Wikipedia

List of female monarchs

(Redirected from List of queens regnant)
This article is about queens regnant and other female monarchs organised geographically. For female hereditary monarchs organised alphabetically, see List of female hereditary monarchs. For non-reigning current queens, see List of current consorts of sovereigns. For female regents, see List of regents. For elected and appointed female heads of state and government, see List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government.

This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see list of regents.

  • Top left: Elizabeth II is the longest-reigning female monarch, ruling as Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years, from 1952 to 2022.
  • Top right: Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom for 63 years, from 1837 to 1901; the longest at the time.
  • Bottom left: Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands for 58 years from 1890 to 1948, is the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom.
  • Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark for 52 years, from 1972 until her abdication in 2024; she is the most recent female sovereign.

The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant. Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists constituent monarchs: monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no constitutional standing or regal powers while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as queens regents, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Pretenders to thrones are also not included in this page.

Monarchs

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Africa

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North Africa

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Algeria
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Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Tin Hinan   Hoggar 4th century AD Unknown
Dihya   Kingdom of the Aurès c. 668–703 AD c. 35 years
Canary Islands
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The Canary Islands are Spanish territories of North Africa.

Peraza family

Monarch Portrait Title Reign dates Length Ref.
Inés Peraza – Queen 1452–1477 25 years [1]

Kingdom of the Canary Islands
The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown.

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Isabella I of Castile   4 September 1479–26 November 1504 25 years, 2 months, 22 days
Joanna of Castile   26 November 1504–12 April 1555 51 years, 7 months, 14 days
Isabella II of Spain   29 September 1833–30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Egypt
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The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous.[2]

Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Sobekneferu   Pharaoh Middle Kingdom of Egypt c. 1777 BC c. 1773 BC 3 years, 10 months and 24 days [3]
Hatshepsut   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1479 BC c. 1458 BC c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334 BC c. 1332 BC c. 3 years
Twosret   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191 BC c. 1189 BC 2 years
Arsinoe II   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 273 or 272 BC 270 or 268 BC 2 to 5 years [4]
Berenice II   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 246 BC 221 BC 25 years [5]
Arsinoe III   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 220 BC 204 BC 16 years [6]
Cleopatra I   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 193 BC 176 BC 17 years [7]
Cleopatra II   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom c. 175 BC 164 BC c. 56 years (Total) [8]
163 BC 127 BC
124 BC 115 BC
Cleopatra III   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom c. 139 BC 130 BC c. 35 years (Total) [9]
127 BC 101 BC
Cleopatra IV – Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 116 BC 115 BC 1 year [10]
Berenice III   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 101 BC 88 BC 14 years (Total) [11]
81 BC 80 BC
Cleopatra V   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 79 BC 69 BC 11 years (Total) [12]
Cleopatra VI 58 BC 57 BC [13]
Berenice IV – Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 58 BC 55 BC 3 years [14]
Cleopatra VII   Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 31 May 52 BC August 30 BC 21 years [15]
Arsinoe IV   Pharaoh
(disputed) 		Ptolemaic Kingdom December 48 BC January 47 BC 1 or 2 months [16]
Zenobia   Queen Aegyptus October 270 June 272 1 year and 9 months [17]
Shajar al-Durr   Sultan Mamluk Sultanate 2 May 1250 30 July 1250 3 months
Libya
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Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Berenice II   Cyrenaica 258–246 BC 12 years
Cleopatra Selene II   Cyrenaica 34–30 BC 4 years
Sudan
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Monarch Portrait Title State Reign dates Length Ref.
Hatshepsut   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1479–1458 BC c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334–1332 BC c. 2 years
Twosret   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191–1189 BC 2 years
Nahirqo   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-2nd century BC – [18]
Unknown Queen – Kandake Kingdom of Kush End of 2nd–first half of 1st century BC – [19]
Amanirenas   Kandake Kingdom of Kush End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century AD –
Amanishakheto   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Early 1st century AD –
Shanakdakhete – Kandake Kingdom of Kush First half of the 1st century AD –
Nawidemak   Kandake Kingdom of Kush –
Amanitore   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-1st century AD –
Amanikhatashan   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-2nd century AD – [20]
Amanikhalika   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Second half of the 2nd century AD – [21]
Patrapeamani [de] – Kandake Kingdom of Kush First half of the 4th century AD – [20]
Amanipilade   Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-4th century AD –
Gaua – Queen Dotawo c. 1520–1526 c. 6 years [22]

