Wikipedia

User:Necrothesp/List of lasts

< User:Necrothesp

The following is a list of last occurrences. It can consist of last events, such as the last sending of a Western Union telegram; the last monarch of a monarchy (by either death or abdication); or the death of the last member of a group of people.

See: List of last survivors of historical events

Architecture and civil engineering

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1777

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1822

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1835

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1858

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  • 20 August - Netherton Tunnel, the last canal tunnel to be built in the United Kingdom, is opened.

1905

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  • 2 January - The New Junction Canal, the last canal built in England for commercial purposes, is completed.

Art

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1825

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1873

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2019

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  • 23 November - Nick Clifford, last surviving carver of Mount Rushmore, dies at the age of 98.[2]

Clothing and fashion

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1828

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  • 5 May - Peter Moore, said to have been the last man to have worn a pigtail in London society, dies at the age of 75.

Commerce and industry

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1973

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1992

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  • Zolder Colliery, last remaining coal mine in Belgium and the Low Countries, closes.

2013

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2015

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2022

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Last surviving

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Communications and broadcasting

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1971

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2006

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2009

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  • 12 June - The last analogue TV broadcast in the United States for full-power stations only is made.[10] "Low-power", "Class A" and "translator" analogue stations may continue broadcasting and there is "no deadline for them to turn off their analog signals".[11]

2019

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Disasters

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1845

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  • February - John Harrison, sailmaker, last survivor of the sinking of the East Indiaman Halsewell in 1786, dies at the age of 92.[13]

1850

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1887

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1988

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  • 4 July - Peter Stoddart, last known survivor of the Quintinshill rail disaster on 22 May 1915, the worst rail disaster in British history (as a soldier in the Royal Scots, he was aboard the troop train), dies at the age of c. 92.

1995

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  • 15 May - Grace Hannagan Martyn, last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland, dies at the age of 88.

2001

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2004

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2006

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  • 7 May - Lillian Asplund, last American survivor of the sinking of RMS Titanic and last survivor to have memories of the event, dies at the age of 99.[16]

2009

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2013

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  • 27 April - Yuri Yefimovich Yudin, only surviving member of the hiking expedition otherwise wiped out in the 1959 Dyatlov Pass incident in Russia, dies at the age of 75.

Last surviving

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Entertainment

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1922

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1971

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1975

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1979

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1984

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  • 26 April - May McAvoy, last surviving credited adult cast member of the first talking picture The Jazz Singer, dies at the age of 84.
  • 14 September - Janet Gaynor, last surviving recipient of (and nominee for) an individual award at the first Academy Awards ceremony in 1929, dies at the age of 77.

1989

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1990

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1992

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1993

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1996

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1998

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1999

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2001

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2002

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2003

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  • 6 September - Louise Platt, last surviving credited cast member of the 1939 film Stagecoach, dies at the age of 88.

2005

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2007

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2008

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2010

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2011

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  • 7 December - Harry Morgan, last surviving credited cast member of the 1952 film High Noon, dies at the age of 96.

2013

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2014

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2015

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  • 6 December - Nicholas Smith, last surviving regular cast member from the pilot (1972) and series 1–7 (1973–1979) of the British TV sitcom Are You Being Served? and last to appear in every episode, dies at the age of 81.

2016

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2018

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2019

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2020

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2022

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2023

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2024

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Last surviving

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Exploration

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1804

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1831

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1832

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1834

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1870

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2010

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2021

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  • 28 April - Michael Collins, last surviving member of the Apollo 11 crew, the first mission to land on the Moon, dies at the age of 90.

Honours and awards

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1855

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1859

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1870

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1902

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1918

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1932

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1936

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1940

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1942

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1943

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1944

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1945

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1949

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1967

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1969

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1974

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1976

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1980

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1984

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1990

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1991

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1992

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1997

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1998

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2000

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2004

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2005

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2018

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2021

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2022

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Last surviving

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Law and crime

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1830

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  • 24 September - Stephen Simmons is the last person to be executed by Michigan, the first jurisdiction in the English-speaking world to abolish capital punishment.

