The 1740s (pronounced "seventeen-forties") decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades prior and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended in the earlier half of this decade.

War of Jenkins' EarWar of the Austrian SuccessionLeyden jarJacobite rising of 1745Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)Second Silesian WarOttoman–Persian War (1743–1746)George Anson's voyage around the world
From top left, clockwise: The War of Jenkins' Ear, a conflict between the British and Spanish Empires lasting from 1739 to 1748. The War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748, caused by the death of Emperor Charles VI in 1740. The siege of Trichinopoly, a conflict between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire over the Carnatic region. George Anson burns Paita, a settlement in Peru in 1742 whilst on a voyage around the world. Nader Shah declares war on the Ottoman Empire in 1743 resulting in the Ottoman–Persian War. Following the end of the First Silesian War in 1742, the Second Silesian War occurs as a continuation of the first war. A Leyden jar is discovered independently by Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek. The Jacobite rising of 1745, an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father.

Events

1740

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1741

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1742

January–March

edit

April –June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1743

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Undated

edit

1744

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1745

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October –December

edit

1746

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1747

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1748

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October –December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1749

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

Births

1740

 
Marquis de Sade

1741

 
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

1742

 
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
 
James Wilson
 
Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1743

 
Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

1744

 
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
 
Johann Gottfried Herder

1745

 
Alessandro Volta

1746

 
Tadeusz Kościuszko
 
Francisco Goya

1747

 
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

1748

 
Jeremy Bentham
 
Jacques-Louis David

1749

 
Pierre Simon de Laplace
 
Madame Mère
 
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Deaths

1740

 
Pope Clement XII
 
Frederick William I, King in Prussia
 
Saint Theophilus of Corte
 
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
 
Anna, Empress of Russia

1741

 
Antonio Vivaldi

1742

 
Edmond Halley
 
Susanna Wesley

1743

 
Eiler Hagerup
 
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington
 
Jai Singh II

1744

 
Blessed Januarius Maria Sarnelli

1745

 
Robert Walpole
 
Jonathan Swift

1746

 
Philip V of Spain

1747

 
Nader Shah

1748

 
William Kent

1749

 
Émilie du Châtelet

References

edit
  1. ^ Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Dutch East India Company Shipbuilding: The Archaeological Study of Batavia and Other Seventeenth-Century VOC Ships (Texas A&M University Press, 2015) p145
  2. ^ "Mosquito Coast", in Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, ed. by Kenneth J. Panton (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p384
  3. ^ "On this day in 1740..." Adam Smith Institute. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  4. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 308. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Hamilton, Sidney Graves (1903). Hertford College. University of Oxford college histories. London: Robinson.
  6. ^ "Image: Bird's eye view of Batavia showing the massacre of the Chinese". Archived from the original on September 21, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2006.
  7. ^ Humphrey v. Whitney, in Massachusetts Reports, vol. 20 (West Publishing, 1836) pp. 157-15.8
  8. ^ Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "konventikkel". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  9. ^ Cryer, Max (2010). Common Phrases: And the Amazing Stories Behind Them. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 26.
  10. ^ Brown, John Russell (1993). Shakespeare's Plays in Performance. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 63.
  11. ^ Ritchie, Fiona (2006). "Shakespeare and the Eighteenth-Century Actress". Borrowers and Lenders. 2 (2). Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  12. ^ Perrett, Bryan (2013). Why the Germans Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Black Eagle. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. p. 8.