West Africa

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Benin
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Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Hude – Hogbonu 1746–1752 6 years
The Gambia
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Ghana
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Akan state of Denkyira

Akan state of Dwaben

Akan state of Akyem Abuakwa

Gã

Guinea-Bissau
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Orango

Roxa

Côte d'Ivoire
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Baoule

  • Pokou (reigned c. 1750 – c. 1760)[26] – Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe.
  • Akwa Boni (reigned c. 1760 – c. 1790)[26] – Pokou's niece who succeeded her to the throne.
Liberia
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Mali
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Mali Empire

Nigeria
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Daura

Further information: Kabara (title)

The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century.[28] These queens reigned from c. 700 to c. 1000.[29]

  • Kufuru
  • Ginu
  • Yakumo
  • Yakunya
  • Wanzamu
  • Yanbamu
  • Gizir-gizir
  • Inna-Gari
  • Daurama
  • Ga-Wata
  • Shata
  • Fatatuma
  • Sai-Da-Mata
  • Ja-Mata
  • Ha-Mata
  • Zama
  • Sha-Wata
  • Daurama II

Igodomigodo

Ondo Kingdom

Zazzau

  • Amina – There is controversy among scholars as to the date of her reign, one school placing her in the mid-15th century, and a second placing her reign in the mid to late 16th century.

Ifẹ

Oyo Empire

  • Orompoto (reigned c. 1555–1575) – Succeeded her brother Eguguojo to the throne.

Igala Kingdom

Akure Kingdom

  • Èyé Àró (reigned 1393–1419)
  • Èyémọ̀ị́n (reigned 1705–1735)
  • Amọ́robíòjò (reigned 1850–1851)
Senegal
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Further information: Lingeer

Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.

Sierra Leone
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Koya Temne

  • Fatima (reigned 1826–1840)[31]

Kpa Mende

Central Africa

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Angola
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Mussasa – Queen Imbangala 17th century Unknown –
Tembandumba   Queen Imbangala 17th century Unknown –
Mwongo Matamba [sv] – Queen Matamba Unknown 1631 –
Nzinga Mbandi
(Ana I) 		  Ngola Ndongo 1624 1626 8 years (Total)
1657 1663
Queen Matamba 1631 1663 32 years
Mukambu Mbandi
(Barbara) 		– Ngola Ndongo 1663 1666 3 years
Queen Matamba
Kangala Kingwanda
(Verónica I) 		– Queen Matamba 1681 1721 40 years
Ngola Kanini
(Ana II) 		– Queen Matamba 1742 1756 14 years
Verónica II – Queen Matamba 1756 1758 2 years
Ana III – Queen Matamba 1758 1767 9 years
Kamana – Queen Jinga 1767 1810 43 years

Mbunda Kingdom

Kingdom of kongo
There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.

Cameroon
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Chad
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Kanem–Bornu Empire

East Africa

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Comoros
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Alimah I – Sultan Ndzuwani (Anjouan) Unknown c. 1590 –
Alimah II – Sultan Ndzuwani (Anjouan) c. 1632 c. 1676 44 years
Alimah III – Sultan Ndzuwani (Anjouan) c. 1676 c. 1711 35 years
Alimah IV – Sultan Ndzuwani (Anjouan) 1788 1792 4 years
Djoumbé Fatima   Sultan Mwali (Mohéli) 1842 1865 27 years (Total)
1874 1878
Salima Machamba   Sultan Mwali (Mohéli) 1888 1909 21 years

Bambao

Itsandra

Bajini

Ethiopia
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Zewditu   Empress Ethiopian Empire 27 September 1916 2 April 1930 13 years, 187 days
Kenya
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Madagascar
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Rangita – Queen Vazimba 1520 1530 10 years
Rafohy – Queen Vazimba 1530 1540 10 years
Ranavalona I   Queen Merina Kingdom 11 August 1828 16 August 1861 33 years, 5 days
Rasoherina   Queen Merina Kingdom 12 May 1863 1 April 1868 4 years, 325 days
Ranavalona II   Queen Merina Kingdom 2 April 1868 13 July 1883 15 years, 102 days
Ranavalona III   Queen Merina Kingdom 30 July 1883 28 February 1897 13 years, 213 days

