrepresentation.
Legend
edit
- City
- Primary city served by the metro system.
- Country
- Sovereign state in which the metro system is located.
- Name
- The most common English name of the metro system (and the connecting Wiki page for that system).
- Year opened
- The year the metro system was opened for commercial service at metro standards. In other words, parts of the system may be older, but as parts of a former light rail or commuter rail network, so the year that the system obtained metro standards (e.g. electrified) is the one listed.
- Year of last expansion
- The last time the metro system was expanded in terms of the system length or number of stations.
- Stations
- The number of stations in the metro network, as quoted by the system's operating company.
- System length
- The system length of a metro network is the sum of the lengths of all routes in the rail network in kilometers (or miles). Each route is counted only once, regardless of how many lines pass over it, and regardless of whether it is single-track or multi-track, single carriageway or dual carriageway.
- Ridership
- The number of unique journeys on the metro system every year. There is a major discrepancy between the ridership figures: some metro systems count transferring between lines as multiple journeys, but others do not.
List
editThis list is sortable. Click on the 
icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.
- Table notes
^* Indicates ridership figures based on the fiscal year rather than the calendar year.
Metro systems under construction
editThe following is a list of new worldwide metro systems that are currently actively under (heavy) construction. Note that in some cases it is not clear (mainly due to lack of information), if the system will be considered a full metro system once it begins operational service. Only cities which currently do not have metro systems in operation should be included.
See also
editNotes
editSystem notes
edit- ^ Line A, Line B and Line H of the Buenos Aires Underground had their last expansions in 2013.
- ^ Latest restoration of old line in 2011
- ^ The Moskovskaya Line extended to Malinovka in 2014.
- ^ Line 2's loop was completed in 2009
- ^ Not including stations of premetro Lines T3, T4, and T7.
- ^ Extension of northernmost terminus to Novo Hamburgo in 2013.
- ^ Most recent expansion of Line 4.
- ^ See Orange Line (Montreal Metro)
- ^ See Sheppard line
- ^ See Canada Line
- ^ The Beijing Subway's first line began trial operations on October 1, 1969. It opened to revenue service under trial operations on January 15, 1971. Initially, only members of the public with credential letters from their work units could purchase tickets, but this restriction was removed on December 27, 1972. The subway line passed its final inspections and ended trial operations on September 15, 1981. During the trial operations period, annual ridership rose from 8.28 million in 1971 to 55.2 million in 1980. See the history section of the Beijing Subway for details and references.
- ^ As of December 28, 2013, the number of unique stations in operation in the Beijing Subway is 232. The unique station count treats the multiple platforms of a station complex as one station. If each station complex's platforms are counted as separate stations, then the total number of stations in operation as of February 15, 2014 would be 262. The unique station count of 232 excludes: the Erligou Station on Line 6, the Andelibeijie and National Art Museum Stations on Line 8, the Wangjing East Station on Line 15 and the Yizhuang Railway Station on the Yizhuang Line, which were not in use as of December 28, 2013. Also excluded are the three restricted stations of Line 1, which are no longer used. The total station count of 262 excludes the stations listed above and treats the Gongyixiqiao Station as two stations, as the southern terminus for Line 4 and northern terminus for the Daxing Line, even though through-train service have effectively transformed the two lines into a single line for which the Gongyixiqiao Station is not a terminus but a single station.
- ^ First line of FMetro serves two cities - Foshan and Guangzhou
- ^ The number excludes the stations and lengths on the Guangfo Metro/Guangfo Line, which is part of the FMetro in Foshan.
- ^ Hangzhou Metro's Line 1.
- ^ Hangzhou Metro Line 1 Only.
- ^ The first MTR route to offer metro service was the Modified Initial System in 1979, which consists of portions of the later Tsuen Wan Line and Kwun Tong Line. Though the eventual East Rail Line opened as a conventional railway in 1910, it did not offer metro service until at least in 1982 when it was electrified.
- ^ West Island Line extension.