  13. ^ Luna Guinot, Dolores (2014). From Al-Andalus to Monte Sacro. Trafford Publishing.
  14. ^ Linder, Douglas O. (2009). "The 'Negro Plot Trials': An Account". FamousTrials.com.
  15. ^ Drake, James D. (2008). "Cartagena, Expedition against". In Tucker, Spencer (ed.). The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775. Harper Collins.
  16. ^ Bown, Stephen R. (2005). Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentlemen Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail. Macmillan.
  17. ^ Axworthy, Michael (2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris.
  18. ^ Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten (2007). The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837. Cambridge University Press. p. 1041.
  19. ^ "Tsunami Event Information W. HOKKAIDO ISLAND". NGDC NCEI. NCEI. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  20. ^ Whaley, Joachim (2012). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806. Oxford University Press. p. 354.
  21. ^ Thompson, Andrew C. (2011). George II: King and Elector. Yale University Press. p. 140.
  22. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 739.
  23. ^ Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Press. p. 1871.
  24. ^ Shishigina, Anna (2005). "Chirikov, Alexei". In Nuttall, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. p. 333.
  25. ^ Baker, John Leon (2004). "Wyatt, John (1700–1766)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30106. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  26. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 309. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  27. ^ R. B. Mowat, A New History of Great Britain: From the accession of James I to the Congress of Vienna (Oxford University Press, 1922) p464
  28. ^ "A dozen Downing Street departures". BBC News. 2007-05-09. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  29. ^ Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great, Vol. 15 (1865, reprinted by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903) p319
  30. ^ "Appendix E: History of the Publication", by Paul A. Scanlon in Joseph Andrews, by Henry Fielding (Broadview Press, 2001) p504
  31. ^ International Military Alliances, 1648-2008, ed. by Douglas M. Gibler (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2008) pp. 88, 105.
  32. ^ Doane Robinson, History of South Dakota (B. F. Bowen & Company, 1904) p53
  33. ^ "The Jewish living space in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: tendencies and ways of its formation", by Jurgita Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, in Jewish Space in Central and Eastern Europe: Day-to-Day History (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009) p24
  34. ^ Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History, ed. by Kenneth Mills, et al. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) p302
  35. ^ "Goldbach's Conjectures: A Historical Perspective", by Robert C. Vaughan, in Open Problems in Mathematics, ed. by John Forbes Nash, Jr. and Michael Th. Rassias. Springer, 2016) p479
  36. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p50
  37. ^ Edward J. Cashin, Guardians of the Valley: Chickasaws in Colonial South Carolina and Georgia (University of South Carolina Press, 2009) p57
  38. ^ "Swift, Jonathan", by Donald C. Mell, in Macmillan Dictionary of Irish Literature, ed. by Robert Hogan (Macmillan, 2016) p652
  39. ^ I. S. Leadam, The Political History of England: The history of England from the accession of Anne to the death of George II, 1702-1760 (Longmans, Green and Co., 1909) p372
  40. ^ S. G. Tallentyre, The Life of Voltaire, Volume 1 (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910) p141.
  41. ^ "Russo-Swedish War of 1741–43", in Dictionary of Wars, by George Childs Kohn (Routledge, 2013) p420
  42. ^ "Anson, George", by Keith A. Parker, in Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, ed. by James S. Olson and Robert Shadle (Greenwood Publishing, 1996) p68
  43. ^ Edward Heawood, "A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries" (Cambridge University Press, CUP Archive, 1912) p267
  44. ^ An Account of the Foundling Hospital in London, for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children (Foundling Hospital, 1826) p20
  45. ^ Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci, Idea of a New General History of North America: An Account of Colonial Native Mexico (University of Oklahoma Press, 2015) p6
  46. ^ Lois Mulkearn, ed., George Mercer Papers: Relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1954) p657
  47. ^ Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, Breaking the Wilderness: The Story of the Conquest of the Far West (G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1908) p139