Ambohidratrimo

Boina Kingdom

Menabe

Bemihisatra

Bemazava

Antankarana

Betsimisaraka

Mauritius
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Somalia
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Somaliland
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Sultanate of Ifat

South Sudan
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Shilluk Kingdom

  • Abudok [fr], the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk.[39]
Tanzania
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Unguja

Pemba Island

Tumbatu Island

Kua

Mikindani

Uganda
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Bunyoro

Paroketu

Songora people

The female monarchs of Songora were:[47]

Southern Africa

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Malawi
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Namibia
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Mbunza

Ongandjera

Oukwanyama

Shambyu

Uukwangali

South Africa
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1961)

AmaMpondomise

Lobedu people

Further information: Rain Queen

The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.

Zambia
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Zimbabwe
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The Americas

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North America

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Canada
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  • Victoria (reigned 1837–1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
Mexico
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Cobá

Ecatepec

Palenque

 
Sak K'uk'

Tepetlaoztoc

  • Azcasuch (reigned in the late 15th–early 16th century)

Toltec Empire

Toniná

Tzacoalco

Mixtec

Further information: Mixtec § Mixtec rulers

Central America

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Belize
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Pusilha

Guatemala
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El Perú

La Florida

Naranjo

Tikal

The Caribbean

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Antigua and Barbuda
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)
Bahamas
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1973–2022)
Barbados
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Grenada
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1974–2022)
Jamaica
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1962–2022)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1983–2022)
Saint Lucia
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)

South America

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Brazil
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  • Maria I (reigned as Queen of Brazil 1815–1816) – she was also Queen of Portugal in 1777–1816
Ecuador
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Guyana
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Peru
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Suriname
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Trinidad and Tobago
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Asia

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East Asia

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China
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Daughter of Xiaoming – Empress
(disputed) 		Northern Wei 1 April 528 1 April 528 Less than 1 day
Wu Zetian   Empress Wu Zhou 16 October 690 21 February 705 14 years, 128 days

Eastern Kingdom of Women [zh]
In Tibet, there was Nüguo (Chinese: 女國, lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese: 東女國, lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa.[55] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.

Wuman

Japan
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Himiko – Queen Yamatai c. 180 c. 247 or 248 67 or 68 years [60]
Toyo – Queen Yamatai c. 248 Unknown – [61]
Suiko   Empress Yamato 15 January 593 15 April 628 35 years, 91 days [62]
Kōgyoku   Empress Yamato 19 February 642 12 July 645 3 years, 143 days [63]
Saimei 14 February 655 24 August 661 6 years, 191 days
Jitō   Empress Japan 686 697 11 years [64]
Genmei   Empress Japan 17 August 707 3 October 715 8 years, 47 days [65]
Genshō   Empress Japan 3 October 715 3 March 724 8 years, 152 days [66]
Kōken   Empress Japan 19 August 749 7 September 758 8 years, 324 days
Shōtoku Empress Japan 6 November 764 28 August 770 5 years, 295 days
Meishō   Empress Japan 22 December 1629 14 November 1643 13 years, 327 days [67]
Go-Sakuramachi   Empress Japan 15 September 1762 9 January 1771 8 years, 116 days [68]
Korea
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Seondeok   Queen Silla 632 647 15 years
Jindeok – Queen Silla 647 654 7 years
Jinseong – Queen Silla 887 897 10 years

South Asia

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Bangladesh
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Chakma Circle

India
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Alupa dynasty

Arakkal kingdom

Further information: Arakkal Beevi

Bastar State

Bhauma-Kara dynasty

Bhopal State

  • Qudsia Begum (reigned 1819–1837) – in 1819, 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband, Nawab Muiz Muhammad Khan Bahadur. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal. She declared that her 2-year-old daughter Sikander would follow her as the ruler; none of the male family members dared to challenge her decision. She ruled till 1837, when she died having adequately prepared her daughter for ruling the state.
  • Begum Sultan Shah Jehan (reigned 1844–1860 and 1868–1901) – Shahjahan was the only surviving child of Sikandar Begum, sometime Nawab of Bhopal by correct title, and her husband Jahangir Mohammed Khan. She was recognised as ruler of Bhopal in 1844 at the age of six; her mother wielded power as regent during her minority. However, in 1860, her mother Sikandar Begum was recognised by the British as ruler of Bhopal in her own right, and Shahjahan was set aside.
  • Begum Nawab Sikandar (reigned 1860–1868)
  • Begum Kaikhusrau Jahan (reigned 1901–1926)

