Wikipedia

Transport in India

(Redirected from Motorcycles in India)

Transport in India consists of transport by land, water and air. Road transport is the primary mode of transport for most Indian citizens, and India's road transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world.

The Golden Quadrilateral connects the four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Chennai (south) and Mumbai (west).

India's road network is the second-largest, after the United States and one of the busiest in the world, transporting 8.225 billion passengers and over 980 million tonnes of cargo annually, as of 2015.[1] India's rail network is the fourth largest and second busiest in the world, transporting 8.09 billion passengers and 1.20 billion tonnes of freight annually, as of 2020.[2] Aviation in India is broadly divided into military and civil aviation which is the fastest-growing aviation market in the world (IATA data).[3] India's waterways network, in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks, is the ninth largest waterway network in the world. Freight transport by waterways is highly under utilised in India with the total cargo moved (in tonne kilometres) by inland waterways being 0.1 percent of the total inland traffic in India.[4] In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers whereas 4.70 percent of households in India have cars or vans as per the 2011 census of India.[5][6] The automobile industry in India is currently growing rapidly with an annual production of over 4.6 million vehicles,[7] with an annual growth rate of 10.5%[5] and vehicle volume is expected to rise greatly in the future.[8]

Traditional means of transport

edit

Walking

edit

Walking was a major transport form in ancient times. People used to cover long distances on foot or bull carts. For instance, Adi Sankaracharya travelled all over India from Kalady near Kochi.[9] Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in rural areas.[10] In the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced the construction of more than 50 skywalks,[11][12] as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project, which is very helpful as walk enthusiasts take part in reducing traffic. The Dakshineswar Skywalk has also come up in West Bengal.

Palanquins

edit
Main article: Palanquin
 
Royal Palanquin of Mehrangarh Fort

Palanquins, also known as palkis, were one of the luxurious methods used by the rich and noblemen for travelling and also to carry a deity (idol) of a god. Many temples have sculptures of a god being carried in palkis.[13] Modern use of the palanquin is limited to Indian weddings, pilgrimage and carrying idols of gods.[14][15]

Bullock carts

edit
 
A bullock cart

Bullock carts used to be a way of transportation in India, but it is seldom seen today due to the slow speed and advent of motorised vehicles. It is still prevalent in deep within the rural areas for the transport of goods.


Bicycles

edit
Main article: Cycling in India

Bicycles or cycles, have ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 75% at the state level.[6] Along with walking, cycling accounts for 50% to 80% of the commuter trips for those in the informal sector in urban areas.[10] However, recent developments suggest that bicycle riding is quickly becoming popular in Indian cities. In smaller Indian cities, non-motorized transport, which includes cycling, accounts for close to 50% of the total trips by the working-class population. In larger cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Delhi, non-motorized transport accounts for 35%-37% of the total trips.[16] In recent years, government development authorities all over India encourages the setup and use of separate bicycle lanes alongside the roads to combat pollution and ease traffic congestion.[17]

Human-rickshaws

edit
 
Human-pulled rickshaws still run in Kolkata

Human-pulled rickshaws are nowadays rarely available in various cities and villages in the country. Many local governments have proposed a ban on these rickshaws describing them as "inhuman". The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005.[18] Though a bill aiming to address this issue, termed as Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill, was passed by the West Bengal Assembly in 2006, it has not yet been implemented.[19] The Government of West Bengal is working on an amendment to this bill to avoid the loopholes that were exposed when the Hand-pulled Rickshaw Owners' Association filed a petition against the bill.[19]

Cycle rickshaw

edit

Cycle rickshaws were introduced in India in the 1940s.[20] They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.[21][22][23] The Delhi Police recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the Delhi High Court.[24] In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting mode of transport.[25]

 
Public buses near Howrah Railway Station in Kolkata, West Bengal
 
Delhi–Meerut Expressway is India's widest expressway with 14 lanes.

Road

edit
Main article: Roads in India
 
Kathipara Junction, Chennai
 
Bandra-Worli Bridge in Mumbai

As per 2024 estimates, the total road length in India is 6,700,000 km (4,200,000 mi); making the Indian road network the second largest road network in the world after the United States. At 0.66 km of highway per square kilometre of land the density of India's highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).[1]

India has a network of National Highways connecting all the major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013, India has a total of 161,350 km (100,258 mi) of National Highways, of which 5,930 km (3,685 mi) are classified as expressways.[26] Although India has large network of four or more lane highways of international quality standards, but without access control (entry/exit control), they are not called as expressways but simply highways.

As per the National Highways Authority of India, about 66% of freight and 82% passenger traffic is carried by the roads. The National Highways carry about 40% of total road traffic, though only about 2% of the road network is covered by these roads.[26] Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around 10.16% per annum over recent years.[26]

India also has many bridges and flyovers in major cities to reduce traffic congestion. Some notable projects include Bandra - Worli Sea link in Mumbai and Kathipara Cloverleaf Interchange in Chennai. India's metropolitan intra-city average traffic vehicle speed in Delhi was 25 km/h (16 mph), in Mumbai 20.7 km/h (12.9 mph), in Chennai 18.9 km/h (11.7 mph) and in Kolkata 19.2 km/h (11.9 mph), as per a study by Ola Cabs in 2017.

Under National Highways Development Project (NHDP), work is under progress to equip national highways with at least four lanes; there is also a plan to convert some stretches of these roads to six lanes.[27] In recent years construction has commenced on a nationwide system of multi-lane highways, including the Golden Quadrilateral connecting four important metropolitan cities of India (Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai) and North-South and East-West Corridors which link the largest cities in India.