- ^ Note that:
1) Annual ridership is derived from the sum of each month's "Monthly Total" for each year
2) The ridership includes "MTR Lines", "Airport Express" and "Cross-boundary".
3) "Intercity, Light Rail & Bus" are excluded from the counts. - ^ Kunming's Line 1.
- ^ Line 3, Nanjing Metro
- ^ This figure excludes Maglev line and Jinshan Railway, both often included in Shanghai Metro maps but not considered part of the system.
- ^
As of October 2013[update]:
- If interchange stations are counted as a single station, there are 263 stations.
- If interchange stations are counted as multiple stations, there are 312 stations.
- If interchange stations are counter as multiple stations, but shared tracks/platforms on Lines 3 and 4 are counted as a single station, there are 303 stations.
- ^ Opening of Suzhou's Line 2.
- ^ Xi'an Metro's Line 1.
- ^ Extension of Line A from Itagüí south to La Estrella.
- ^ Line A was extended in April 2015.
- ^ Line 3's first section opened in 2012 and was extended in 2014.
- ^ Extension of Lyon Metro's Line B to Oullins Gare station in December 2013.
- ^ Opening of Toulouse Metro's Line B.
- ^ Opening of Line U4.
- ^ The U3 extension from Olympia-Einkaufszentrum (OEZ) to Moosach.
- ^ The official source states there are 100 stations in Munich U-Bahn system, but notes that four connecting/transfer stations have been counted twice; thus, there are 96 stations counting all stations once.
- ^ The U3 extension from Maxfeld to Friedrich-Ebert-Platz.
- ^
The Blue Line (Line 3) also has a 20.7 kilometres (12.9 mi) section (with 4 stations) to the airport that is owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation and is mainly used by the suburban railway system.
"Homepage - The Company - Historic Data - Transit in Athens". Attiko Metro S.A. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Schwandl, Robert. "Athina". UrbanRail.net. Retrieved 3 June 2014. - ^ The Green Line (Line 1), operated until 2011 by Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways, was opened in 1869 as a steam train railway line. It was electrified in 1904, extended with underground sections through the city in 1948, and extended to its full length to Kifissia in 1957 using the right-of-way of a former metre gauge suburban line. Full metro operation since 1904 between Piraeus and Athens and 1957 to Kifissia. In 2011, it was integrated with Athens Metro under the company STASY S.A.
"Homepage - The Company - Historic Data - Transit in Athens". Attiko Metro S.A. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ Line 3 extended west to Agia Marina on 14 December 2013.
- ^ Opening of Reach 3B of the Green Line in May 2015.
- ^ The Delhi Metro's six lines serve 148 stations, including the six stations on the Delhi Airport Metro Express line, if counting interchange stations only once, as of June 2015[update].
- ^ Shahed station opens
- ^ The 41.5 km (25.8 mi) Line 5 of the Tehran Metro is a commuter rail line, and so is not included in the statistics here - only metro Lines 1–4 are.
- ^ Opening of metro-standards Line 2.
- ^ Station opening on line 3
- ^ Naples Metro is made up of Line 1 and Line 6 only. Line 2 is a commuter rail line.
- ^ Extension of Line C to Lodi.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j In general, the majority of urban rail service in Japanese metropolitan areas is provided by systems not included in this list. For a complete list of urban rail systems in Japan, see List of urban rail systems in Japan.
- ^ Shin-Hakushima station opens
- ^ Yŏnggwang and Puhŭng opened in 1987
- ^ Line 4 and Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit opened in 2011
- ^ Statistics presented include Daegu Metro's Line 1 and Line 2 only; Line 3, which is a monorail line, is not included.
- ^ Daegu Subway Line 2 extension opened in 2012.
- ^ Second phase of line 1
- ^ Line 1 fully opened
- ^ The Seoul Subway (Lines 1-9) is actually operated by three different operators – Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation (SMRT), and Seoul Metro Line9 Corporation. But because all of these lines are owned by the City Government of Seoul, they are counted together here in the table as one system.