1845

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1851

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1862

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  • 29 April - Mary Timney, 27, is the last woman to be publicly hanged in Scotland, in Dumfries, after being convicted (possibly wrongly) of murdering her neighbour.[27]

1866

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1868

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  • Unknown date - Robert Smith, 19, convicted of murder, rape, robbery and attempted murder, is the last person to be publicly hanged in Scotland, in Dumfries.[28]

1880

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1885

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1902

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1905

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1906

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1910

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  • 15 February - William Murphy is the last person to be hanged in North Wales, for the murder of his common-law wife Gwen Jones in Holyhead on 25 December 1909.[30]
  • 23 November - Johan Alfred Ander is the last person to be executed in Sweden.

1914

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  • 15 October - The last meeting of the Devonport Watch Committee takes place prior to Devonport's amalgamation with Plymouth.[31]

1921

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1927

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1928

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1935

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1936

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  • 14 August - Rainey Bethea, last person on record to be officially publicly executed in the United States, is hanged.

1938

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1939

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1941

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1944

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1945

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1947

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1950

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1953

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1954

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1955

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  • 13 July - Ruth Ellis is the last woman to be hanged in the United Kingdom.

1957

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1958

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  • 6 May - Vivian Teed, 27, is the last person to be hanged in Wales, after being convicted of murdering a sub-postmaster.[33]

1959

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1961

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1962

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1963

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1964

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  • 13 August - Peter Allen and Gwynne Evans are the last people to be hanged in the United Kingdom, for the murder of John West in Seaton, Cumbria.[34]

1967

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1969

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1973

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1977

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  • 23 February - Chief Inspector Frederick John Boundy, last surviving member of the Devonport Borough Police, dies at the age of 89.[36]

1980

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1984

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1989

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1990

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1996

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  • 25 January - Billy Bailey is the last person to be hanged in the United States, choosing it rather than lethal injection.

1998

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2006

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2018

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2023

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Last surviving

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Literature and thought

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2008

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Medicine and science

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1978

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  • 22 September - Janet Parker is the last person in the world to die from smallpox.
  • Unknown date - Hilda Witcomb, Janet Parker's mother, is the last person in the world to contract smallpox, but survives.

1984

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  • Unknown date - The last case of natural polio is reported in the United Kingdom.[41]

Military

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1118

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1589

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1652

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1685

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1715

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1730

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1732

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1746

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1803

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1824

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1829

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1845

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1850

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  • 5 January - Levi Preston, last surviving United States veteran of the Battle of Concord in 1775, dies at the age of 93.

1851

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1852

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1854

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  • 26 March - Jonathan Harrington, last surviving United States veteran of the Battle of Lexington in 1775, dies at the age of 95.

1856

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  • 12 March - Major Leonard Kilham Willard, probably the last surviving British veteran of the Battle of Laswari in 1803, dies at the age of 79.[43]

1860

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  • 26 December - Ralph Farnham, last known surviving United States veteran of the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, dies at the age of 104.

1865

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1866

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1867

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1868

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1869

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1871

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1881

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1890

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1891

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  • December - Reverend Josiah Allen, last surviving veteran of the Creek War in 1813–1814, dies at the age of 91.[46][47]

1892

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1895

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  • 25 March - David McCoy, last surviving veteran of Tecumseh's War in 1810–1813, dies at the age of 104.[50]

1896

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1898

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1899

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1905

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1911

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1912

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1913

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1915

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1918

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1919

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1927

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1928

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1929

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1933

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1934

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1936

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1938

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1941

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1942

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1944

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1945

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1951

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1953

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1955

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1956

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1957

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1960

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1961

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1962

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1963

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1964

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1965

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1966

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1967

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1968

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  • 24 May - Chief, the last surviving U.S. Cavalry horse, dies at the age of 36.[56]

1969

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1970

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  • 31 July - The Royal Navy gives its sailors their last daily ration of rum on "Black Tot Day", abolishing a practice that has been tradition for 325 years.[57]

1971

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1972

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1973

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1974

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1975

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1976

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1977

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1978

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1979

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1980

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1981

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1982

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1985

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1988

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1989

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1990

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1991

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1992

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1993

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1994

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1995

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1997

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1998

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1999

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2000

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2001

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2002

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2003

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2004

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2005

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2006

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2007

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2008

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2009

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2010

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2012

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2014

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  • 28 October - CWO5 Ralph E. Rigby, last continuously serving Vietnam draftee on active duty in the U.S. Army, retires on his 62nd birthday.[78]

2015

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2016

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2017

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2018

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2019

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2020

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2021

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2022

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2023

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2024

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Last surviving

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Natural world

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1627

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1662

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1768

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  • Unknown date - The last known Steller's sea cow is killed, less than thirty years after the discovery of the species.