  48. ^ Maureen Cassidy-Geiger, Fragile Diplomacy (Yale University Press, 2007) p38
  49. ^ Olin Dunbar Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804-1904: A Story of the Great Exploration Across the Continent in 1804-6 (G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1904) p213
  50. ^ D. R. M. Irving, Colonial Counterpoint: Music in Early Modern Manila (Oxford University Press, 2010)
  51. ^ Olivier Bernier, Louis XV (New Word City, 2018)
  52. ^ The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 6: The Eighteenth Century, ed. by A. W. Ward, et al. (Macmillan, 1909) p314
  53. ^ Louis de Bonald, On Divorce (Transaction Publishers, 2011) p155
  54. ^ George M. Wrong, The conquest of New France (Yale University Press, 1918) p129
  55. ^ Nanda R. Shrestha, In the Name of Development: A Reflection on Nepal (University Press of America, 1997) p6
  56. ^ Royal B. Hassrick, The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012)
  57. ^ James Ross McCain, Georgia as a Proprietary Province: The Execution of a Trust (R.G. Badger, 1917) p298
  58. ^ "Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Entin, in The American Cyclopedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge", ed. by George Ripley and Charles A. Dana (D. Appleton and Company, 1873) p129
  59. ^ Francisco Antonio Mourelle, Voyage of the Sonora in the Second Bucareli Expedition, translated by Daines Barrington (T.C. Russell, 1920) p108
  60. ^ "James Oglethorpe", by Dr. Walter H. Charlton, in The American Monthly Magazine (June 1911) p294
  61. ^ Bernard D. Rostker, Providing for the Casualties of War: The American Experience Through World War II (Rand Corporation, 2013) p46
  62. ^ Charles C. Royce, Indian Land Cessions of the United States, (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1899) p569
  63. ^ Mattila, Tapani (1983). Meri maamme turvana [Sea safeguarding our country] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö. ISBN 951-99487-0-8.
  64. ^ Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New Mexican History, Vol. I (Torch Press, 1911, reprinted by Sunstone Press, 2007) p438
  65. ^ Bruce Parker, The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters (St. Martin's Press, 2012)
  66. ^ Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire (Greenwood Publishing, 2001) p63
  67. ^ Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America (University of Chicago Press, 2008) p104
  68. ^ David A.J. Seargent, The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars (Springer, 2008) p116
  69. ^ Andrew Lang, A History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation (W. Blackwood and Sons, 1907) p443
  70. ^ Michael A. Beatty, The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution (McFarland, 2003) p164
  71. ^ Giscombe, C. S. (Winter 2012). "Precarious Creatures". The Kenyon Review. 34 (NS) (1). Gambier, Ohio: Kenyon College: 157–175. JSTOR 41304743. I looked it up later and found out that it's generally conceded that they were all dead by the 1680s. But a story persists that a fellow named MacQueen killed the last wolf in Scotland - and, implicitly, in all Britain - after that, in 1743. (Henry Shoemaker mentions the story in the section of Extinct Pennsylvania Animals that concerns wolves.)
  72. ^ Rules of Golf 1744 Scottish Golf History accessed 10 Feb 2017 http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/origin-of-golf-terms/rules-of-golf/
  73. ^ Instructions, golf club rules and competitions History of Golf accessed 10 Feb 2017 History of golf
  74. ^ "Banking in the Russian Empire", by Antoine E. Horn, in A History of Banking in All the Leading Nations (Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896) pp342-343
  75. ^ Martin Philippson, The Age of the European Balance of Power, translated by John Henry Wright (Lea Brothers & Company, 1905) p267
  76. ^ "Canso, Battle of (1744)", by John D. Hamilton, in Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Alan Gallay (Routledge, 2015) p100
  77. ^ John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (Oxford University Press, 1989) pp27-28
  78. ^ "Anson, George", by Joseph A. Devine, Jr., in Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, ed. by James S. Olson and Robert Shadle (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996) p68
  79. ^ Stewart Gordon, A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks (ForeEdge, University Press of New England, 2015) p.140
  80. ^ "Legendary British warship 'found'", BBC News, February 1, 2009
  81. ^ Florence Caddy, Through the Fields with Linnaeus: A Chapter in Swedish History (Little, Brown, and Company, 1886) p159
  82. ^ Frederic J. Baumgartner, Declaring War in Early Modern Europe (Springer, 2011) p149
