User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Social science

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Sociology
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Key themes Society Globalization Human behavior Human environmental impact Identity Industrial revolutions 3 / 4 / 5 Social complexity Social environment Social equality Social equity Social power Social stratification Social structure Social cycle theory
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Major theorists 1700s: Comte · Sieyès 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias 1900s: Fromm · Adorno · Gehlen · Aron · Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens
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v t e

v t e Social sciences
Outline History Index
Primary	Anthropology archaeology cultural social physical Economics microeconomics macroeconomics econometrics mathematical Geography physical human technical integrated History cultural auxiliary sciences economic human military political social Law jurisprudence legal history legal systems public law private law Linguistics semiotics Political science international relations comparative philosophy public policy public administration Psychology abnormal cognitive developmental personality social Sociology criminology demography internet rural urban
Interdisciplinary	Administration business public Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Criminology Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental social science studies Food studies Gender studies Global studies Historical sociology History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Linguistics Management Media studies Philosophies science economics history psychology social science Planning land use regional urban Political ecology Political economy Political sociology Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Quantum social science Social work Vegan studies
List	List of social science journals
Other categorizations	Behavioral sciences Geisteswissenschaft Human science Humanities
Category Commons Society portal Wikiversity

Problems

Discrimination
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Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based
Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint
Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/national Afghan African Albanian American Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese
Manifestations Anti-LGBT rhetoric Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBT Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Intersectionality Lavender scare LGBT grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch-hunt
Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Christian privilege Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk White privilege
v t e

Justice in penology
Denunciation Deterrence Incapacitation Trial Prison abolition open reform Prisoner Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism
Participatory Restorative Transformative Retributive Solitary confinement

Class

Social class

Theories	Elite theory Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian (three-component)
Related topics	Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Class society Class traitor Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social cleansing Social exclusion Social mobility Social orphan Social position Social stigma Subaltern

By demographic

By status

By type

Ruling	Aristocracy Aristoi Hanseaten Magnate Oligarchy Russian Patrician Ancient Rome Post-Roman Political Family List Hereditary Royal family
Intellectual	Clergy Priest Knowledge worker Professor Scholar
Warrior	Chhetri Cossacks Cuāuh Harii Hashashin Knight Kshatriya Nair Ocēlōtl Pendekar Samurai Spartiate Vanniyar/Vanniar (Chieftain)
Upper	Business magnate Elite Gentry Lord Nobility Petty Old money Overclass Robber baron Seigneur Superclass
Creative	Bohemians
Middle	Bourgeoisie Petite Burgher Lower middle class Upper middle class
Working	Lazzaroni Lumpenproletariat Precariat Proletariat Working poor
Under	Ant tribe Commoner Outcast Outlaw / Prisoner Peasant / Serf Plebeian Rat tribe Slave / Freedman Untouchable

By country or region

Affluence American Dream History Mobility
Classes	Upper Black Donor Gentry Middle Black Mexican-American Upper Middle Underprivileged Lower Under
Income	Household Inequality Personal Poverty
Standard of living	Education Homelessness Home-ownership

Other regions or countries

Historic

Category

Community

Community
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Academic studies
Social sciences Community studies Community practice Community psychology Social work Computational sociology Cultural anthropology Internet studies Philosophy of social science Rural sociology Social geography Social philosophy Sociocultural evolution Urban planning
Key concepts
Affinity (sociology) Collectivism and individualism Community engagement Community cohesion Community of interest Community practice Community of practice Community of place Community service Communitarianism Community politics Group cohesiveness Group (sociology) Group dynamics Imagined community Organization Prosocial behavior Sense of community Small-group communication Sobornost Social alienation Social capital Social death Social exclusion Socialization Social rejection Social support Solidarity (sociology)
Community development
Community-based management Community building Community economic development Community development planning Community organizing
See also
Outline WikiProject Community Category:Community building Category:Community development Category:Localism (politics) Join the Community community
v t e

Culture

v t e Culture
Outline
Sciences	Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory
Subfields	Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Internet culture Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Postcritique Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing
Types	Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location
Aspects	Acculturation Cultural appreciation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Destroyed Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Relational mobility Safety culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture
Politics	Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Multiracial democracy Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Transculturism
Religions	Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Cultural Hindus Islam Cultural Muslims Judaism Sikhism
Related	Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Civilization Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Drinking culture Drug culture Eastern culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Youth culture
Category Commons WikiProject Changes