British Raj

Coorg

Gerusoppa

Indore State

Kakatiya dynasty

Kashmir

  • Sugandha (reigned 904–906)
  • Didda (reigned 980–1003), she ruled first as a Regent for her son Abhimanyu and thereafter as sole ruler in her own right
  • Kota Rani (reigned 1338–1339)

Keladi Nayaka Kingdom

Mamluk dynasty

Oiniwar dynasty

Sambalpur State

Sivaganga estate

Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

Travancore Kingdom

Ullal

Maldives
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Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Srimati Damahara Queen Dheeva Maari 10th century 10th century –
Khadijah Sultana Sultanate of Maldive Islands 1347 1362 28 years (total)
1363 1373
1376 1379
Raadhafathi Sultana 1379 1380 1 year
Dhaain Sultana 1385 1388 5 years
Kuda Kala Kamanafaanu Sultana 1607 1609 2 years
Amina Kabafaanu Sultana 1753 1754 1 year
Amina Rani Kilegefaanu Sultana 1757 1759 2 years
Nepal
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Kingdom of Bhaktapur

Pakistan
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1956)

Assacani

Gilgit

Soomra dynasty

  • Hamoon (reigned 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles[75]
Sri Lanka
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Further information: List of Sinhalese female monarchs

Southeast Asia

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Cambodia
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Ang Mey

Funan

Chenla

  • Kambuja-raja-lakshmi (reigned 575–580)
  • Jayadevi (reigned 681–713) – during her rule, she was faulted in leadership which led the Chenla kingdom to break into two individual states, but then it record the period to be female-dominated dynasty with the wide range of female successors, totally driving the entire kingdom
  • Indrani (reigned in the 8th century)
  • Nṛpatendradevī (reigned in the 8th century)
  • Jayendrabhā (reigned in the 8th century)
  • Jyeṣṭhāryā (reigned c. 803)

Post-Angkor period

  • Queen Tey (reigned 1687)
  • Ang Mey (reigned 1835–1840 and 1844–1846) – also known as Ngọc Vân Quận chúa (Lady Ngọc Vân – Vietnamese) or Ksat Trey, she was proclaimed on the death of her father by the Vietnamese faction at court with the title of Mỹ Lâm Quận chúa (Lady Mỹ Lâm – Vietnamese). She was famous as a Vietnamese puppet queen

