Events
660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu .[1] AD 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire , on the eve of his coming of age clears the way for Nero to become Emperor.[2] 1534 – Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England .[3] 1659 – The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.[4] 1794 – First session of United States Senate opens to the public.[5] 1808 – Jesse Fell burns anthracite on an open grate as an experiment in heating homes with coal.[6] 1812 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry is accused of "gerrymandering " for the first time.[7] 1823 – Carnival tragedy of 1823 : About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta , Malta .[8] 1826 – University College London is founded as University of London .[9] 1840 – Gaetano Donizetti 's opera La fille du régiment [10] 1843 – Giuseppe Verdi 's opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata Milan , Italy.[11] 1855 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II , Emperor of Ethiopia .[12] 1856 – The Kingdom of Awadh is annexed by the British East India Company and Wajid Ali Shah , the king of Awadh, is deposed.[13] 1858 – Bernadette Soubirous 's first vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes , France.[14] 1861 – American Civil War : The United States House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state .[15] 1873 – King Amadeo I of Spain abdicates, forming the First Spanish Republic .[16] 1889 – Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted.[17] 1903 – Anton Bruckner 's 9th Symphony receives its first performance in Vienna , Austria.[18] 1906 – Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos [19] 1919 – Friedrich Ebert (SPD ), is elected President of Germany .[20] 1929 – Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty .[21] 1937 – The Flint sit-down strike ends when General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers trade union.[22] 1938 – BBC Television produces the world's first ever science fiction television programme, an adaptation of a section of the Karel Čapek play R.U.R. robot ".[23] 1942 – World War II : Second day of the Battle of Bukit Timah is fought in Singapore .[24] 1953 – Cold War : U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower denies all appeals for clemency for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg .[25] 1953 – The Soviet Union breaks off diplomatic relations with Israel .[26]
1959 – The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South is created as a protectorate of the United Kingdom.[27] 1970 – Japan launches Ohsumi [28] 1971 – Cold War: the Seabed Arms Control Treaty opened for signature outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor in international waters .[29] 1979 – The Iranian Revolution establishes an Islamic theocracy under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini .[30] 1990 – Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town , South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner.[31] 1990 – Buster Douglas , a 42:1 underdog, knocks out Mike Tyson in ten rounds at Tokyo to win boxing 's world Heavyweight title.[32]
1997 – Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope .[33] 1999 – Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit, ending a nearly 20-year period when it was closer to the Sun than the gas giant; Pluto is not expected to interact with Neptune's orbit again until 2231.[34] 2001 – A Dutch programmer launched the Anna Kournikova virus infecting millions of emails via a trick photo of the tennis star.[35] 2008 – Rebel East Timorese soldiers seriously wound President José Ramos-Horta . Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed in the attack.[36] 2011 – Arab Spring : The first wave of the Egyptian revolution culminates in the resignation of Hosni Mubarak and the transfer of power to the Supreme Military Council after 17 days of protests.[37] 2013 – The Vatican confirmed that Pope Benedict XVI would resign the papacy as a result of his advanced age.[38] 2014 – A military transport plane crashes in a mountainous area of Oum El Bouaghi Province in eastern Algeria , killing 77 people.[39] 2015 – A university student was murdered as she resisted an attempted rape in Turkey , sparking nationwide protests and public outcry against harassment and violence against women .[40] 2016 – A man shoots six people dead at an education center in Jizan Province , Saudi Arabia.[41] 2017 – North Korea test fires a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan .[42] 2018 – Saratov Airlines Flight 703 crashes near Moscow , Russia with 71 deaths and no survivors.[43]
Births