Interpersonal relationships

Types

Romantic	Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Significant other Domestic partnership Same-sex relationship Monogamy Marriage Husband Wife Soulmate Widowhood
Non-monogamy	Open relationship Open marriage Polyamory Polyfidelity Polygamy Concubinage Mistress
Casual sex	Casual dating Friends with benefits Enjo kōsai Sexual partner One-night stand Courtesan Gigolo Sugar dating
Non-romantic	Acquaintance Enemy Friendship Kinship Family Siblings Platonic love Queerplatonic relationship Stranger Familiar Consequential Sycophancy
Historical	Cicisbeo Seraglio Plaçage Marriage à la façon du pays Royal mistress Royal favorite Maîtresse-en-titre Romantic friendship

Events

Bonding
- Courtship
- Dating
- Romance
- Mating
Breakup
- Annulment
- Divorce
- Separation
  - Legal
  - Marital
Meet market
Singles event
Wedding

Emotions

Practices

Gender

Gender and sexual identities

Gender
identities

Genders	Man Woman Male Female Androgyne Boi Cisgender Cross-dresser Femboy Gender bender Gender fluidity Gender neutrality Gender variance Masculine of center Non-binary / genderqueer Transgender Akava'ine Trans man Trans woman Fakaleitī Mak nyah Rae-rae Transsexual
Third genders and sexes	Androgynos Apwint Bakla Binabinaaine Bugis genders Bissu Calabai Calalai Chibados Enaree Eunuch Galli Fa'afafine Fakafifine Femminiello Güevedoce Hijra Kathoey Köçek Koekchuch Lhamana Māhū Mudoko dako Mukhannathun Muxe Nádleehi Nullo Palopa Sipiniq Sworn virgin Travesti Tumtum Two-spirit Vakasalewalewa Winkte X-gender

Sexual
orientation
identities

Sexual orientations	Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual
Alternative labels	Banjee Bi-curious Ex-gay Ex-ex-gay Gay Gay men Gray asexual Demisexual Heteroflexible Khanith Lesbian Non-heterosexual Pansexual Polysexual Queer Questioning Same gender loving Takatāpui
Social aspects	Sociosexuality Antisexuality Asociality Homosociality Heterosociality
Other	Allosexuality Analloeroticism Androphilia and gynephilia Aromanticism Attraction to transgender people Kinsey scale Monosexuality Plurisexuality Postgenderism Romantic orientation Sapphism

See also

Overview

Identity

Gender in
language

Gender
inequality

General

Financial

General	Gender pay gap
Development	Gender and development Gender Empowerment Measure Gender Development Index International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)

Academia

Academics	Gender studies academics The NeuroGenderings Network
Journals	Gender studies journals Women's studies journals

Religion

Media

v t e Social networks and social media
Types	Personal Professional Sexual Value Clique Adolescent
Networks	Corporate social media Distributed social network (list) Enterprise social networking Enterprise social software Mobile social network Personal knowledge networking
Services	List of social networking services List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users
Concepts and theories	Ambient awareness Assortative mixing Attention inequality Interpersonal bridge Organizational network analysis Small-world experiment Social aspects of television Social capital Social data revolution Social exchange theory Social identity theory Social media and psychology Social media intelligence Social media mining Social media optimization Social network analysis Social web Structural endogamy Virtual collective consciousness
Models and processes	Account verification Aggregation Change detection Blockmodeling Collaboration graph Collaborative consumption Giant Global Graph Lateral communication Reputation system Social bot Social graph Social media analytics Social network analysis software Social networking potential Social television Structural cohesion
Economics	Affinity fraud Attention economy Collaborative finance Creator economy Influencer marketing Narrowcasting Sharing economy Social commerce Social sorting Viral marketing
Phenomena	Algorithmic radicalization Community recognition Complex contagion Computer addiction Consequential strangers Friend of a friend Friending and following Friendship paradox Influence-for-hire Internet addiction Information overload Overchoice Six degrees of separation Social media addiction Social media and suicide Social invisibility Social network game Suicide and the Internet Tribe Viral phenomenon
Related topics	Friendship recession Peer pressure Researchers User profile Online identity Persona Social profiling Viral messages Virtual community