  83. ^ Geoffrey Plank, An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018) p110
  84. ^ Robert Whitaker, The Mapmaker's Wife: A True Tale Of Love, Murder, And Survival In The Amazon (Basic Books, 2004) p197
  85. ^ Peter Demetz, Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City (Macmillan, 1998) p243
  86. ^ Selma Stern, The Court Jew - A Contribution to the History of the Period of Absolutism in Central Europe (Read Books, 2011)
  87. ^ "War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)", in Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts, ed. by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2015) p214
  88. ^ "Treaty of Quadruple Alliance", International Military Alliances, 1648-2008, ed. by Douglas M. Gibler (Congressional Quarterly Press, Oct 15, 2008) p94
  89. ^ William Reed, The History of Sugar and Sugar-yielding Plants (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1866) p50
  90. ^ Marion F. Godfroy, Kourou and the Struggle for a French America (Springer, 2015) p193
  91. ^ Larrie D. Ferreiro, Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World (Basic Books, 2011) p253
  92. ^ a b c Maureen Cassidy-Geiger, Fragile Diplomacy (Yale University Press, 2007) p66-74
  93. ^ a b Spencer Tucker, Almanac of American Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p137
  94. ^ "War of the Austrian Succession (1740—1748)" in Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts, by Spencer C. Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2015) p214
  95. ^ a b c d e Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 310–311. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  96. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 217–218. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  97. ^ "War of Austrian Succession", in Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History, ed. by David T. Zabecki (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p1371
  98. ^ J. L. Heilbron, Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics (University of California Press, 1979) p311
  99. ^ Mahinder N. Gulati, Comparative Religious And Philosophies: Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity (Atlantic Publishers, 2008) p307
  100. ^ Mark Anielski, The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth (New Society Publishers, 2007) p197
  101. ^ "The White Rose on the Border", by Alison Buckler, in The Gentleman's Magazine (July 1896) p28
  102. ^ David R. Starbuck, The Great Warpath: British Military Sites from Albany to Crown Point (University Press of New England, 1999) p28
  103. ^ Unless the Battle of Graveney Marsh (1940) is counted.
  104. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Falkirk II (BTL9)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  105. ^ Cheryl Bentley, A Guide to the Palace Hotels of India (Hunter Publishing, 2011)
  106. ^ Geoffrey Plank, Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) pp61-62
  107. ^ George Edmundson, A History of Holland (Ozymandias Press, 2018)
  108. ^ Harish Jain, The Making of Punjab (Unistar Books, 2003) p193
  109. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Culloden (BTL6)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  110. ^ Richard Davey, The Tower of London (E. P. Dutton, 1910) pp333-334
  111. ^ Anthony E. Clark, China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911) (Lexington Books, 2011) p73
  112. ^ Sir William W. Hunter, The History of Nations: India (John D. Morris, 1906) p179
  113. ^ "Eighteenth Century", in Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, ed. by Micheal Clodfelter (McFarland, 2017) p77
  114. ^ "The Baptism of Sultan Azim ud-Din of Sulu", by Ebrhard Crailsheim, in Image - Object - Performance: Mediality and Communication in Cultural Contact Zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines (Waxmann Verlag, 2013) p101
  115. ^ "Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat", by J.W. Allen, in Lives of Twelve Bad Men: Original Studies of Eminent Scoundrels by Various Hands (T. Fisher Unwin, 1894) p196
  116. ^ Henry L. Fulton, Dr. John Moore, 1729–1802: A Life in Medicine, Travel, and Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p76
  117. ^ Lloyd's List No. 1259, December 18, 1747
  118. ^ Van den Heuvel, Danielle (Spring 2012). "The Multiple Identities of Early Modern Dutch Fishwives". Signs. 37 (3). University of Chicago Press: 587–594. doi:10.1086/662705. JSTOR 10.1086/662705. S2CID 145342581. ... in 1747 fishwives organized a large political demonstration in Amsterdam, and in 1748 the Amsterdam fish hawker Marretje Arents was one of the principal initiators of a tax riot in the city.
  119. ^ T"Associators", by Paul G. Pierpaoli, Jr., in American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (ABC-CLIO, 2018) p85