- ^ a b c Seoul's Metropolitan Subway system can also be viewed as a comprehensive metro network made up of multiple owned/operated metro systems. If viewed as such, the combined route length of Seoul's comprehensive metro-standards network would be 468.9 km (291.4 mi), and it would serve a grand total of 377 stations.
- ^ Seoul Subway Line 9 extension opened in March 2015.
- ^ Includes the Bundang Line (52.9 km, 36 stations), Korail portions of Seoul Subway Line 3 (Islan Line: 19.2 km, 9 stations) and Seoul Subway Line 4 (Gwacheon Line: 11.8 km, 8 stations; and Ansan Line: 27.6 km, 14 stations), and the Suin Line (non-Ansan portion) (13.1 km, 8 stations).
- ^ Statistics presented include Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line only; KL Monorail Line not included.
- ^ Line 12 opened 2012.
- ^ There are 147 stations on the network map, counting transfer stations as one. The sum of the number of the stations for all lines is 195.
- ^ Line 50, 53, and 54 are rapid transit. The figures provided exclude the portion of the Amstelveen Line (Line 51) that operates as light rail.
- ^ Some sections of the Rotterdam Metro (portions of Lines A and B) have some level crossings (with priority), and use overhead wires instead of a third rail (as most of the system does), and so could therefore be considered "light rail" instead of "metro".
- ^ These systems have similarities to light rail systems, because of existence of road level crossings, but are listed since there are almost entirely separated from roads.
- ^ The first underground portion was opened in 1928, but that was a tram line. One surface line has origins from 1898. System opened as a full Metro in 1966.
- ^ Opening of the completed Ring line in 2006.
- ^ El Ingenio station opens
- ^ The Red Line was expanded to the airport in 2012.
- ^ Line M4 extended to Parc Bazilescu in 2011.
- ^ Marina South Pier was added onto the southern end of the North South Line in 2014.
- ^ TMB-operated lines L1-L5 and L9-L11 only. FGC-operated lines L6-L8 share track with other FGC commuter lines, and thus don't qualify as metro-standards lines.
- ^ Including MetroSur and other suburban lines, but not the three Metro Ligero de Madrid lines which are light rail.
- ^ Skarpnäck metro station opened in 1994
- ^ The Lausanne Metro has two lines: Line M1 is light rail, while Line M2 is rapid transit. The stats listed are for Line M2 only.
- ^ Opening of lines M2 and M3.
- ^ Extension to Gürsu.
- ^ Currently operational metro standards lines, M1–M4 and M6, only included. All other Istanbul lines or segments are either Tram or Commuter rail, or are under construction, and so are not included here.
- ^ Opening of Line M6 (Levent–Hisarüstü).
- ^ Extension to Fahrettin Altay.
- ^ The Red Line was completed in 2012.
- ^ London's Metropolitan Railway first opened for service in 1863, operating steam locomotive trains in cut and cover tunnels. It began operating as a modern metro when electric-propulsion trains began operating on the system's first deep-level tube line in 1890.
- ^ The Red, Orange, and Blue lines of the subway are rapid transit. The originally-elevated Orange Line opened in 1901, sharing the Tremont Street Subway that opened in 1897 as an underground streetcar tunnel (for the light rail Green Line).
- ^ Dated from the opening of "The Loop", when the system became unified and electrified.
- ^ Cermak–McCormick Place station opens
- ^ This figure comes from the sum of the following figures from the accompanying reference (i.e. "Facts at a Glance". Chicago Transit Authority. December 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2013.): 35.8 miles of elevated route, 35.0 miles at grade level, 20.6 miles on embankments, and 11.4 miles of subway.
- ^ Rapid transit portion of L.A. Metro Rail only: Red and Purple lines. All other L.A. Metro Rail lines are Light rail, and are not included here.
- ^ This was the date of the last extension to the Red Line in the rapid transit portion of Los Angeles' Metro Rail.
- ^ First regular elevated railway service, originally cable hauled, began in 1868. Elevateds converted to steam power in 1870, electrified by 1903. The first section of electrified subway opened in 1904.