In 2000, around 40% of villages in India lacked access to all-weather roads and remained isolated during the monsoon season.[1][28] To improve rural connectivity, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (Prime Minister's Rural Road Program), a project funded by the Central Government with the help of the World Bank, was launched in 2000 to build all-weather roads to connect all habitations with a population of 500 or above (250 or above for hilly areas).[28][29]

Type of road Length
Expressways 5,930 km (3,680 mi) as of 2024
National Highways 161,350 km (100,260 mi)
State Highways 186,528 km (115,903 mi)
District and rural roads 5,167,665 km (3,211,038 mi)
Total Length 6,700,000 km (4,200,000 mi) (Approx)

The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest sea bridge in India. It was inaugurated on 12 January 2024, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It connects Mumbai with Navi Mumbai. [30][31]

Bus

edit
 
Mumbai's B.E.S.T. is India's oldest operating transport body

Buses are an important means of public transport in India. Due to this social significance, urban bus transport is often owned and operated by public agencies, and most state governments operate bus services through a state road transport corporation.[32] These corporations have proven extremely useful in connecting villages and towns across the country.[33] Alongside the public companies there are many private bus fleets: As of 2012, there were 131,800 publicly owned buses in India, but 1,544,700 buses owned by private companies.[34]

However, the share of buses is negligible in most Indian cities as compared to personalised vehicles, and two-wheelers and cars account for more than 80 percent of the vehicle population in most large cities.[33]

Bus rapid transit systems

edit
Main article: Bus rapid transit in India
 
Ahmedabad BRTS
 
Raipur and Naya Raipur Bus Rapid Transit System
 
A KSRTC Volvo bus. Such buses are common across the country.

Bus rapid transit systems (BRTS), exist in several cities.[35] Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities,[36] and serve as an important mode of transport. Services are mostly run by state government owned transport corporations.[33] In 1990s, all government state transport corporations have introduced various facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air-conditioned buses to attract private car owners to help decongest roads.[37][38]

In 2010, the Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System won the prestigious Sustainable Transport Award from the Transportation Research Board in Washington.[39] Rainbow BRTS in Pune is the first BRTS system in the country. Mumbai introduced air conditioned buses in 1998.[40] Bangalore was the first city in India to introduce Volvo B7RLE intra-city buses in India in January 2005.[41][42][43] Bangalore is the first Indian city to have an air-conditioned bus stop, located near Cubbon Park. It was built by Airtel.[44] The city of Chennai houses one of Asia's largest bus terminus, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.[45]

Motor vehicles

edit

Two-wheelers

edit

Motorised two-wheeler vehicles like scooters, motorcycles and mopeds are very popular due to their fuel efficiency and ease of use in congested roads or streets. The number of two-wheelers sold is several times to that of cars. There were 47.5 million powered two-wheelers in India in 2003 compared with just 8.6 million cars.[46]

Manufacture of motorcycles in India started when Royal Enfield began assembly in its plant in Chennai in 1948. Royal Enfield, an iconic brand name in the country, manufactures different variants of the British Bullet motorcycle which is a classic motorcycle that is still in production.[47] Hero MotoCorp (formerly Hero Honda), Honda, Bajaj Auto, Yamaha, TVS Motors and Mahindra 2 Wheelers are the largest two-wheeler companies in terms of market-share.[48]

Manufacture of scooters in India started when Automobile Products of India (API) set up at Mumbai and incorporated in 1949. They began assembling Innocenti-built Lambretta scooters in India.[49] They eventually acquired a licence for the Li150 series model, of which they began full-fledged production from the early 1960s onwards.[citation needed] In 1972, Scooters India Limited (SIL), a state-run enterprise based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, bought the entire manufacturing rights of the last Innocenti Lambretta model. API has infrastructural facilities at Mumbai, Aurangabad, and Chennai, but has been non-operational since 2002. [citation needed] SIL stopped producing scooters in 1998.[citation needed]

Motorcycles and scooters can be rented in many cities, Wicked Ride, Metro Bikes and many other companies are working with state governments to solve last-mile connectivity problems with mass-transit.[50] Wearing protective headgear is mandatory for both the rider and the pillion-rider in most cities.[51]

Automobiles

edit

Private automobiles account for 30% of the total transport demand in urban areas of India. An average of 963 new private vehicles are registered every day in Delhi alone.[52] The number of automobiles produced in India rose from 6.3 million in 2002–2003 to 11 million (11.2 million) in 2008–2009.[53] There is substantial variation among cities and states in terms of dependence on private cars: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi and Kolkata have 185, 127, 157 and 140 cars per 1,000 people respectively, which is much lower compared to developed countries.[54] This reflects different levels of urban density and varied qualities of public transport infrastructure. Nationwide, India still has a very low rate of car ownership. When comparing car ownership between BRICS developing countries, it is on a par with China,[55] and exceeded by Brazil and Russia.[55]

 
Hyundai's manufacturing plant at Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Compact cars, especially hatchbacks predominate due to affordability, fuel efficiency, congestion, and lack of parking space in most cities. Chennai is known as the "Detroit of India" for its automobile industry.[56]

Maruti, Hyundai, Mahindra and Tata Motors are the most popular brands in the order of their market share. The Ambassador once had a monopoly, but is now an icon of pre-liberalisation India, and is still used by taxi companies. The Maruti 800 launched in 1984, created the first revolution in the Indian auto sector because of its low price and high quality. It had the highest market share until 2004, when it was overtaken by other low-cost models from Maruti such as the Alto and the Wagon R, the Indica from Tata Motors and the Santro from Hyundai. Over the 20 years since its introduction, about 2.4 million Maruti 800s have been sold.[57] However, with the launch of the Tata Nano, the least expensive production car in the world, the Maruti 800 lost its popularity.[58][citation needed] India is also known for a variety of indigenous vehicles made in villages out of simple motors and vehicle spare parts. A few of these innovations are the jugaad, maruta, chhakda, and the peter rehra.[59]

In the city of Bangalore, Radio One and the Bangalore Traffic Police, launched a carpooling drive which has involved celebrities such as Robin Uthappa, and Rahul Dravid encouraging the public to carpool.[60][61][62] The initiative got a good response, and by the end of May 2009, 10,000 people are said to have carpooled in the city.[63] There have been efforts to improve the energy efficiency of transport systems in Indian cities, including by introducing performance standards for private automobiles or by banning particularly polluting older cars. The city of Kolkata, for example, passed a law in 2009/10 phasing out vehicles over 15 years old with the purpose of reducing air pollution.[64] However, the effects were mixed. On the one hand, poorer urban residents are more likely to see public health improvements from better air quality, since they are more likely to live in polluted areas and work outdoors than richer urban residents.[65] On the other hand, drivers of such vehicles suffered from losing their livelihoods as a result of this environmental regulation.[66]