  120. ^ Rosemary F. Williams, Maritime Annapolis: A History of Watermen, Sails & Midshipmen (Arcadia Publishing, 2009)
  121. ^ George W. Forell, ed., Nine Public Lectures on Important Subjects in Religion by Nicholaus Ludwig Count von Zinzendorf (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998) p xxix
  122. ^ "Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions". Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
  123. ^ a b c "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p51
  124. ^ Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) pp282-283
  125. ^ Francis Henry Skrine, Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-1748 (W. Blackwood and Sons, 1906) pp346-347
  126. ^ Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863) (Richard Bentley and Son, 1877) p140
  127. ^ Henry Eyster Jacobs, A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States (The Christian Literature Co., 1893 p243
  128. ^ Thomas p 263
  129. ^ Paul Peucker, A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century (Penn State Press, 2015)
  130. ^ "Archaeologists Investigate Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii". History. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  131. ^ H. Parker Willis (December 1895). "Income Taxation in France". Journal of Political Economy. 4 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 37–53. doi:10.1086/250324. S2CID 154527133. The war of the Austrian Succession for the third time threw the treasury back upon the hated fiscal resource in October of 1741, when the income tax was reintroduced accompanied by a royal promise to the effect that upon the close of the war this means of raising revenue should once for all be done away with.
  132. ^ a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 313. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  133. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  134. ^ Peter N. Moore, Archibald Simpson's Unpeaceable Kingdom: The Ordeal of Evangelicalism in the Colonial South (Lexington Books, 2018) p40
  135. ^ Henry L. Fulton, Dr. John Moore, 1729–1802: A Life in Medicine, Travel, and Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p54
  136. ^ All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music, ed. by Chris Woodstra, et al. (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2013) p556
  137. ^ Lavery, Brian (2003). The Ship of the Line: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Vol. 1. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0851772528.
  138. ^ John R. Spears and A. H. Clark, A History of the Mississippi Valley: From Its Discovery to the End of Foreign Domination (A. S. Clark, 1903) p123
  139. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p51
  140. ^ Nicholas B. Wainwright, George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat (University of North Carolina Press, 1959) p28
  141. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, ed., A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p756
  142. ^ Terry A. Barnhart, American Antiquities: Revisiting the Origins of American Archaeology (University of Nebraska Press, 2015)
  143. ^ Sara Hines Martin, Georgia's Remarkable Women: Daughters, Wives, Sisters, and Mothers Who Shaped History (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p15
  144. ^ a b David Roberts, Four Against the Arctic: Shipwrecked for Six Years at the Top of the World (Simon and Schuster, 2005) p10
  145. ^ Joseph Luther, Camp Verde: Texas Frontier Defense (Arcadia Publishing, 2012)
  146. ^ Michelle LeMaster, Brothers Born of One Mother: British–Native American Relations in the Colonial Southeast (University of Virginia Press, 2012)
  147. ^ Whitehall Evening Post 1749-09-19. "Baseball: Prince of Wales played 'first' game in Surrey". BBC News. 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
  148. ^ "The Covenant Chain", by Elsie Charles Basque, in Dawnland Voices: An Anthology of Indigenous Writing from New England (University of Nebraska Press, 2014) p37
  149. ^ a b "'Black with Canoes'. Aboriginal Resistance and the Canoe", by David McNab, et al., in Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, ed. by George Raudzens (Brill Academic Publishers, 2003) p261
  150. ^ Allan J. Kuethe and Kenneth J. Andrien, The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century: War and the Bourbon Reforms, 1713–1796 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) pp167-168
  151. ^ Michael Dekker, French & Indian Wars in Maine (Arcadia Publishing, 2015) p95
  152. ^ J. M. Toner, annotations to Journal of My Journey Over the Mountains, by George Washington, while Surveying for Lord Thomas Fairfax, Baron of Cameron, in the Northern Neck of Virginia, beyond the Blue Ridge, in 1747-8 (Joel Munsell's Sons, 1892) p64.