1380 – Poggio Bracciolini , Italian scholar and translator (d. 1459)[44] 1466 – Elizabeth of York (d. 1503)[45] 1535 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)[46] 1568 – Honoré d'Urfé , French author and playwright (d. 1625)[47] 1649 – William Carstares , Scottish minister and academic (d. 1715)[48] 1657 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle , French poet and playwright (d. 1757)[49] 1708 – Egidio Duni , Italian composer (d. 1775)[50] 1764 – Joseph Chénier , French poet and playwright (d. 1811)[51] 1776 – Ioannis Kapodistrias , Greek politician, 1st Governor of Greece (d. 1831)[52] 1800 – Henry Fox Talbot , English photographer and politician, invented the calotype (d. 1877)[53] 1802 – Lydia Maria Child , American journalist, author, and activist (d. 1880)[54] 1805 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , Native American-French Canadian explorer (d. 1866)[55] 1812 – Alexander H. Stephens , American lawyer and politician, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883)[56] 1813 – Otto Ludwig , German author, playwright, and critic (d. 1865)[57] 1821 – Auguste Mariette , French archaeologist and scholar (d. 1881)[58] 1830 – Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff , Prussian pianist and composer (d. 1913)[59] 1833 – Melville Fuller , American lawyer and jurist, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1910)[60] 1839 – Josiah Willard Gibbs , American physicist (d. 1903)[61] 1845 – Ahmet Tevfik Pasha , Ottoman soldier and politician, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1936)[62] 1847 – Thomas Edison , American engineer and businessman, developed the light bulb and phonograph (d. 1931)[63] 1855 – Ellen Day Hale , American painter and author (b. 1855)[64] 1860 – Rachilde , French author and playwright (d. 1953)[65] 1863 – John F. Fitzgerald , American politician; Mayor of Boston (d. 1950)[66] 1864 – Louis Bouveault , French chemist (d. 1909)[67] 1869 – Helene Kröller-Müller , German-Dutch art collector and philanthropist, founded the Kröller-Müller Museum (d. 1939)[68] [69] 1869 – Else Lasker-Schüler , German poet and author (d. 1945)[70]
1874 – Elsa Beskow , Swedish author and illustrator (d. 1953)[71] 1881 – Carlo Carrà , Italian painter (d. 1966)[72] 1897 – Emil Leon Post , Polish-American mathematician and logician (d.1954)[73] 1898 – Leo Szilard , Hungarian-American physicist and academic (d. 1964)[74] 1900 – Ellen Broe , Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994)[75] 1900 – Hans-Georg Gadamer , German philosopher and scholar (d. 2002)[76]
1900 – Jōsei Toda , Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958)[77]
1902 – Arne Jacobsen , Danish architect, designed Radisson Blu Royal Hotel (d. 1971)[78] 1904 – Keith Holyoake , New Zealand farmer and politician, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1983)[79] 1904 – Lucile Randon , French Supercentenarian [80]
1908 – Philip Dunne , American screenwriter (d. 1992)[81] 1908 – Vivian Fuchs , English explorer (d. 1999)[82]
1909 – Max Baer , American boxer and actor (d. 1959)[83] 1909 – Joseph L. Mankiewicz , American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1993)[84]
1912 – Rudolf Firkušný , Czech-American pianist and educator (d. 1994)[85] 1914 – Matt Dennis , American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2002)[86] 1914 – Josh White , American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1969)[87]
1915 – Patrick Leigh Fermor , English soldier, author, and scholar (d. 2011)[88] 1915 – Richard Hamming , American mathematician and academic (d. 1998)[89]
1917 – Sidney Sheldon , American author and screenwriter (d. 2007)[90] 1920 – Farouk I , King of Egypt (d. 1965)[91] 1920 – Daniel F. Galouye , American author (d. 1976)[92]
1920 – Billy Halop , American actor (d. 1976)[93]
1920 – Daniel James, Jr. , American general and pilot (d. 1978)[94]
1921 – Lloyd Bentsen , American colonel and politician, United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 2006)[95] 1921 – Ottavio Missoni , Italian hurdler and fashion designer, founded Missoni (d. 2013)[96]
1923 – Antony Flew , English philosopher and academic (d. 2010)[97] 1924 – Budge Patty , American tennis player[98] 1925 – Virginia E. Johnson , American psychologist and academic (d. 2013)[99] 1925 – Kim Stanley , American actress (d. 2001)[100]
1926 – Paul Bocuse , French chef (d. 2018)[101] 1926 – Leslie Nielsen , Canadian-American actor and producer (d. 2010)[102]
1930 – Roy De Forest , American painter and academic (d. 2007).[103] 1932 – Dennis Skinner , English miner and politician[104] 1934 – Mel Carnahan , American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, Governor of Missouri (d. 2000)[105] 1934 – Tina Louise , American actress and singer[106]
1934 – Manuel Noriega , Panamanian general and politician, Military leader of Panama (d. 2017)[107]
1934 – Mary Quant , British fashion designer[108]