Utility vehicles

edit

The first utility vehicle in India was manufactured by Mahindra. It was a copy of the original Jeep and was manufactured under licence.[67] The vehicle was an instant hit and made Mahindra one of the top companies in India. The Indian Army and police extensively use Mahindra vehicles along with Maruti Gypsys for transporting personnel and equipment. Tata Motors, the automobile manufacturing arm of the Tata Group, launched its first utility vehicle, the Tata Sumo, in 1994.[68][69] The Sumo, owing to its then-modern design, captured a 31% share of the market within two years.[70] The Tempo Trax from Force Motors until recently was ruling the rural areas. Sports utility vehicles now form a sizeable part of the passenger vehicle market.[71] Models from Tata, Honda, Hyundai, Toyota and other brands are available.[72]

Taxis

edit
Main article: Taxis in India
 
Taxi in Kolkata
 
Taxi in Mumbai

Most of the taxicabs in Mumbai and Kolkata are either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassador cars.[73] In all other cities, taxi fleets comprise more modern cars. However, with foreign-developed app-based taxi services like Uber as well as an Indian-developed app-based taxi services like Ola coming to the fore, taxicabs now include sedans,[74] SUVs [75] and even motorcycle taxis.[76] Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, taxis need to be hired over phone,[77] whereas in cities like Kolkata and Mumbai, taxis can also be hailed on the street. According to Government of India regulations, all taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.[78] There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since year 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.[79]

In cities and localities where taxis are expensive or do not charge as per the government or municipal regulated fares, people use share taxis. These are normal taxis which carry one or more passengers travelling to destinations either on one route to the final destination, or near the final destination. [citation needed] The passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations. [citation needed] The city of Mumbai will soon be the first city in India to have an "in-taxi" magazine, titled MumBaee, which will be issued to taxis which are part of the Mumbai Taximen's Union. The magazine debuted on 13 July 2009.[80] In Kolkata, there are many no refusal taxis available with white and blue in colour.[81]

Auto

edit
Main article: Auto rickshaw
 
An LPG auto rickshaw in, Delhi, India

An auto is a three-wheeler vehicle for hire that does not have doors and is generally characterised by a small cabin for the driver in the front and a seat for passengers in the rear.[82] Generally it is painted in yellow, green or black and has a black, yellow or green canopy on the top, but designs vary considerably from place to place. The colour of the auto rickshaw is also determined by the fuel that it is powered by, for example Agartala, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune and Delhi have green or black autos indicating the use of compressed natural gas, whereas the autos of Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad have green autos indicating the use of LPG.[citation needed]

In Mumbai and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'rickshaws', as they are popularly known, usually have regulated metered fares. A recent law prohibits auto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the specified fare, or charging night-fare before midnight, and also prohibits the driver from refusing to go to a particular location. Mumbai and Kolkata are also the only two cities, which prohibit auto rickshaws from entering a certain part of the city, in these cases being South Mumbai and certain parts of Downtown Kolkata.[83] However, in cities like Chennai and other areas, some autorickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and refuse to use the fare meter.[84]

Airports and railway stations at many cities such as Howrah, Chennai and Bengaluru provide a facility of prepaid auto booths, which requires a fixed payment, with a base fare of Rs. 30 and a rate of Rs.14.20 per kilometre after 1.5 kilometres of travel, set by the authorities as of May, 2022. On this basis, the fare is calculated and is to be paid by the passenger.[85]

Electric rickshaw is a new popular means of transport, rapidly growing in number in India, due to low running and initial cost, other economic and environmental benefits, these vehicles are becoming popular in India.[86] E-Rickshaws are made in fiberglass or metal body, powered by a BLDC Electric Motor with max power 2000W and speed 25 km/h. They are usually painted white though some E-autos use the normal color scheme as well.

Rail

edit
Main articles: Rail transport in India and Indian Railways
 
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj railway station entrance
 
The dining saloon of the luxurious Maharajas' Express.
 
Kolkata Metro is the only metro system in India to be controlled by Indian Railways.

Country-wide rail services in India are provided by the state-run Indian Railways (IR) under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. IR is divided into eighteen zones including the Kolkata Metro Railway.[87] The IR are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional headquarters.[88][89]

The railway network travels across the country, covering more than 7,325 stations over a total route length of more than 68,080 km (42,300 mi) and track length of about 132,310 km (82,210 mi) as of March 2021.[90] About 45,000 km (28,000 mi) or 71% of the route-kilometre was electrified as in March 2019.[90][91] IR provides an important mode of transport in India, transporting 23.1 million passengers and 3.3 million tons of freight daily as of March 2019.[90] IR is the world's eighth-largest employer, it had 1.227 million employees as of March 2019.[90] As to rolling stock, IR owns over 289,185 (freight) wagons, 74,003 coaches and 12,147 locomotives as of March 2019.[90] It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems.

 
A steam locomotive operated by Nilgiris Mountain Railways between Coonoor and Ooty in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu.

The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher priority. The fastest train at present is the Vande Bharat Express with design speeds of up to 180 km/h, though the fastest service is Gatiman Express with an operational speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and average speed of 100 km/h (62 mph), since the Vande Bharat Express is capped at 130 km/h for safety reasons.[92][93][94][95] The Rajdhani trains introduced in 1969 provides connectivity between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states. On the other hand, Shatabdi Express provides connectivity between centres of tourism, pilgrimage or business. The Shatabdi Express trains run over short to medium distances and do not have sleepers while the Rajdhani Expresses run over longer distances and have only sleeping accommodation. Both series of trains have a maximum permissible speed of 110 to 140 km/h (68 to 87 mph) but average speed of less than 100 km/h.[citation needed].The Duronto Express trains provide connectivity between large cities. Besides, the IR also operates a number of luxury trains which cater to various tourist circuits. For instance, the Palace on Wheels serves the Rajasthan circuit and The Golden Chariot serves the Karnataka and Goa circuits.[citation needed] There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus[96] and the Mountain railways of India.[97] The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West Bengal, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh.[97]

In the freight segment, IR ferries various commodities and fuels in industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments across the length and breadth of India. IR has historically subsidised the passenger segment with income from the freight business. As a result, freight services are unable to compete with other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share.[98] To counter this downward trend, IR has started new initiatives in freight segments including upgrading of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains, and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.[99]

In 1999, the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off (RORO) service, a unique road-rail synergy system, on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa,[100] which was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004.[101][102] The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular,[103] carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation until 2007.[104]

Perhaps the game-changer for IR in the freight segment are the new dedicated freight corridors that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300 km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5 km in length with 32.5-ton axle-load at speeds of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.