- ^ The total number of stations is 472, but with transfer stations counted only once, the number is 423 (including the temporarily closed Cortlandt Street – World Trade Center station).
- ^ While the line opened as a railroad in 1860, it was not until 1925 that rapid transit equipment would be operated here.
- ^ Manhattan Transfer and Park Place stations opened in 1911, though these stations were closed and replaced with Harrison and Newark stations, respectively, in 1937.
- ^ Includes SEPTA's rapid transit lines only: Broad Street Line (Orange Line), Market–Frankford Line (Blue Line) and Norristown High Speed Line.
- ^ The opening of the Bridge Line, the precursor rapid transit line to PATCO's, which ran between 8th Street in Philadelphia and Broadway in Camden. The current PATCO Speedline, with service through to Lindenwold, opened in 1969.
- ^ The Yunusobod Line was opened in 2001
- ^ Statistics presented here for the Caracas Metro include the Los Teques Metro which functions as effectively a subsidiary and extension of the Caracas Metro.
- ^ Independencia station (Los Teques Metro) opens – [1].
Ridership notes
edit- ^ This ridership figure includes the Premetro (Line E2) ridership in the total.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m All American Public Transportation Association (APTA) figures are derived from unlinked transit passenger trips (i.e. a transfer between two lines counts as two passenger trips, transferring twice counts as three trips, etc.).
- ^ This ridership figure is the sum of the "Heavy Rail (HR)" and "Intermediate Rail (IR)" figures for Toronto from the APTA Ridership report – in other words, this figure includes ridership on the Line 3 Scarborough (RT) line which APTA considers to be "Intermediate Rail (IR)".
- ^ Counted in with Guangzhou's ridership figures.
- ^ Does not include ridership on the RER (1211 million), Transilien (1095 million), and the Tramways (223 million).
- ^ Figure extrapolated from 50 million passengers over the first 6 months of operation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Compared to European or North American systems, Japanese rapid transit systems are generally neither thought of as metros nor as completely subterranean "subways" complicating whether only using the municipal subway statistic is accurate when comparing with other Metros around the world. As example Tokyo Metro and the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation's Toei Subway constitute only 22% of the 14.6 billion metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Tokyo (MLIT Yearly Statistics). In addition, when one considers intracity lines of JR East and private railway companies, Greater Tokyo (130 lines) has higher daily ridership than any other metropolitan area in the world with 14.6 billion passengers annually. The Osaka Municipal Subway also has only a minority share of all metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Osaka, constituting only 17.6% of Greater Osaka's 4.745 billion rail passengers annually in 2010. Including the municipal subway systems in both Kobe and Kyoto, the result still only comprises 22% of all rail travel in the Greater Osaka area with 1065.8 million passengers yearly (MLIT Yearly Statistics). For Greater Nagoya, the Nagoya Municipal Subway has only a minority share of all metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Nagoya constituting only 38% of Greater Nagoya's 1.095 billion rail passengers annually in 2010 (MLIT Yearly Statistics). For a complete list of urban rail systems in Japan with ridership statistics, see List of urban rail systems in Japan.
- ^ Seoul Subway Lines 1 to 9: 2,620 million (2013) (Seoul Metropolitan Government Statistics) This figure counts only gate-passers, so it only includes SMRT, Seoul Metro, and Seoul Subway Line 9 riders. Many other lines such as those operated by Korail (1,027 million (2012) (Korail)), AREX, as well as the Shinbundang Line function as separate metro systems within the greater Seoul rapid transit network and are excluded (often due to unavailable data).
- ^ a b c Ridership is based on unlinked passenger trips (i.e. a transfer between two lines counts as two trips, transferring between three lines counts as three trips, etc.).
- ^ Including KL Monorail.
- ^ Note: Operated during Hajj only.
- ^ Ridership figure is for rapid transit Line M2 only; ridership on the light rail M1 line is excluded from this figure.