1934 – David Taylor , English veterinarian and television host (d. 2013)[109]
1935 – Gene Vincent , American singer and guitarist (d. 1971)[110] 1936 – Burt Reynolds , American actor and director (d. 2018)[111] 1937 – Ian Gow , British Member of Parliament who was assassinated by the IRA (d. 1990)[112] 1937 – Bill Lawry , Australian cricketer and sportscaster[113]
1937 – Eddie Shack , Canadian ice hockey player[114]
1937 – Phillip Walker , American singer and guitarist (d. 2010)[115]
1938 – Bevan Congdon , New Zealand cricketer (d. 2018)[116] 1939 – Gerry Goffin , American songwriter (d. 2014)[117] 1940 – Mick Staton , American soldier and politician (d. 2014)[118] 1941 – Sérgio Mendes , Brazilian pianist and composer[119] 1942 – Otis Clay , American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)[120] 1943 – Joselito , Spanish singer and actor[121] 1943 – Alan Rubin , American trumpet player (d. 2011)[122]
1944 – Mike Oxley , American lawyer and politician (d. 2016)[123] 1944 – Joy Williams , American novelist, short story writer, and essayist[124]
1946 – Ian Porterfield , Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2007)[125] 1947 – Yukio Hatoyama , Japanese engineer and politician and Prime Minister of Japan[126] 1947 – Derek Shulman , Scottish singer-songwriter and producer[127]
1951 – Mike Leavitt , American politician, 14th Governor of Utah [128] 1953 – Philip Anglim , American actor[129] 1953 – Jeb Bush , American banker, politician and Governor of Florida [130]
1953 – Tom Veryzer , American baseball player (d. 2014)[131]
1954 – Wesley Strick , American director and screenwriter[132] 1956 – Didier Lockwood , French violinist (d. 2018)[133] 1959 – Roberto Moreno , Brazilian race car driver[134] 1960 – Richard Mastracchio , American engineer and astronaut[135] 1962 – Tammy Baldwin , American lawyer and politician[136] 1962 – Sheryl Crow , American singer-songwriter and guitarist[137]
1964 – Sarah Palin , American journalist, politician and Governor of Alaska [138] 1964 – Ken Shamrock , American martial artist and wrestler[139]
1965 – Vicki Wilson , Australian netball player[140] 1968 – Mo Willems , American author and illustrator[141] 1969 – Jennifer Aniston , American actress and producer[142] 1969 – Andreas Hilfiker , Swiss footballer[143]
1969 – John Salako , Nigerian-English footballer, manager, and sportscaster[144]
1971 – Damian Lewis , English actor[145] 1972 – Steve McManaman , English footballer[146] 1973 – Varg Vikernes , Norwegian guitarist and songwriter[147] 1974 – Nick Barmby , English international footballer, midfielder and manager[148] 1974 – D'Angelo , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[149]
1974 – Jaroslav Špaček , Czech ice hockey player and coach[150]
1975 – Andy Lally , American race car driver[151] 1975 – Callum Thorp , Australian cricketer[152]
1975 – Jacque Vaughn , American basketball player and coach[153]
1976 – Tony Battie , American basketball player and sportscaster[154] 1979 – Brandy Norwood , American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress[155] 1982 – Ľubomíra Kalinová , Slovak biathlete[156] 1982 – Neil Robertson , Australian snooker player[157]
1983 – Rafael van der Vaart , Dutch international footballer, midfielder[158] 1984 – Maarten Heisen , Dutch sprinter[159] 1984 – Marco Marcato , Italian cyclist[160]
1984 – Maxime Talbot , Canadian ice hockey player[161]
1985 – Šárka Strachová , Czech skier[162] 1987 – Luca Antonelli , Italian footballer[163] 1987 – Juanmi Callejón , Spanish footballer[164]
1987 – Ellen van Dijk , Dutch cyclist[165]
1987 – Brian Matusz , American baseball player[166]
1987 – Jan Smeekens , Dutch speed skater[167]
1988 – Vlad Moldoveanu , Romanian basketball player[168] 1990 – Javier Aquino , Mexican footballer[169] 1991 – Nikola Mirotic , Spanish basketball player[170] 1992 – Lasse Norman Hansen , Danish track and road cyclist[171] 1993 – Ben McLemore , American basketball player[172] 1994 – Dansby Swanson , American baseball player[173] 1996 – Jonathan Tah , German footballer[174]
Deaths
AD 55 – Britannicus , Roman son of Claudius (b. 41)[175] 244 – Gordian III , Roman emperor (b. 225)[176] 641 – Heraclius , Byzantine emperor (b. 575)[177] 731 – Pope Gregory II (b. 669)[178] 824 – Pope Paschal I [179] 1141 – Hugh of Saint Victor , German philosopher and theologian (b. 1096)[180] 1503 – Elizabeth of York (b. 1466)[45] 1626 – Pietro Cataldi , Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1548)[181] 1650 – René Descartes , French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1596)[182] 1755 – Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei , Italian archaeologist, playwright, and critic (b. 1675)[183] 1763 – William Shenstone , English poet and gardener (b. 1714)[184] 1795 – Carl