Commuter rail transport

edit

In many Indian metropolitan regions, rail is the more efficient and affordable mode of public transport for daily commute. Examples of types of services include long-established local or suburban rail services in cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, the century-old tram service in Kolkata, the more recent metro service in Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai and Monorail feeder service in Mumbai.

Suburban rail

edit
 
Mumbai suburban rail.
 
The Chennai MRTS and Chennai Suburban, the first elevated railway in India.
Main article: Urban rail transit in India

The Mumbai Suburban Railway was the first rail system in India, which began its services in Mumbai in 1853, transporting 6.3 million passengers daily and has the highest passenger density in the world.[105] The Kolkata Suburban Railway was established in 1854,[106] and the Chennai Suburban Railway in 1931.[107] The operational suburban rail systems in India are in Mumbai Suburban Railway, Kolkata Suburban Railway, Chennai Suburban Railway, Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway, Delhi Suburban Railway, Pune Suburban Railway, Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System, Barabanki-Lucknow Suburban Railway and Karwar railway division.[33] Other planned systems are Bengaluru Commuter Rail, Ahmedabad Suburban Railway and Coimbatore Suburban Railway.

Mass rapid transit system

edit

The Chennai MRTS, which began services in 1995, remains the country's first and only mass rapid transit rail. Although distinct from the Chennai Suburban Railway, the MRTS remains integrated in a wider urban rail network.[108]

 
Chennai Metro

Metro

edit
Main article: Urban rail transit in India

The first modern rapid transit in India is the Kolkata Metro which started its operations in 1984 as the 17th Zone of the Indian Railways.[109] The Delhi Metro in New Delhi is India's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002. The Namma Metro in Bengaluru is India's third operational rapid transit and began operations in 2011. [citation needed][110]

The operational systems are Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, Bengaluru Metro, Gurgaon Metro, Mumbai Metro, Jaipur Metro, Chennai Metro, Kochi Metro, Lucknow Metro, Nagpur Metro, Noida Metro, Hyderabad Metro, Kanpur Metro, Ahmedabad Metro, Pune Metro, Navi Mumbai Metro, Agra Metro.[111]

The under implementation systems are Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, Varanasi Metro, Madurai Metro, Vijayawada Metro, Patna Metro, Meerut Metro, Guwahati Metro, Chandigarh Metro, Bhopal Metro, Kozhikode Light Metro, Indore Metro, Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro, Coimbatore Metro, Visakhapatnam Metro, Surat Metro, Jammu Metro, Srinagar Metro, Greater Gwalior Metro, Jabalpur Metro and Greater Nashik Metro. [citation needed] Currently, 34 km of rapid transit system is operational and rest is under construction or in planning in several major cities of India and will be opened shortly.

Monorail

edit
 
A monorail in Mumbai
Main article: Urban rail transit in India

Monorail is generally considered as feeder system for the metro trains in India. In 2004, monorail was first proposed for Kolkata. But, later the idea was put on hold due to lack of funds and infeasibility.[112] The Mumbai Monorail, which started in 2014, is the first operational monorail network in India[113] (excluding the Skybus Metro) since the Patiala State Monorail Trainways closed in 1927.

Other planned systems are Chennai Monorail, Kolkata Monorail, Allahabad Monorail, Bengaluru Monorail, Delhi Monorail, Indore Monorail, Kanpur Monorail, Navi Mumbai Monorail, Patna Monorail, Pune Monorail, Ahmedabad Monorail, Aizawl Monorail, Bhubaneswar Monorail, Jodhpur Monorail, Kota Monorail, Nagpur Monorail and Nashik Monorail.

Tram

edit
 
New fibreglass made tram
Main article: Trams in India

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The trams in Kolkata is currently the only tram system in the country.

edit

Rail links between India and neighbouring countries are not well-developed.Bangladesh is connected by a biweekly train, the Maitree Express that runs from Kolkata to Dhaka and a weekly train, the Bandhan Express that runs from Kolkata to Khulna. Two rail links to Nepal exist—passenger services between Jaynagar and Bijalpura, and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj.[114]

No rail link exists with Myanmar but a railway line is to be built through from Jiribam (in Manipur) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh.[115] The construction of this missing link, as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd, is estimated to cost ₹29.41 billion (US$350 million).[citation needed] An 18 km railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan. No rail link exists with either China or Sri Lanka.[116]

High-speed rail

edit
Main article: High-speed rail in India

India does not have any railways classified as high-speed rail (HSR), which have operational speeds in excess of 200 km/h (120 mph).[117]

Prior to the 2014 general election, the major national party (Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party) pledged to introduce high-speed rail. The INC pledged to connect "all of India's million-plus cities by high-speed rail."[118] Later, the BJP, which won the election, promised to build the Diamond Quadrilateral project, which would connect the cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai via high-speed rail.[119] This project was approved as a priority for the new government in the incoming prime minister's speech.[120] Construction of one kilometer of high speed railway track will cost ₹1 billion (US$12 million) – ₹1.4 billion (US$17 million), which is 10–14 times higher than the construction of standard railway.[121] Indian government approved the choice of Japan to build India's first high-speed railway. The planned rail would run some 500 km (310 mi) between Mumbai and the western city of Ahmedabad, at a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).[122][123] Under the proposal, construction is expected to begin in 2017 and be completed in 2023. It would cost about ₹980 billion (US$12 billion) and be financed by a low-interest loan from Japan.[124] India will use the wheel-based 300 km/h HSR technology, instead of new maglev 600 km/h technology of Japan used in Chūō Shinkansen. India is expected to have its HSR line operational from 2025 onwards, once the safety checks are completed.