1822

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1875

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1877

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1878

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1883

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1899

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1902

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1914

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1917

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1918

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  • 21 February - Incas, the last known Carolina parakeet, dies in Cincinnati Zoo. Coincidentally, Incas dies in the same aviary cage as the last Passenger Pigeon, Martha, had done nearly four years earlier.[91][92]

1923

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1925

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1930

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  • Unknown date - The last known Tasmanian tiger to be killed in the wild is shot near Mawbanna.

1932

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1933

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1934

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1936

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1937

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  • 27 September - The last confirmed sighting of a Bali tiger, when an adult female is killed at Sumbar Kima. There have been several unconfirmed sightings since.

1938

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  • Unknown date - The last captive Schomburgk's deer is killed. There is speculation that there may still be wild specimens alive.

1942

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1952

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1956

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1958

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1973

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  • Unknown date - The last surviving pure-bred Norfolk Horn ram dies in England.

1993

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2000

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  • 6 January - The last known Pyrenean ibex, a female named Celia, is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree.[95]

2012

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2018

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2019

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Peoples and cultures

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1622

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1699

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1829

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1853

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1888

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1916

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  • 25 March - Ishi, last member of the Yahi tribe from Northern California (known as the "last wild Indian"), dies at the age of 56.[100]

1923

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1937

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  • Redoshi (Sally Smith), last known surviving former slave to have been brought from Africa to the United States on a slave ship at an age to remember the journey, dies at the age of 89 or 90.[101]

1940

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  • January - Matilda McCrear, last known surviving former slave to have been brought from Africa to the United States on a slave ship, dies at the age of 83.[102]

2008

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2010

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  • 28 January - Boa Sr, last surviving speaker of Bo, an indigenous language of the Andaman Islands, dies at the age of 85.[103]
  • 21 June - Stanley Lucas, last surviving British male born during the 19th century and the Victorian era, dies at the age of 110.

2017

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  • 15 April - Emma Morano, last known surviving person to have been born before 1900, dies at the age of 117.

2021

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  • February - Aruká, last surviving male member of the Juma people of the Amazon and last native speaker of their language, dies at the age of 86–90.[104]

2022

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Politics and government

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1555

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1621

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1672

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1687

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1697

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1705

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1716

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1730

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1757

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1768

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1769

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1770

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1772

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1778

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1779

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1788

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1792

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1793

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1803

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1811

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1813

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1817

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1832

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1834

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1836

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1840

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1841

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1844

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1845

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1847

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1850

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1851

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1859

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1862

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1863

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1865

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1866

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1868

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1871

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1872

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  • 8 September - Arthur Dardenne, last surviving participant in the Storming of the Bastille in 1789, dies at the age of 95 or 96.

1874

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1878

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1882

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1891

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1894

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1898

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1900

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1906

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1908

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1909

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1910

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1914

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1916

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1920

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1922

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1927

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1929

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1930

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1940

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1942

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1945

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1947

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1949

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1950

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1954

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1957

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1958

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1962

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1963

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1964

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1965

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1966

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1967

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1968

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1970

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1972

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1974

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1977

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1981

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1982

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1986

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1987

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1988

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1989

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1990

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1991

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1994

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1996

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1997

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1999

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2001

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2003

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2005

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2006

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2008

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2009

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2010

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2013

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2015

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2017

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2018

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2019

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2020

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2023

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Last surviving

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Religion

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1585

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1944

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1950

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  • 25 June - Ella Florence Underwood, last surviving original member of the Oneida Society, dies at the age of 100.[111]

Royalty and aristocracy

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30 BC

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106

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476

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1034

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1066

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1074

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1137

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1175

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1216

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1259

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1275

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1286

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1307

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1338

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1345

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1371

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1377

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1399

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1402

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1440

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1447

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1453

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1471

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1485

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1495

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1503

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1509

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1513

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1527

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1542

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1547

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1548

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  • 5 September - Catherine Parr, last Queen Consort of England who is not also Queen Consort of Scotland, dies at the age of 35 or 36.