Michael Bellman , Swedish poet and composer (b. 1740)[185] 1829 – Alexander Griboyedov , Russian poet, playwright, and composer (b. 1795)[186] 1862 – Elizabeth Siddal , English poet and artist's model (b. 1829)[187] 1868 – Léon Foucault , French physicist and academic (b. 1819)[188] 1898 – Félix María Zuloaga , Mexican general and unconstitutional interim president (1858 and 1860-1862) (b. 1813)[189] 1901 – Milan I of Serbia (b. 1855)[190] 1917 – Oswaldo Cruz , Brazilian physician and epidemiologist (b. 1872)[191] 1918 – Alexey Kaledin , Russian general (b. 1861)[192] 1931 – Charles Algernon Parsons , English-Irish engineer, invented the steam turbine (b. 1854)[193] 1940 – John Buchan , Scottish-Canadian historian and politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1875)[194] 1940 – Ellen Day Hale , American painter and author (b. 1855)[64]
1942 – Jamnalal Bajaj , Indian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1884)[195] 1947 – Martin Klein , Estonian wrestler and coach (b. 1884)[196] 1948 – Sergei Eisenstein , Russian director and screenwriter (b. 1898)[197] 1949 – Axel Munthe , Swedish doctor (b. 1857)[198] 1958 – Ernest Jones , Welsh neurologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1879)[199] 1963 – John Olof Dahlgren , Swedish-American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1872)[200] 1963 – Sylvia Plath , American poet, novelist, and short story writer (b. 1932)[201]
1967 – A. J. Muste , Dutch-American minister and activist (b. 1885)[202] 1968 – Howard Lindsay , American playwright (b. 1889)[203] 1973 – J. Hans D. Jensen , German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)[204] 1975 – Richard Ratsimandrava , Malagasy colonel and politician, President of Madagascar (b. 1931)[205] 1976 – Lee J. Cobb , American actor (b. 1911)[206] 1976 – Alexander Lippisch , German pilot and engineer (b. 1894)[207]
1977 – Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , Indian lawyer and politician, President of India (b. 1905)[208] 1977 – Louis Beel , Dutch academic and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1902)[209]
1978 – James Bryant Conant , American chemist and academic (b. 1893)[210] 1978 – Harry Martinson , Swedish novelist, essayist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)[211]
1982 – Eleanor Powell , American actress and dancer (b. 1912)[212] 1985 – Henry Hathaway , American actor, director, and producer (b. 1898)[213] 1986 – Frank Herbert , American journalist and author (b. 1920)[214] 1989 – George O'Hanlon , American actor and voice artist (b. 1912)[215] 1993 – Robert W. Holley , American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)[216] 1994 – Neil Bonnett , American race car driver (b. 1946)[217] 1994 – Sorrell Booke , American lieutenant, actor, and director (b. 1930)[218]
1994 – William Conrad , American actor, director, and producer (b. 1920)[219]
1994 – Paul Feyerabend , Austrian-Swiss philosopher and academic (b. 1924)[220]
1996 – Amelia Rosselli , Italian poet and author (b. 1930)[221] 2000 – Lord Kitchner , Trinidadian singer (b. 1922)[222] 2000 – Roger Vadim , French director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928)[223]
2002 – Frankie Crosetti , American baseball player and coach (b. 1910)[224] 2002 – Barry Foster , English actor (b. 1931)[225]
2004 – Shirley Strickland , Australian runner (b. 1925)[226] 2005 – Jack L. Chalker , American author (b. 1944)[227] 2006 – Peter Benchley , American author and screenwriter (b. 1940)[228] 2006 – Ken Fletcher , Australian tennis player (b. 1940)[229]
2006 – Jackie Pallo , English wrestler and actor (b. 1926)[230]
2008 – Tom Lantos , American lawyer and politician (b. 1928)[231] 2008 – Frank Piasecki , American engineer (b. 1919)[232]
2009 – Estelle Bennett , American singer (b. 1941)[233] 2009 – Willem Johan Kolff , Dutch-American physician and academic (b. 1911)[234]
2010 – Heward Grafftey , Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1928)[235] 2010 – Alexander McQueen , English fashion designer, founder of his eponymous brand (b. 1969)[236]
2011 – Chuck Tanner , American baseball player and manager (b. 1928)[237] 2012 – Siri Bjerke , Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of the Environment (b. 1958)[238] 2012 – Aharon Davidi , Israeli general (b. 1927)[239]
2012 – Whitney Houston , American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress (b. 1963)[240]
2013 – Rick Huxley , English bass player (b. 1940)[241] 2014 – Alice Babs , Swedish singer and actress (b. 1924)[242] 2014 – Tito Canepa , Dominican-American painter (b. 1916)[243] [244]
2014 – Fernando González Pacheco , Colombian journalist and actor (b. 1932)[245]
2015 – Roger Hanin , French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1925)[246] 2015 – Bob Simon , American journalist (b. 1941)[247]