Light rail

edit
Main article: Urban rail transit in India

Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the metro systems. The planned systems are Kolkata Light Rail Transit and Delhi Light Rail Transit.

Airways

edit
Main article: Aviation in India
 
Cochin International Airport is one of the busiest airport in India

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the national regulatory body for the aviation industry. It is controlled by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The ministry also controls aviation related autonomous organisations like the Airports Authority of India (AAI), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi and Public Sector Undertakings including Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[125]

Air India is India's national flag carrier, having merged with Indian Airlines in 2011[126] and plays a major role in connecting India with the rest of the world.[127] IndiGo, Air India, Vistara, Air India Express, Akasa and Spicejet are the major carriers in order of their market share.[128] These airlines connect more than 80 cities across India and also operate overseas routes after the liberalisation of Indian aviation. Several other foreign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across the globe. However, a large section of country's air transport potential remains untapped, even though the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked the world's tenth busiest route by Amadeus in 2012.[129][130]

Airports

edit
 
Mumbai Airport Terminal
 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the inauguration of Paykong Airport, Sikkim.
Main article: List of airports in India

While there are 346[131] civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014.[132] Of these, Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi is the busiest in the country.[133][134][135] The operations of the major airports in India have been privatised over the past five years and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.

India also has 33 "ghost airports," which were built in an effort to make air travel more accessible for those in remote regions but are now non-operational due to a lack of demand. The Jaisalmer Airport in Rajasthan, for example, was completed in 2013 and was expected to host 300,000 passengers a year but has yet to see any commercial flights take off. Despite the number of non-operational airports, India is currently planning on constructing another 200 "low-cost" airports over the next 20 years.[136]

Length of runways Airports
with paved
runways[131] 		Airports
with unpaved
runways[131]
3,047 m (9,997 ft) or more 21 1
2,438 to 3,047 m (7,999 to 9,997 ft) 59 3
1,524 to 2,438 m (5,000 to 7,999 ft) 76 6
914 to 1,524 m (2,999 to 5,000 ft) 82 38
Under 914 m (2,999 ft) 14 45
Total 253 93

Heliports

edit
 
Pawan Hans VT-PHA Helicopter.

As of 2021, there are 45 heliports in India.[131] India also has the world's highest helipad at the Siachen Glacier at a height of 6,400 m (21,000 ft) above mean sea level.[137] Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited is a public sector company that provides helicopter services to ONGC to its off-shore locations, and also to various State Governments in India, particularly in North-east India.[138]

Water

edit
Main article: Water transport in India

India has a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi),[139] and thus ports are the main centres of trade. India also has an extensive network of inland waterways.

 
Chennai Port is the largest container port in the Bay of Bengal.

Ports and shipping

edit
Main articles: Shipping Corporation of India and Ports in India
 
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai ranks 25th in the world as per container traffic.[140]

In India, about 96% of the foreign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place through the ports.[141] Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70% of maritime trade in India.[142] There are twelve major ports: Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Chennai, Ennore, Thoothukudi, Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia), Paradip, Visakhapatnam, New Mangaluru, Mormugao and Kandla.[143] Other than these, there are 187 minor and intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo.[143]

Maritime transportation in India is managed by the Shipping Corporation of India, a government-owned company that also manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure in the country. It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of shipping business servicing both national and international trades. The only Indian state with three ports is Tamil Nadu, they are Ennore, Chennai and Tuticorin.[144]

It has a fleet of 79 ships of 2,750,000 GT (4.8 million DWT) and also manages 53 research, survey and support vessels of 120,000 GT (060,000 DWT) on behalf of various government departments and other organisations.[145] Personnel are trained at the Maritime Training Institute in Mumbai, a branch of the World Maritime University, which was set up in 1987.[146] The corporation also operates in Malta and Iran through joint ventures.[145]

The distinction between major and minor ports is not based on the amount of cargo handled. The major ports are managed by port trusts which are regulated by the central government.[147] They come under the purview of the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.[148][citation needed] The minor ports are regulated by the respective state governments and many of these ports are private ports or captive ports.[148][citation needed] The total amount of traffic handled at the major ports in 2005–2006 was 382.33 Mt.[143]

Inland Waterways

edit
Main article: Inland Waterways Authority of India
 
A parked vessel along the Chapora River in Goa.
 
Boats sailing on National Waterway 2 at Guwahati

India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can be used by mechanised crafts.[149] Freight transport by waterways is highly underutilised in India compared to other large countries. The total cargo moved by inland waterways is just 0.15% of the total inland traffic in India, compared to the corresponding figures of 20% for Germany and 32% for Bangladesh.[150]

Cargo that is transported in an organised manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam and Kerala.[151][citation needed] The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration and regulation.[152][citation needed] The following waterways have been declared as National Waterways:

Seaplane

edit

Pipelines

edit

Oil and gas industry in India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local exploration, renewable energy and indigenous ethanol fuel (c. Jan 2018).[156]

  • Length of pipelines for crude oil is 20,000 km (12,427 mi).
  • Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi).

Cable

edit
Further information: Aerial lift in India

Cable transport, commonly known as Ropeways in India, are mostly located in mountainous areas such as in Kashmir. Some of them are also located in amusement parks such Nicco Park and Science City in Kolkata.