  153. ^ "Child Abduction Panic", in Outbreak!: The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior, ed. by Hilary Evans and Robert E. Bartholomew (Anomalist Books, LLC, 2009) pp83-84
  154. ^ Christine Pevitt Algrant, Madame de Pompadour: Mistress of France (Grove Press, 2003) p95
  155. ^ Robert A. Voeks, The Ethnobotany of Eden: Rethinking the Jungle Medicine Narrative (University of Chicago Press, 2018) pp113-114
  156. ^ "The Baptism of Sultan Azim ud-Din of Sulu", by Eberhard Crailsheim, in Image - Object - Performance: Mediality and Communication in Cultural Contact Zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines, ed. by Astrid Windus, et al. (Waxmann Verlag, 2013) pp97-98
  157. ^ Cuthbert Girdlestone, Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (Courier Corporation, 2014) p278
  158. ^ Gregory Orfalea, Journey to the Sun: Junipero Serra's Dream and the Founding of California (Simon and Schuster, 2014) p80
  159. ^ Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Emxpire (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) p65
  160. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainStephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Bingham, Margaret". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  161. ^ Mrs. Barbauld (Anna Letitia) (1 January 1994). The Poems of Anna Letitia Barbauld. University of Georgia Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8203-1528-7.
  162. ^ Frank Moore Colby; Talcott Williams (1930). The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead. p. 788.
  163. ^ John Paul Jones (1845). Life of Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones... Walker & Gillis. pp. 11–.
  164. ^ Paula R. Feldman (19 January 2001). British Women Poets of the Romantic Era: An Anthology. JHU Press. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-8018-6640-1.
  165. ^ Anom (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5.
  166. ^ Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 28.
  167. ^ Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange; Thomas A. Copeland (1989). Women in History, Literature, and the Arts: A Festschrift for Hildegard Schnuttgen in Honor of Her Thirty Years of Outstanding Service at Youngstown State University. The University. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9623146-1-2.
  168. ^ Brück, Marion (2007), "Schott, Peter Bernhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 486–487; (full text online)
  169. ^ Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Pierre Rosenberg (1987). French Paintings 1500-1825, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The Museum. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-88401-055-5.
  170. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1995. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-85229-605-9.
  171. ^ Day, Gary; Lynch, Jack (9 March 2015). The Encyclopedia of British Literature, 3 Volume Set: 1660 - 1789. John Wiley & Sons. p. 922. ISBN 978-1-4443-3020-5.
  172. ^ "Clement XII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  173. ^ "The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire". World Digital Library. 1725. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  174. ^ "Ulrika Eleonora | queen of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  175. ^ "Halley, Edmond". astro.uni-bonn.de.
  176. ^ "Spencer Compton, earl of Wilmington | English noble". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  177. ^ "Robert Walpole, 1st earl of Orford | prime minister of Great Britain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  178. ^ German Baroque Writers, 1661-1730. Gale Research. 1996. p. 62.
  179. ^ Peter Martin Fine (1974). Vauvenargues and La Rochefoucauld. Manchester University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7190-0588-6.
  180. ^ Frajese, Carlo (1970). "Bononcini, Giovanni". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 12. Retrieved 2 October 2015. (in Italian).
  181. ^ Gaze, Delia (2001). Concise Dictionary of Women Artists. Taylor & Francis. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-57958-335-4.
  182. ^ Charles F. Partington (1838). The British Cyclopedia of Biography. p. 188.
  183. ^ Trevor Royle (11 November 1984). Macmillan Companion to Scottish Literature. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-349-07587-4.
  184. ^ Richard Hurd (1995). The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd, 1739-1762. Boydell & Brewer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-85115-653-8.
  185. ^ Isaac Watts (1782). The Beauties of the Late Revd. Dr. Isaac Watts; ... To which is Added the Life of the Author. G. Kearsley. p. 12.
  186. ^ "JONES, WILLIAM (1675?-1749), mathematician". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 27 October 2021.