- ^ Does not include ridership on the separate Docklands Light Railway (110 million), London Overground (140 million), London Tramlink (31 million), or National Rail systems within Greater London.
- ^ L.A. Metro's heavy rail lines, the Red and Purple Lines, only.
- ^ Ridership figures for Broad Street Line, Market–Frankford Line, and Norristown High Speed Line (the heavy rail lines) only.
Under construction notes
editReferences
editSystem references
edit- ^ a b c "Statistics Brief World Metro Figures" (pdf). Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) (International Association of Public Transport). October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "What is the largest metro system in the world?". CityMetric. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
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- ^ a b c d e "National Transit Database Glossary". U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "The demand for public transport: a practical guide" (pdf). Transport Research Laboratory. p. 6. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
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- ^ http://www.cnrt.gob.ar/sites/default/files/FFCC%20Pax%20Metrop%2015-07.xls
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- ^ Charbakh, Schwandl, Robert. "Yerevan". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Baku Metro - History". Bakı Metropoliteni. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Метро сегодня (in Russian). Государственное предприятие "Минский Метрополитен" [State Enterprise "Minsk Metro"]. 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "STIB - Historique de la STIB de 1970 à 1979" (in French). STIB. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
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- ^ a b "Empresa - História" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Operação - Linha em operação" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Operação - Dados operacionais" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Sobre o metro - Memória" (in Portuguese). Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal - Metrô. 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Características - Características Técnicas E Operacionais Do Metrô" (in Portuguese). CBTU-STU Recife. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "DATA DE INAUGURAÇÃO DE CADA ESTAÇÃO" (in Portuguese). MetrôRio. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Hearst, Chesney (17 March 2014). "New Tijuca Metro Station Opened in Rio: Daily - Rio de Janeiro's Zona Norte neighborhood of Tijuca has a new subway (metro) station; the Estação Uruguai". The Rio Times. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ a b "METRÔ RIO - Concessão Metroviára Do Rio De Janeiro S/A" (pdf) (in Portuguese). MetrôRio. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Barrow, Keith (11 June 2014). "Salvador metro opens in time for World Cup". International Railway Journal. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ 北京4条新地铁线今日开通 无仪式及领导讲话 (in Chinese). 新京报. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
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Ridership references
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ STIB, Key figures. STIB 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) Annual ridership figure calculated from the 2.464 million passenger daily average quoted. - ^ Michael Rohde (5 September 2010). "Sapporo - metrobits.org". Mic-ro.com. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
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{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Investor Relations Quarterly Review: Issue 20 (For the year ended 31 Mar 2015), p.7
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Under construction system references
edit- ^ "Sydney Metro Northwest". Transport for NSW. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Carter, Mark (19 November 2014). "NWRL: Connecting Sydney's suburbs". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
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{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Dongguan metro train order signed". Railway Gazette International. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
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General sources
editBibliography
edit- Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban Transit Systems and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-75823-5.
- Ovenden, Mark (2005). Metro Maps Of The World. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-288-7.
- Hinkel, W.; Treiber, K.; Valenta, G.; Liebsch, H. (2004). Underground Railways Yesterday - Today - Tomorrow. Schmid Verlag. ISBN 3-900607-44-3.
- Fischler, Stan (2000). Subways Of The World. MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0752-0.
- Garbutt, Paul (1997). World Metro Systems. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-191-0.
Online resources
edit- "Metros: Keeping pace with 21st century cities". uitp.org. International Association of Public Transport (French: L'Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)).
- Taplin, Michael. "A world of trams and urban transit". lrta.org. Light Rail Transit Association.
- Schwandl, Robert. "UrbanRail.Net". UrbanRail.Net.
External links
edit- "Metro, light rail and tram systems in Europe" (pdf). European Rail Research Advisory Council & International Association of Public Transport (French: L'Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)). 2009.
- "Public Transportation Fact Book". American Public Transportation Association (APTA). 2014.
- European Metropolitan Transport Authorities (EMTA)
- Metro List at CityRailTransit.com website
- Openstreetmap subway project