Logistics

edit
See also: Coastal Economic Zones (CEZ)

Logistics in India ranking moved up to 35th place in 2016 from 54th in 2014 on World Bank's Global Logistics Performance Index.[157] Government strategy aims to raise the share of global trade in India's GDP (US$2.7 trillion in FY 2017–18)[158] to 40%, including half of it (20% of GDP) from exports (c. Jan 2019).[159] Cost of logistics in India is 14% of GDP, which is higher than the developed nations, and government reforms aim to bring it down to 10% of GDP by 2022 (c. Jan 2018).[157] Ministry of Commerce and Industry has created a new dedicated centralised Logistics division in collaboration with Singapore and Japan to handle the logistics which was earlier handled by several different ministries, such as railways, roads, shipping and aviation.[160] To boot exports, each state will have exports and logistic policy and Nodal officers will be appointed at district level (c. Jan 2018).[159] There are 64 transactions and 37 government agencies in the end-to-end production-to-export process. To further improve the ranking, improve speed of logistics, ease of doing business and reduce the cost of logistics, India is creating a "common online integrated logistics e-marketplace portal" that will cover all transactions in production and export, connect buyers with logistics service providers and government agencies such as the customs department Icegate system, Port Community Systems, Sea and Air Port terminals, Shipping lines, Railways, etc. (c. Jan 2018).[157]

As part of the US$125 billion port-led development project Sagarmala, the government will define the regulatory framework for the Indian logistics operational standards by India's 300 dry ports logistics parks (inland container depots or ICDs) to the top 10 logistics international best practices nations to boost exports, remove supply chain bottlenecks, reduce transaction costs, optimise logistics mix, set up new hub-and-spoke dry ports (c. January 2018).[161] To reduce the logistics costs by 10% and CO2 emissions by 12%, the government is also developing 35 new "Multimodal Logistics Parks" (MMLPs) on 36 ring roads, which will facilitate 50% of the freight moved in India. Land has been earmarked and pre-feasibility studies are underway for six of these MMLPs (c. May 2017).[162]

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and government will organise an annual national logistics convention.[157] Major shippers include Container Corporation of India and Transport Corporation of India, and Logistics Management magazine is one of the industry publications.

Modernisation

edit

In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a directive that specified the date of April 2001 as deadline to replace or convert all buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed natural gas.[163]

The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the first state transport undertaking in India to utilise bio-fuels and ethanol-blended fuels.[164] KSRTC took an initiative to do research in alternative fuel forms by experimenting with various alternatives — blending diesel with biofuels such as honge, palm, sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame.[165] In 2009, the corporation decided to promote the use of biofuel buses.[166]

In 2017, the government announced that by 2030, only electric vehicles would be sold in the country.[167] It also announced that by 2022 all trains would be electric.[168]

In March 2020, the Government of India temporarily suspended all passenger rail, metro and bus services due to COVID-19[169]

See also

edit
Multimodel and international
Similar rail development
Similar roads development
Similar ports and river transport development
Similar air transport development
General