v t e Media studies
General concepts	Influence of mass media Mass communication Mass society Media ecology Media literacy New literacies Public opinion Social aspects of television
Notable theories	Culture industry Echo chamber Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions Media democracy Mediatization Opinion leadership Semiotic democracy Two-step flow of communication
Notable works	The Lonely Crowd The Power Elite
Notable academics	Paul Lazarsfeld Elihu Katz Robert K. Merton Bernard Berelson
Subdisciplines	Television studies
Approaches	Media psychology Structural functionalism

Media

Principles

Ideology

Deception

Forms	Advertising Propaganda Fake news Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism
Techniques	Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Viral phenomenon
Others	Catch and kill Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation

Philosophers

In academia

Issues

Synonyms

v t e Media manipulation
Context	Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Manipulation (psychology)
Activism	Alternative media Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Deplatforming Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth
Advertising	Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Annoyance factor
Censorship Media regulation	Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Catch and kill Corporate Cover-ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self
Hoaxing	Alternative facts April Fools' Deepfake Fake news websites Fakelore False document Fictitious entries Firehose of falsehood Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Lying press Photograph manipulation Racial Urban legend Virus Video manipulation
Marketing	Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth
News media	Agenda-setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism
Political campaigning	Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Dog whistle Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue
Propaganda	Bandwagon Big lie Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language National mythology Rally 'round the flag effect Techniques
Psychological warfare	Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information (IT) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion
Public relations	Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Corporate propaganda
Sales	Cold calling Door-to-door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Spaving Promotional merchandise Telemarketing
Related	Influence-for-hire Media bias United States Media concentration Media democracy Media ecology Media ethics Media franchise Media influence Media proprietor

v t e Communication studies
History Outline
Topics and terminology	Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer-mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural Interpersonal Intrapersonal Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta-communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Nonviolent communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing
Subfields	Closed-loop Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis Climate Cross-cultural Developmental Discourse analysis Environmental Global Health International Mass Media studies Mediated cross-border Organizational Political Risk Science Technical Visual
Scholars	Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Ellul Fisher Flusser Gasset Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Shannon Tankard Tannen Wertheimer
Category

v t e Telecommunications
History	Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution
Pioneers	Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission media	Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit
Network topology and switching	Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange
Multiplexing	Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division
Concepts	Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment
Types of network	Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network
Notable networks	ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet
Locations	Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies)
Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons

v t e Journalism
Roles	Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator
Profession	News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school
Areas	Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather World
Genres	Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog
Social impact	Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalism
News media	Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media
List of journalism articles – Outline