1553

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  • 6 July - Edward VI, last King of England who is not also King of Scotland, dies at the age of 15.

1557

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  • 16 July - Anne of Cleves, last surviving wife of Henry VIII and last surviving Queen Consort of England who was not also Queen Consort of Scotland, dies at the age of 41.

1560

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  • 11 June - Mary of Guise, last Queen Consort of Scotland who was never also Queen Consort of England, dies at the age of 44.

1562

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1587

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  • 8 February - Mary, Queen of Scots, last monarch of Scotland who is never also monarch of England, is executed at the age of 44.

1603

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1619

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  • 2 March - Anne of Denmark, last Queen Consort of Scotland who was not always also Queen Consort of England, dies at the age of 44.

1625

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  • 27 March - James VI, last King of Scotland who was not always also King of England, dies at the age of 58.

1651

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  • 1 January - Charles II is the last monarch to be crowned in Scotland.

1662

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1688

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  • 11 December - James II, last Roman Catholic King of England, Scotland and Ireland, is deposed.

1689

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  • 11 April - William III is the last person to be crowned King of England and Scotland.

1701

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1702

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  • 8 March - William III, last King of England and Scotland, dies at the age of 51.
  • 23 April - Queen Anne is the last person to be crowned monarch of England and Scotland.

1714

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1718

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  • 7 May - Mary of Modena, last Queen Consort of England and Scotland, dies at the age of 59.

1730

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1761

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  • 22 September - George III is the last person to be crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland, but not of the United Kingdom.

1766

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1778

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1786

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1806

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1807

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1813

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1818

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1820

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1830

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1837

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1857

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1865

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1867

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  • Maximilian I, last Emperor of Mexico, is deposed and executed.

1873

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  • 9 January - Napoleon III, last Emperor of the French, dies at the age of 64.

1889

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  • 15 November - Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, last hereditary monarch in Latin America, is deposed.

1893

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  • 17 January - Queen Liliuokalani, last Monarch of Hawaii, is deposed.

1901

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1910

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1911

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1912

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1913

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1916

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1917

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1918

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1919

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1920

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1921

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1922

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1924

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1926

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1927

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1928

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1930

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1932

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1937

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1938

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1941

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1944

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1945

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1946

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1947

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1948

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1952

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1953

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1955

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1958

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1962

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1966

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1967

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1972

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1973

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1974

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1975

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1979

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1980

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1981

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1983

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1989

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1995

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2000

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2001

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2002

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2005

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2007

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2008

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2009

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2010

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2012

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2015

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2016

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2017

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Sports and pastimes

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393

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404

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1951

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1957

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1962

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1971

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1980

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1984

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1990

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1991

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  • 8 May - The final football match of the last Marshal Tito Cup is played in Yugoslavia.

1993

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1994

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1996

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2006

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2007

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2008

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  • 26 September - Géza Kalocsay, last surviving footballer to have played for Czechoslovakia and Hungary before World War II, dies at the age of 95.

2009

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2010

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2015

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2016

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2021

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2024

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Last surviving

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Transportation

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1860

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  • 24 May - The Clotilda is the last known slave ship to leave Africa with an illegal cargo of slaves bound for the United States.[123]
  • 9 July - The Clotilda is the last known slave ship to arrive in the United States with an illegal cargo of slaves from Africa and is scuttled in the Alabama River.

1900

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1901

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  • 21 March - RRS Discovery, last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in Britain, is launched.

1921

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  • Unknown date - A cargo of timber from Bristol to Honeystreet is the last commercial load to be carried on the Kennet and Avon Canal before the retirement of the last carrier William Dickenson.[125]

1927

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1939

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1940

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1953

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1959

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  • 19 November - The last Ford Edsel leaves the production line.

1960

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1971

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  • Unknown date - The last regular long-distance narrowboat commercial contract in the United Kingdom comes to an end.

1980

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1991

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1998

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2003

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  • 30 July - The last VW Beetle leaves the production line in Mexico.
  • 24 October - Three Concorde aircraft (G-BOAE, G-BOAF, G-BOAG) land one after another at London Heathrow Airport, bringing an end to commercial supersonic air travel.