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "India Transport Sector". World Bank. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  2. ^ "Statistical Summary - Indian Railways" (PDF). Indian Railways. Government of India. 2019–2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  3. ^ "India crowned world's fastest growing aviation market in 2015 as economy takes off, The Telegraph, 1 January 2016". January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  4. ^ "Government groups 106 national waterways in three categories". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Motor Vehicle Writup – Statistical Year Book, India 2015" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 2015. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Bicycle Ownership in India". Bike-eu.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  7. ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country: 2008–2009". OICA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  8. ^ Ramanathan, S. Kalyana. "India to top in car volumes by 2050". Rediff. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  9. ^ Tapasyananda, Swami (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya by Madhava-Vidyaranya. India: Sri Ramakrishna Math. ISBN 978-81-7120-434-2.
  10. ^ a b Tiwari, Geetam. "Urban Transport in Indian Cities" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  11. ^ "MMRDA – Projects – Skywalk". MMRDA. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  12. ^ "Mumbai pedestrians can walk safe in the sky". The Hindu Business Line. 23 November 2008. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  13. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Palanquin" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  14. ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (27 November 2016). "Pilgrim nation: The Goddess Meenakshi of Madurai". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  15. ^ Anand, Jatin (21 November 2016). "Big, fat weddings getting trim". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  16. ^ Khan, Swarna Dutt & Azra (7 August 2021). "Ranchi shows how India's biggest cycling lessons lie in its smaller cities". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  17. ^ Singh, Amit (20 January 2010). "Now, paddle your way across Delhi". Mid-day.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  18. ^ "Hand-pulled rickshaws to go off Kolkata roads". Online edition of The Indian Express, dated 2005-08-15. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  19. ^ a b "Rule review for rickshaw ban". Online edition of The Telegraph, dated 2008-10-31. Calcutta, India. 31 October 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  20. ^ Farrell, Sean. "The Taj Mahal: Pollution and Tourism". Trade and Environment Database (TED)(American University). Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  21. ^ "Rickshaw ban from today". The Times of India. 9 June 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  22. ^ "Ban on slow vehicles in select areas likely". Online edition of The Telegraph, dated 2006-09-29. Calcutta, India. 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  23. ^ "Ban on fish-carts extended". Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2002-10-15. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "New Delhi News : Police opinion on plying of cycle-rickshaws irks Court". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  25. ^ "Cycle rickshaws: Victims of car mania" (PDF). Centre for Science and Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  26. ^ a b c "Indian Road Network". National Highways Authority of India. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
  27. ^ "National Highways". Portal of Government of India. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  28. ^ a b "Rural Roads: A Lifeline for Villages in India". World Bank. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  29. ^ "Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PGMSY)". Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  30. ^ "Speed limit 100 km/Hr, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge". Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today". 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  32. ^ Gopalakrishnan, C. "Pricing of urban public bus transport in India : a study based on select undertakings". Official webpage of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Retrieved 1 June 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  33. ^ a b c d Singh, Sanjay K. (2005). "Review of Urban Transportation in India" (PDF). Journal of Public Transportation. 8 (1): 79–97. doi:10.5038/2375-0901.8.1.5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  34. ^ "Number of Buses Owned by the Public and Private Sectors in India". Open Government Data Platform India. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  35. ^ "BRT projects in Indian cities as inclusive transport systems?" (PDF). CEPT University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  36. ^ Pucher, John; Korattyswaropam, Nisha; Mittal, Neha; Ittyerah, Neenu. "Urban transport crisis in India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2007.
  37. ^ "Landmarks in Transport". Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  38. ^ "BMTC The Present". Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  39. ^ "Ahmedabad BRTS Corridor: A Rare Success Story". India Today. 28 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  40. ^ "A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  41. ^ "Volvo's first city buses in India operating". Volvo Buses. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  42. ^ "Volvo to foray into city bus segment in India". The Hindu Businessline. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  43. ^ "Volvo intra-city buses to hit B'lore roads on Jan 17". The Financial Express. 11 January 2005. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  44. ^ "India Gets First AC Bus Stop!". EfyTimes. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  45. ^ Dorairaj, S. (28 December 2005). "Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  46. ^ "Transport in India". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  47. ^ Woods, Phil (28 July 2001). "The star of India". Online edition of the Telegraph, dated 2001-07-28. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  48. ^ "Honda tightens two-wheeler grip in India". Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2009-02-03. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  49. ^ "Lambretta Scooter". Archived from the original on 23 September 2017.
  50. ^ "Now hire bikes from Metro stations in Bengaluru – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  51. ^ Swaroop, Mamta; Siddiqui, Selma Marie; Sagar, Sushma; Crandall, Marie L. (2014). "The problem of the pillion rider: India's helmet law and New Delhi's exemption". Journal of Surgical Research. 188 (1): 64–68. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.003. PMID 24529884.
  52. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (7 November 2007). "New Delhi Air Quality Is Worsening, Group Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  53. ^ "Production Trend". Official webpage of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
  54. ^ Ghate, AT; Sunder, S (2014). "Proliferation of Cars in Indian Cities: Let Us Not Ape the West". Energy Research Institute Policy. Brief 12.
  55. ^ a b "Transport in Brazil". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  56. ^ Dekho, Car. "Why Chennai turned into 'Detroit of India'". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  57. ^ Muralidhar, S. (13 February 2005). "New face to good old Maruti 800". Business Line. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
  58. ^ O'Connor, Ashling (11 January 2008). "Tata Nano – world's cheapest new car is unveiled in India". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  59. ^ Kurup, Saira (29 March 2009). "Homemade Nano". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  60. ^ "Bangalore's car pooling venture ropes in celebrities". IANS. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  61. ^ "Radio One, CommuteEasy partner to promote car pooling in Bangalore". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  62. ^ "Car pooling kicks off in City" (PDF). Bangalore Traffic Police. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  63. ^ Shwetha S. "10,000 plunge into car pool". Online edition of DNA, dated 22 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  64. ^ Sengupta, Atmadip Ray & Tamal (7 September 2009). "Kolkata breathes easy sans its old vehicles". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  65. ^ Colenbrander S, Gouldson A, Roy J, Kerr N, Sarkar S, Hall S, Sudmant A, Ghatak A, Chakravarty D, Ganguly D, Mcanulla F (2017). "Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India" (PDF). Environment & Urbanization. 29 (1): 139–158. doi:10.1177/0956247816677775. S2CID 62880332. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  66. ^ Ghosh, P; Somanathan, R (2013). "Improving Urban Air Quality in India: Lessons from the Kolkata Clean Air Regulations of 2009" (PDF). International Growth Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  67. ^ "Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page". Film.queensu.ca. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 1999. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  68. ^ "Company Profile: Tata Motors". Official webpage of the Tata Group. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  69. ^ "The historic Tata Motors journey". Rediff News. 20 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  70. ^ "Telco net spurts 44%, to pay Rs 8 a share". Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 1997-05-28. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  71. ^ Sarkar, John. "SUVs still ruling the roads in India". Online edition of the Economic Times, dated 2008-10-05. Archived from the original on 9 November 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  72. ^ Ramakrishnan, N. "SUVs set to blaze new trail". Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2003-03-13. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  73. ^ Duggan, Chris (15 August 2006). "India's 'Amby' notches up half century". The Independent. London, UK. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  74. ^ "Your Premier ride is arriving now". Uber Blog. 5 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  75. ^ "uberXL: more room with more seats". Uber Blog. 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  76. ^ "Hop onto a MOTO during early morning and late night hours | Uber Blog". Uber Blog. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  77. ^ Sankar, Anand (12 April 2006). "When did you last call a taxi?". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  78. ^ Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 : s. 74(2)(viii)
  79. ^ "Radio Taxis in India to go up to 174,000". Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 2007-10-28. 28 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  80. ^ "Taxis to introduce 'in-Taxi' magazines from July". ChennaiVision. p. 1. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  81. ^ "Kolkata gets 100 more no-refusal taxis – The Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  82. ^ "Auto". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  83. ^ "Getting around Mumbai". iGuide. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  84. ^ "Auto fares must be based on meter readings". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  85. ^ "Vroom... enjoy a pre-paid auto ride". The Times of India. 18 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  86. ^ "EV sales in India to breach the 9 mn mark by 2027: IVCA-EY-IndusLaw report". Business Today. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  87. ^ "Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways". The Times of India. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  88. ^ Bhandari, R.R. (2005). Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 44–52. ISBN 978-81-230-1254-4.