World

Related terms

Aspects

Biases	Academic Attentional Attitude polarization Belief Cognitive list Collective narcissism Confirmation Congruence Cryptomnesia Cultural Ethnocentrism Filter bubble Homophily In-group favoritism Magical thinking Media Observational error Observer-expectancy Selective exposure Selective perception Self-deception Self-fulfilling prophecy Clever Hans effect placebo effect wishful thinking Status quo Stereotyping ethnic
Change and maintenance	Activism Argument Argumentum ad populum Attitude change Brainwashing Censorship Charisma Circular reporting Cognitive dissonance Critical thinking Crowd manipulation Cultural dissonance Deprogramming Echo chamber Education religious values Euphemism Excommunication Fearmongering Historical revisionism negationism Ideological repression Indoctrination Manipulation (psychology) Media manipulation Media regulation Missionaries Moral entrepreneurship Persuasion Polite fiction Political engineering Propaganda Propaganda model Proselytism Psychological warfare Religious conversion forced Religious persecution Religious uniformity Revolutions Rhetoric Self-censorship Social change Social control Social engineering Social influence Social progress Suppression of dissent Systemic bias Woozle effect
Culture	Anthropology cultural social Calendars Ceremonies Coronations Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology Doctrine Employment / Serfdom / Slavery Families Funerals / Burial Games Holidays Hygiene ritual Identity (philosophy) cultural Institutions Liminality Liturgy Marriage Myth and ritual Oaths Pilgrimages Play Rites of passage secular Rituals Social class / Social status / Caste Symbols Symbolic boundaries Worship
Groupthink	Abilene paradox Bandwagon effect Collectives Collective behavior animal Collective effervescence Collective intelligence Conformity Consensus theory Crowd psychology Cults Culture-bound syndromes Deindividuation Doublethink Emergence Emotional contagion Entitativity False consensus effect Folie à deux Group action Group cohesiveness Group dynamics Group emotion Group polarization Groupshift Herd behavior Holism Hysterical contagion Information cascade In-group and out-group Invisible hand Lynching Majoritarianism / Mob rule Mass action Mass psychogenic illness Milieu control Mobbing Moral panic Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Political correctness Pseudoconsensus Scapegoating Self-organization Social action Social behavior Social emotions Social exclusion Social facilitation animal Social group Social proof Social psychology Sociology Spontaneous order Status quo Stigmergy Swarm behaviour System justification Viral phenomena
Knowledge	Axioms tacit assumptions Conceptual framework Epistemology outline Evidence anecdotal scientific Explanations Faith fideism Gnosis Intuition Meaning-making Memory Meta-knowledge Methodology Observation Observational learning Perception Reasoning fallacious logic Revelation Testimony Tradition folklore Truth consensus theory criteria World disclosure
Metaphysics	Ætiology Afterlife Anima mundi Causality Concepts Consciousness mind–body problem Cosmogony Cosmology religious Creation myth Deities existence Destiny Eschatology Everything / Nothing Evolution Existence Fiction / Nonfiction Free will Future History Ideas Idios kosmos Illusions Incarnation Information Intelligence Magic Matter Miracles Mythology comparative National mythoi Nature philosophical Ontology Origin myths political Otherworlds axes mundi Physics natural philosophy Problem of evil Reality Souls Spirit Supernature Teleology Theology Time Unobservables
Value	Aesthetic taste Aesthetic Almsgiving / Charity Altruism Autonomy Beauty Codes of conduct Comedy Common good Conscience Consent Creativity Disgust Duty Economics Ecstasy emotional religious Elegance Emotions Aesthetic Entertainment Eroticism Ethics Étiquette Family values Food and drink prohibitions unclean animals Golden Rule Guilt / Culpability Happiness Harmony Honour Human rights Judgement Justice Law jurisprudence religious Liberty political freedom Love Magnificence Maxims Meaning of life Morality public Obligations Peace Piety Praxeology Principles Punishment Qualities Repentance Reverence Rights Sexuality ethics Sin Social stigma Stewardship Styles Sublime, The Suffering Sympathy Taboo Theodicy Trust Unspoken rules Virtues and Vices Works of art Wrongdoing

Examples

Attitudes	Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz
Economic and political ideologies	Anarchism Authoritarianism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Colonialism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Imperialism Individualism Industrialisation Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Pacifism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Sentientism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Veganism
Religions	Baháʼí Buddhism Caodaism Cheondoism Chinese folk religion Christianity Eastern Orthodox Church Ethnic religions Hinduism Hòa Hảo Islam Jainism Judaism Korean shamanism Modern paganism Rastafari Secularity / Irreligion / Agnosticism / Atheism Shinto Sikhism Spiritism Taoism Tenrikyo Traditional African religions Unitarian Universalism Zoroastrianism
Schools of philosophy	Agriculturalism Aristotelianism Atomism Averroism Cartesianism Cārvāka Collectivism Confucianism / New Confucianism Critical theory Cynicism Cyrenaics Determinism Dualism Eleatics Empiricism Epicureanism Eretrian school Existentialism Foundationalism Hedonism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Historicism / New historicism Holism Humanism / Renaissance humanism Idealism Illuminationism ʿIlm al-Kalām Individualism Ionian Kantianism / Neo-Kantianism Kokugaku Legalism Logicians Materialism Megarian school Modernism / Postmodernism Mohism Monism Natural law Naturalism (Chinese) Naturalism (Western) Nihilism Peripatetic Phenomenology Platonism / Neoplatonism Pluralism Positivism Pragmatism Pre-Socratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism / Neopythagoreanism Rationalism Reductionism Scholasticism / Neo-scholasticism Sentientism Social constructionism Sophism Spinozism Stoicism Structuralism / Post-structuralism Thomism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Yangism