2004

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2005

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Union Canal Unlocked: History
  2. ^ "Last carver of Mount Rushmore dies at 98", Kota TV, 23 November 2019
  3. ^ "'Italian pizza is better for sure' - Italians respond to Domino's pulling out of country", BBC News, 11 August 2022
  4. ^ "The last Blockbuster"
  5. ^ Queen Street Mill Textile Museum
  6. ^ "World’s last surviving roller reefer windmill exhibition re-opens at Ballycopeland", Marcon, 2022
  7. ^ "History of Tobacco Regulation". Retrieved 2007-02-14. The bill that emerged from conference differed only slightly from the Senate measure. The cautionary label to which the conferees agreed provides: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health." "In a final concession to the broadcasters, the conferees agreed to delay for one day the blackout of cigarette commercials from December 31, 1970, to midnight January 1, 1971. That would give them a last shower of cash from the New Year's Day football bowl games" (Wagner, 1971: 216). It was estimated that the loss to television and radio stations would amount to about $220 million a year, or about 7.5% of their total advertising revenues.
  8. ^ Klinkenborg, Verlyn (February 8, 2006). "The Telegram". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-21. The last telegram ever delivered appears to have been sent by Western Union -- whose very name seems to say telegram -- on Jan. 27. It's easy to understand why the practice of sending telegrams lapsed. They simply could not compete with telephones, express delivery services, e-mail and text-messaging -- which, in its compression, bears some curious analogy to the telegram. But knowing that the last telegram has now been delivered is somehow a little like knowing that the last martini has been drunk or the last dinner jacket worn. I would like to believe that there will always be a world where telegrams come directly to the door, throwing a note of suspense into the air. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ http://citypaper.com/film/story.asp?id=13351
  10. ^ "ALL-DIGITAL TELEVISION IS COMING (AND SOONER THAN YOU THINK!)". Federal Communications Commission. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  11. ^ "FCC consumer advisory / The DTV Transition and LPTV/Class A/Translator stations" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. 2009-08-19. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  12. ^ "Japan's last pagers beep for the final time", BBC News, 1 October 2019
  13. ^ "The Wreck of the Halsewell", The Times, 7 March 1845, p.3
  14. ^ "The Wreck of the Royal George", The Times, 10 October 1850, p.4
  15. ^ Martin, Douglas (January 27, 2004). "Adella Wotherspoon, Last Survivor of General Slocum Disaster, Is Dead at 100". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-06. Adella Wotherspoon, the last survivor of the deadliest disaster in New York City history until Sept. 11, 2001 -- the burning and sinking of the steamboat General Slocum in June 1904, died on Jan. 26. She was 100, the youngest Slocum survivor having at last become the oldest. She died at a convalescent home in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, said a close friend, Julia A. Clevett. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "Miss Lillian Gertrud Asplund". Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 2007-02-14. Lillian Gertrude Asplund was the last living survivor of the Titanic disaster with actual memories of it. She lived in Massachusetts until her death on 6th May 2006. Lillian's hobbies, when she was able, included gardening, flowers (especially roses) and it was said her favorite snack was pepperoni pizza. She declined ever to discuss the disaster, as had her mother.
  17. ^ [1]
  18. ^ "The Hogmanay cinema panic that killed 71 children", BBC News, 31 December 2019
  19. ^ "Tributes paid to Aberfan police officer Charles Nunn", BBC, 31 December 2019
  20. ^ Bloomberg.com: U.S
  21. ^ Berkvist, Robert (September 8, 2008). "Anita Page, Silent-Film Siren, Dies at 98". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  22. ^ "Elvis' last surviving Graceland maid Nancy Rooks dies: Spoke to King hours before he died", The Express, 26 August 2022
  23. ^ "Virginia Patton Moss, the last surviving adult cast member of ‘It’s a Wonderful Life,’ dies at 97", NBC News, 22 August 2022
  24. ^ "How Marsha Hunt fought Hollywood blacklisting", BBC News, 23 March 2020
  25. ^ http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=38064
  26. ^ Three DCMs were gazetted to unnamed Special Air Service soldiers on the same day.
  27. ^ "Mary Timney: the last woman publicly hanged in Scotland", BBC News, 27 April 2021
  28. ^ "Dumfries: The site of Scotland's last public hanging", BBC News, 12 May 2018
  29. ^ WikiTree
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  64. ^ Last known Mexican to fight rebel Pancho Villa dead at 110
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  66. ^ "Last WW1 veteran dies", Taipei Times, 11 October 2003