  89. ^ "Geography: Railway zones". Indian Railways Fan Club. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  90. ^ a b c d e "Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  91. ^ "Request Rejected" (PDF). indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  92. ^ "12050/Gatiman Express - Hazrat Nizamuddin to Virangana Lakshmibai NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  93. ^ "Gatimaan Express/12049 Time Table/Schedule: Agra Cantt./AGC to Hazrat Nizamuddin/NZM NR/Northern Zone – Railways Enquiry". indiarailinfo.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  94. ^ "India's fastest train completes final test run in record time – Times of India". The Times of India. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  95. ^ "India launches first 160 km/h 'semi high speed' train". railwaygazette.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  96. ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 2004. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  97. ^ a b "Mountain Railways of India". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 1999. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  98. ^ "Indian Railways White Paper 2016" (PDF). 25 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2018.
  99. ^ "INDIAN RAILWAYS 2017–2019 VISION & PLANS" (PDF). 25 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017.
  100. ^ "Road-Rail Synergy System". Press release, Press Information Bureau, dated 2004-20-05. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  101. ^ "New Konkan Rly service begins". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  102. ^ "RORO service again on Konkan Railway". Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-06-11. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  103. ^ Vydhianathan, S. (14 November 2003). "Convergence on the Konkan Railway". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  104. ^ "Roll On–Roll Off (Roro) Service on Konkan Railway" (PDF). Konkan Railway Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  105. ^ "Overview of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway". Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
  106. ^ "Opening up new frontiers". The Hindu Business Line. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  107. ^ "Electric Traction – I". IRFCA.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  108. ^ Ajai Sreevatsan (31 October 2011). "Evolution of Chennai's Public Transport System" (PDF). The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  109. ^ "Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.
  110. ^ Aditi, Anwesha (August 2019). "Mass Transit in India: A Need for Change".
  111. ^ "Indian Metro Rail Networks: Quick Guide, Routes Map, Start Date". FabHotels Travel Blog. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  112. ^ "Light at end of tunnel for Kolkata's monorail project | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  113. ^ "Mumbai monorail to run in two years". The Times of India. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  114. ^ "Brief on the matter relating to Nepal" (PDF). Official webpage of Indian Railways. Retrieved 1 June 2009.[dead link‍]
  115. ^ Ramachandran, Sudha (3 January 2007). "India's rail-building challenge". Asia Times. p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  116. ^ "IRFCA:Indian Railways FAQ:Geography:International". IRFCA, website of the Indian Railway Fan Club. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  117. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  118. ^ INC Manifesto – infrastructure Archived 2 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  119. ^ "BJP Manifesto 2014" (PDF). bjp.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  120. ^ "Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains". indianexpress.com. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  121. ^ "Laying high speed train corridor to cost Rs. 80,000 crore". The Hindu. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  122. ^ "India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train". The Hindu. 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  123. ^ Wu, Shang-su. "Japan's High-Speed Rail Breakthrough". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  124. ^ Roy, Rajesh (10 December 2015). "India Said to Pick Japan for High-Speed Rail Project". Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017 – via www.wsj.com.
  125. ^ [1] Archived 30 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ^ [2] Archived 27 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  127. ^ "Fleet Details". Official webpage of Air India. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  128. ^ "IndiGo dominates market share in May, Akasa leads in punctuality: DGCA data - CNBC TV18". CNBCTV18. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  129. ^ "Mumbai-Delhi 10th busiest air route". The Times of India. 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  130. ^ "Mumbai airport's traffic control tower design bags award". Thaindian.com. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  131. ^ a b c d "CIA —The World Factbook – India". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  132. ^ India has a total of 34 operational International Airports.[3] Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  133. ^ Sinha, Saurabh (10 July 2008). "Delhi beats Mumbai to become busiest airport". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  134. ^ "Delhi's IGIA edges ahead of Mumbai's CSIA as country's busiest airport". Domain-b.com. 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  135. ^ "Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings". Travel Biz Monitor. 24 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  136. ^ "Modi's bumbling aviation boom". The Economist. 21 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  137. ^ Easen, Nick (17 September 2003). "Siachen: The world's highest cold war". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
  138. ^ "Civil Aviation". Government of India Portal. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  139. ^ "Manorama Yearbook 2006 (India – The Country)". Manorama Year Book. Malayala Manorama: 515. 2006. ISSN 0542-5778.
  140. ^ "World Port Rankings 2007". American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA). 22 April 2009. Archived from the original (XLS) on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  141. ^ "Discover Opportunity: Infrastructure in India" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), An initiative of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  142. ^ "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business". Business.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  143. ^ a b c Mathew, K. M. (ed.). "India: Transportation". Manorama Yearbook 2009. Malayala Manorama. p. 606. ISBN 978-81-89004-12-5.
  144. ^ "About Us". Official webpage of the Shipping Corporation of India. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  145. ^ a b "Shipping Corporation of India". National Portal of India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  146. ^ "The Maritime Training Institute (MTI)". Official webpage of the Shipping Corporation of India. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  147. ^ "The Hindu Business Line : Minor ports, major trouble". Archived from the original on 31 January 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  148. ^ a b Chandnani, Lajpat Ray. General Insurance, Reinsurance and Risk Management Glossary. Notion Press (2017).
  149. ^ "Inland Water Transport Policy : Introduction". Inland Waterways Authority of India. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  150. ^ Rangaraj, Narayan; Raghuram, G. "Viability of Inland Water Transport in India" (PDF). INRM Policy Brief No. 13. Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  151. ^ Sekhar, P. Secured Techno- Economic Growth of India: Unleashing Hidden Growth Potential. Micro Media Marketing Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788192497853.
  152. ^ Sekhar, P. Secured Techno- Economic Growth of India: Unleashing Hidden Growth Potential. Micro Media Marketing Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788192497853.
  153. ^ a b c "National Waterways". Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  154. ^ a b "House committee nod for two more national waterways". Indian Express. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  155. ^ a b "Two New National Waterways" (PDF). Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  156. ^ India launches first auction of exploration blocks under new licensing policy Archived 12 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 18 January 2018.
  157. ^ a b c d India plans common logistics portal to ease movement of goods, reduce logistics cost Archived 12 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 17 January 2018.
  158. ^ If I were FM: Raamdeo proposes asset-light strategy for infra boost Archived 11 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 18 January 2018.
  159. ^ a b Districts to be export units, looking at logistics ministry: Suresh Prabhu Archived 18 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Hunt, 8 January 2018.
  160. ^ are creating a digital logistics platform: Suresh Prabhu[permanent dead link‍], Economic Times, 6 January 2018.
  161. ^ Government plans to overhaul 300 dry ports Archived 16 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 9 January 2018.
  162. ^ Government to construct 35 multimodal logistics parks: Gadkari Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Business Standards, 3 May 2017.
  163. ^ Roychaudhary, Anumita (1998). "CNG Delhi– the world's cleanest public bus system running on CNG". Geneva: Product-Life Institute. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  164. ^ "KSRTC: Best Practices". Karnataka, India: Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  165. ^ Sastry, Anil Kumar (31 January 2007). "KSRTC going that extra mile to conserve fuel". The Hindu. Karnataka India. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  166. ^ "State to promote biofuel buses". The Hindu. KAR, IND. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  167. ^ Ghoshal, Devjyot. "India's electric vehicle revolution will begin with auto-rickshaws running on swappable batteries". qz.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  168. ^ Sood, Jyotika (18 January 2017). "Prabhu unveils 10-year energy plan for Railways to save Rs 41,000 crore". livemint.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  169. ^ Prasad, Shreya Nandi; Chandra, Gireesh (22 March 2020). "Centre orders restrictions on public transport till 31 March". Livemint. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  170. ^ "Ashgabat Agreement". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2016.

  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in India.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_India&oldid=1256954040"