Aspects

Issues

Global

Other

Theories

Notable
scholars

Economics	David Autor Richard Baldwin Ravi Batra Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Jayati Ghosh Michael Hudson Branko Milanović Kevin O'Rourke Thomas Piketty Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Amartya Sen Joseph Stiglitz
Political economy	Samir Amin Giovanni Arrighi Robert W. Cox Andre Gunder Frank Stephen Gill Peter Gowan David Harvey Ronen Palan Susan Strange Robert Wade
Politics / sociology	Arjun Appadurai Daniele Archibugi K. Anthony Appiah Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Manuel Castells Christopher Chase-Dunn Alfred Crosby Nancy Fraser Susan George Anthony Giddens Michael Hardt David Held Paul Hirst L. H. M. Ling Antonio Negri George Ritzer Saskia Sassen John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein
Non–academic	Noam Chomsky Thomas Friedman Naomi Klein John R. Saul Vandana Shiva

History and Theory

Perspectives	Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism
Declinations	Legal positivism Logical positivism Positivist school Postpositivism Sociological positivism Machian positivism (empirio-criticism) Rankean historical positivism Polish positivism Russian Machism
Principal concepts	Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justification Pseudoscience Critique of metaphysics Unity of science Verificationism
Antitheses	Antipositivism Confirmation holism Critical theory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human science Humanities Metaphysics Methodological dualism Problem of induction Reflectivism
Related paradigm shifts in the history of science	Non-Euclidean geometry (1830s) Uncertainty principle (1927)
Related topics	Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Critical rationalism Criticism of science Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalism in literature Nomothetic–idiographic distinction Objectivity in science Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophy of science Deductive-nomological model Ramsey sentence Sense-data theory Qualitative research Relationship between religion and science Sociology Social science Philosophy Structural functionalism Structuralism Structuration theory

Positivist-related debate

Method	Methodenstreit (1890s) Werturteilsstreit (1909–1959) Positivismusstreit (1960s) Fourth Great Debate in international relations (1980s) Science wars (1990s)
Contributions	The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830) A General View of Positivism (1848) Critical History of Philosophy (1869) Idealism and Positivism (1879–1884) The Analysis of Sensations (1886) The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) The Two Cultures (1959) The Universe in a Nutshell (2001)
Proponents	Richard Avenarius A. J. Ayer Alexander Bogdanov Auguste Comte Eugen Dühring Émile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle
Criticism	Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909) History and Class Consciousness (1923) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) The Poverty of Historicism (1936) World Hypotheses (1942) Two Dogmas of Empiricism (1951) Truth and Method (1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) The Poverty of Theory (1978) The Scientific Image (1980) The Rhetoric of Economics (1986)
Critics	Theodor W. Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans-Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn György Lukács Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber
Concepts in contention	Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen

v t e Émile Durkheim
Books	The Division of Labour in Society (1893) The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) Suicide (1897) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912)
Founded	Academic sociology L'Année Sociologique
Conceptualized and defined	Social integration Collective consciousness Mechanical and organic solidarity Social fact Sociology of knowledge Sacred–profane dichotomy Quantitative methods in criminology Statistical social research Collective effervescence Anomie
Related	Positivism Totemism History of sociology

v t e Max Weber
Bibliography List of speeches Liberalism German politics
Books	Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter (1889) Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law (1891) Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany (1892) The Stock Exchange (1896) The Objectivity of the Sociological and Social-Political Knowledge (1904) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) The Religion of China (1915) The Religion of India (1916) The Rejection and the Meaning of the World (1916) Sociology of Religion (1920) Ancient Judaism (1921) The City (1921) Economy and Society (1922) Basic Concepts in Sociology (1922) Sociology of Community Sociology of Rulership and Religion Sociology of the World Religions
Concepts	Axiological neutrality Charismatic authority Disenchantment Ideal type Iron cage Life chances Methodological individualism Monopoly on violence Protestant work ethic Rationalisation Social action Three-component stratification Tripartite classification of authority Verstehen
Essays	"The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1904)
Lectures	"Science as a Vocation" (1917) "Politics as a Vocation" (1919) Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1923)
People	Max Weber Sr. (father) Alfred Weber (brother) Marianne Weber (wife)