  67. ^ Franz Künstler, the last Austro-Hungarian Empire veteran, was actually from Hungary.
  68. ^ The Iowa class battleships were maintained on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR) throughout the mid and latter half of the 20th century; this was the last day on NVR before being officially struck. 109th Congress, House of Representatives. Report 109–452. "National Defense Authorization Act of 2007". p. 193. Archived from the original on 2006-09-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20060921124118/http://armedservices.house.gov/NDAA2007CommiteeReport.pdf. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
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  70. ^ "Last WWI Navy Vet Dies". Associated Press. April 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Lloyd Brown, the last known U.S. Navy veteran to fight in World War I, has died. He was 105. Brown died Thursday at the Charlotte Hall Veterans Home in Maryland, according to family and the U.S. Naval District in Washington. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  71. ^ Ders des Ders/Allemagne(French)
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  116. ^ "Habsburg Grandeur Is Dusted Off for Burial of 'Our Sister the Empress Zita'". New York Times. April 2, 1989. Old Vienna dusted off its imperial finery today to lay to rest Austria's last Empress, paying a regal tribute to a woman who remained quietly true to her lost crown and to the late Emperor through seven decades of exile. For the first time since the 600-year Austro-Hungarian monarchy was dissolved in 1919, the ornate black imperial catafalque - borrowed from the Museum at Schonbrunn Palace -rolled past the old palaces and baroque temples of central Vienna to the imperial burial vault. There, under the Capuchin Church, Zita, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, was laid to rest among the richly decorated caskets of the Habsburgs. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  117. ^ Obituary, Independent, 9 August 1995
  118. ^ "Prince Wilhelm-Karl of Prussia, German kaiser's last grandson, dies at 85". Associated Press. Prince Wilhelm-Karl of Prussia, a grandson of Germany's last emperor, has died, the organization that he headed said. He was 85. The Johanniter order, which the prince led for several decades, said Wilhelm-Karl was the last surviving grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II, who abdicated and went into exile after World War I. Wilhelm-Karl died on Monday, the knightly order said in a statement late Wednesday, but it did not give the cause of death. Born in Potsdam, outside Berlin, he became the head of the Johanniter in 1958 and presided over an expansion of its charitable work, supporting hospitals, clinics and kindergartens. The order is now headed by his son, Prince Oskar of Prussia. Wilhelm-Karl's funeral is to be held next Thursday at Berlin's Protestant cathedral. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  119. ^ "Last king of Afghanistan, dies at age 92". Associated Press. Afghanistan's last king, a symbol of unity who oversaw four decades of peace before a 1973 palace coup ousted him and war shattered his country, died Monday. He was 92. Mohammad Zahir Shah's demise ended the last vestige of Afghanistan's monarchy and triggered three days of national mourning for a man still feted as the "Father of the Nation" since his return from exile after the 2001 ouster of the Taliban. Though he was not always effective during his 40-year reign, Zahir Shah is remembered warmly by his conflict-weary countrymen for steering the country without bloodshed. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  120. ^ Obituary in The Times October 4, 2007
  121. ^ Obituary in The Telegraph, 24 May 2010
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  123. ^ "Clotilda wreck: 'Last US slave ship' found in Alabama", BBC News, 23 May 2019
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  126. ^ Worcester & Birmingham Canal Conservation Area, Bromsgrove District Council
  127. ^ "Last locomotive to operate in the United States".
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  130. ^ "Sounding Out", Northern Lighthouse Board, 5 October 2005

Further reading

edit
  • Corsinet: Unusual, unique, and uncommon facts about a diversity of subjects: The End: Famous Endings, the Last of Things
  • Brahms, William B.; Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events Throughout History ISBN 0-9765325-0-6
  • Panati, Charles, "Extraordinary Endings of Practically Everything and Everybody", New York, New York: Harper and Row, 1989
  • Slee, Christopher, "The Chameleon Book of Lasts", Huntington, England: Chameleon Publishing Ltd, 1990 ISBN 1-871469-31-7
  • Slee, Christopher, "The Guinness Book of Lasts", Enfield, England: Guinness Publishing, 1994
  • Lutz, Stuart, "The Last Leaf: Voices of History's Last-Known Survivors", New York [Prometheus Books], 2010

was the last - Nie Rongzhen

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