2015 – Jerry Tarkanian , American basketball player and coach (b. 1930)[248]
2016 – Kevin Randleman , American mixed martial artist and wrestler (b. 1971)[249] 2016 – Zeng Xuelin , Thai-Chinese footballer and manager (b. 1929)[250]
2017 – Fab Melo , Brazilian basketball player (b. 1990)[251] 2017 – Jaap Rijks , Dutch Olympian (b. 1919)[252]
2018 – Vic Damone , American singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1928)[253] 2018 – Asma Jahangir , Pakistani human-rights lawyer and social activist (b. 1952)[254]
2018 – Jan Maxwell , American stage and television actress (b. 1956)[255]
2018 – Qazi Wajid , Pakistani drama actor, writer and artist (b. 1930)[256]
Holidays and observances
Notes
References
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Universities in the Age of Reform, 1800–1870: Durham, London and King's College ISBN 978-3-319-76726-0 ^ "La Fille du régiment — Productions — Royal Opera House" . www.roh.org.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .^ Parker, Roger (2007). The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas 67 . ISBN 978-0-19-972781-0 ^ "Ethiopia - The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .^ Premchand, Munshi (2014). Premchand's Kazaki and Other Marvellous Tales ISBN 978-93-5009-562-1 ^ "Saint Bernadette of Lourdes | Biography, Facts, & Feast Day" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .^ Masur, Louis P. (2012). Lincoln's Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union 343 . ISBN 978-0-674-06753-0 ^ "Amadeus | king of Spain" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2020 .^ Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (2018). 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"North Korea fires ballistic missile, first since Trump elected in U.S." The Washington Post . Retrieved February 11, 2020 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (11 February 2018). "Russian passenger plane crashes outside Moscow, killing 71" . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2020 . ^ "Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini | Italian scholar" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2020 .^ a b "Henry VII and Elizabeth of York" . Westminster Abbey . Retrieved 3 April 2020 .^ "Gregory XIV | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2020 .^ Warner, Charles Dudley (2008). A Library of the World's Best Literature - Ancient and Modern - Vol.XLIII (Forty-Five Volumes); Dictionary of Authors (K-Z) ISBN 978-1-60520-251-8 ^ "William Carstares | Scottish minister" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2020 .^ "Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle | French author and scientist" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 February 2020 .^ Boer, Bertil van (2012). Historical Dictionary of Music of the Classical Period ISBN 978-0-8108-7386-5 ^ Nafziger, George F. (2001). Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era ISBN 978-0-8108-6617-1 ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1 ^ "BBC - History - William Henry Fox Talbot" . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2020 .^ "Lydia Maria Child | American author" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2020 .^ Morris, Larry E. (2004). The Fate of the Corps: What Became of the Lewis and Clark Explorers After the Expedition 187 . ISBN 978-0-300-13024-9 ^ "Alexander H. Stephens | vice president of Confederate States of America" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2020 .^ "Otto Ludwig | German writer" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 25 February 2020 .^ "Auguste Mariette | French archaeologist" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 25 February 2020 .^ Giraudet, Jean-Paul (1 March 2014). "Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf" . musicalics.com (in French). Retrieved 25 February 2020 . ^ V. Orth, John (2005). "Fuller, Melville Weston" . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/acref/9780195176612.001.0001 . ISBN 9780195176612 . Retrieved 25 February 2020 . ^ "J. Willard Gibbs | American scientist" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2020 .^ "Ahmed Tevfik Paşa | Ottoman vizier" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2020 .^ "Thomas Edison | Biography, Inventions, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2020 .^ a b "Ellen Day Hale | Smithsonian American Art Museum" . americanart.si.edu . Retrieved 3 April 2020 .^ Hawthorne, Melanie (2001). Rachilde and French Women's Authorship: From Decadence to Modernism ISBN 978-0-8032-2402-5 ^ "Fitzgerald, John Francis (1863-1950)" . www.anb.org . doi :10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001 (inactive 2020-11-24). 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