Critical theory

Origins

Concepts

Derivatives

Critical ...	applied linguistics cartography criminology design discourse analysis ethnography geography geopolitics historiography international relations theory language awareness legal studies management studies medical anthropology pedagogy practice psychiatry psychology race theory regionalism security studies social thought technical practice terrorism studies

Theorists

Related

v t e Presidents of the American Sociological Association
1906–1925	Lester Frank Ward (1906–1907) William Graham Sumner (1908–1909) Franklin Henry Giddings (1910–1911) Albion Woodbury Small (1912–1913) Edward Alsworth Ross (1914–1915) George Edgar Vincent (1916) George Elliott Howard (1917) Charles Cooley (1918) Frank W. Blackmar (1919) James Q. Dealey (1920) Edward C. Hayes (1921) James P. Lichtenberger (1922) Ulysses G. Weatherly (1923) Charles A. Ellwood (1924) Robert E. Park (1925)
1926–1950	John Lewis Gillin (1926) W. I. Thomas (1927) John M. Gillette (1928) William Fielding Ogburn (1929) Howard W. Odum (1930) Emory S. Bogardus (1931) Luther L. Bernard (1932) Edward B. Reuter (1933) Ernest Burgess (1934) F. Stuart Chapin (1935) Henry Pratt Fairchild (1936) Ellsworth Faris (1937) Frank H. Hankins (1938) Edwin Sutherland (1939) Robert Morrison MacIver (1940) Stuart A. Queen (1941) Dwight Sanderson (1942) George A. Lundberg (1943) Rupert Bayless Vance (1944) Kimball Young (1945) Carl Cleveland Taylor [de] (1946) Louis Wirth (1947) E. Franklin Frazier (1948) Talcott Parsons (1949) Leonard S. Cottrell Jr. [de] (1950)
1951–1975	Robert C. Angell (1951) Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1952) Samuel A. Stouffer (1953) Florian Znaniecki (1954) Donald Young (1955) Herbert Blumer (1956) Robert K. Merton (1957) Robin M. Williams Jr. (1958) Kingsley Davis (1959) Howard P. Becker (1960) Robert E. L. Faris (1961) Paul Lazarsfeld (1962) Everett Hughes (1963) George C. Homans (1964) Pitirim Sorokin (1965) Wilbert E. Moore (1966) Charles P. Loomis (1967) Philip Hauser (1968) Arnold Marshall Rose (1969) Ralph H. Turner (1969) Reinhard Bendix (1970) William H. Sewell (1971) William J. Goode (1972) Mirra Komarovsky (1973) Peter Blau (1974) Lewis A. Coser (1975)
1976–2000	Alfred McClung Lee (1976) John Milton Yinger (1977) Amos Hawley (1978) Hubert M. Blalock Jr. (1979) Peter H. Rossi (1980) William Foote Whyte (1981) Erving Goffman (1982) Alice S. Rossi (1983) James F. Short Jr. (1984) Kai T. Erikson (1985) Matilda White Riley (1986) Melvin L. Kohn (1987) Herbert J. Gans (1988) Joan Huber (1989) William Julius Wilson (1990) Stanley Lieberson (1991) James Samuel Coleman (1992) Seymour Martin Lipset (1993) William A. Gamson (1994) Amitai Etzioni (1995) Maureen T. Hallinan (1996) Neil Smelser (1997) Jill Quadagno (1998) Alejandro Portes (1999) Joe Feagin (2000)
2001–present	Douglas Massey (2001) Barbara Reskin (2002) William T. Bielby (2003) Michael Burawoy (2004) Troy Duster (2005) Cynthia Fuchs Epstein (2006) Frances Fox Piven (2007) Arne L. Kalleberg (2008) Patricia Hill Collins (2009) Evelyn Nakano Glenn (2010) Randall Collins (2011) Erik Olin Wright (2012) Cecilia L. Ridgeway (2013) Annette Lareau (2014) Paula England (2015) Ruth Milkman (2016) Michèle Lamont (2017) Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2018) Mary Romero (2019) Christine Williams (2020) Aldon Morris (2021) Cecilia Menjívar (2022) Prudence Carter (2023)

See also

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