First Kingdom of Cambodia

  • Queen Sisowath Kossamak (reigned 1960–1970, disputed) – After her husband King Norodom Suramarit's death, Kossamak kept her title of Queen and continued to function as the symbol and representative of the monarchy while Sihanouk assumed his position as monarch, but titled as Prince rather than King.
Indonesia
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Shima – Queen Kalingga Kingdom c. 674 c. 695 21 years
Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya – Maharani Mataram Kingdom 947 c. 958 11 years
Śri Wijaya Mahadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom 983 989 6 years
Mahendradatta – Queen Bali Kingdom 989 1007 17 years
Śri Ajñadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom c. 1016 Unknown –
Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom 1088 1101 13 years
Arjayadengjayaketana – Queen Bali Kingdom 1181 1200 19 years
Unknown Queen – Queen Bali Kingdom Unknown 1284 – [76]
Wan Sri Benian – Queen Bintan c. 1290 Unknown – [77]
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi   Maharani Majapahit Empire 1328 1350 22 years
Wa kaa kaa – Queen Buton 1332 Unknown – [78]
Bulawambona – Queen Buton 14th century 14th century – [78][79]
Tumanurung Baine – Queen Gowa c. 14th century c. 14th century –
Ratu Nahrasyiyah [id]   Sultana Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1406 1428 22 years
Suhita   Maharani Majapahit Empire 1429 1447 18 years
Benrigau' – Arumpone Bone State 1470 1490 20 years [80]
Ratu Kalinyamat   Sultana Kalinyamat Sultanate c. 1549 c. 1579 30 years
Bainea – Queen Kingdom of Tallo 1576 1590 14 years
Tenrituppu – Arumpone Bone State 1602 1611 9 years [80]
Ratu Sukadana – Queen Kingdom of Matan 1608 1622 14 years
Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah   Sultana Aceh Sultanate 18 February 1641 23 October 1675 34 years, 247 days
Bi Sonbai – Keizerin Sonbai Kecil 1672 1717 45 years [81]
Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 23 October 1675 23 January 1678 2 years, 92 days
Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 23 January 1678 3 February 1688 10 years, 11 days
Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 3 October 1688 October 1699 11 years
Zulkiyahtuddin – Sultana Bone State 1714 1715 23 years (Total) [80]
1724 1738
1741 1749
Kamalat Syah – Sultana Bima Sultanate 1748 1751 3 years
Siti Aisyah [id] – Sultana Sumbawa Sultanate [id] 1759 1761 2 years [82]
Sitti Saleh I – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1767 1777 10 years
Shafiyatuddin [id] – Sultana Sumbawa Sultanate [id] 1791 1795 4 years [82]
Sitti Saleh II – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1814 1824 10 years
Istri Kanya [id] – Dewa Agung Kingdom of Klungkung [id] 1814 1850 36 years
Unknown Queen – Liurai Wehali c. 1814 Unknown – [83][84]
Rajiatuddin – Sultana Bone State 1823 1835 12 years [80]
Aisyah – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1845 1850 5 years
Siti Aisyah We Tenriolle   Datu Tanette 1855 1910 55 years
Tenriawaru – Sultana Bone State 1857 1860 3 years [80]
Fatimah – Sultana Bone State 1871 1895 24 years [80]
Laos
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Lan Xang

  • Nang Keo Phimpha (reigned 1438) – after her nephew Lan Kham Deng died, she seized control of Lan Xang and the next four kings were under her control. She only reigned for a few months in 1438 at the age of 95; she was then deposed and killed.
Malaysia
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Kelantan

Myanmar
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Hanthawaddy

Sandoway

Waithali

Laihka State

Philippines
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Kingdom of Tondo

Kingdom of Maynila

  • Queen of Maynila, name unknown (reigned c. 1521) – she succeeded her husband Salalila and was succeeded by her son Matanda; according to oral traditions, her name is "Ysmeria"

Sultanate of Sulu

Thailand
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Hariphunchai

Pattani

Lanna

Timor-Leste
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There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.[89]

Liquiçá

Vietnam
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Trưng Trắc [vi]   Queen Jiaozhi 40 43 3 years
Trưng Nhị [vi]
Triệu Ẩu   Lady Jiaozhou 248 248 Less than 1 year
Daughter of Kandarpadharma – Queen Champa Unknown 653 –
Lý Chiêu Hoàng – Empress Đại Việt 1224 1225 1 year

West Asia

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Iran
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Elymais

  • Anzaze (reigned 82/81–75 BC, following dates on the coins), she appears on coins together with king Kamnaskires III; they perhaps ruled together as on the coins she is called βασιλίσσης (the Genitive case of queen, βασίλισσα – basílissa)
  • Ulfan (reigned in the 2nd century) – she co-ruled with her husband Orodes III

Ahmadilis

Qutlugh-Khanids

Salghurids

Il Khanate

Khorshidi dynasty

Iraq
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Puabi   Queen Ur c. 2600 BC – –
Tandu Khatun – Sultan Jalayirid Sultanate 1411 1419 8 years
Mir Xanzad – Mir Soran Emirate c. 1590 or c. 1620 – 7 years
Israel and Palestine
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Hatshepsut   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1479 BC c. 1458 BC 21 years
Lady of the Lions – Lady Beit Shemesh c. 1350 BC – – [91]
Neferneferuaten   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334 BC c. 1332 BC 2 years
Tausret   Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191 BC c. 1189 BC 2 years
Athaliah   Queen Kingdom of Judah c. 841 BC c. 835 BC 6 years
Salome Alexandra   Queen Hasmonean c. 76 BC c. 67 BC 9 years
Salome I – Toparch Toparchy of Iamnia 4 BC 10 AD 14 years [92]
Livia   Toparch Toparchy of Iamnia 10 AD 29 AD 19 years
Zenobia   Empress Palmyrene Empire 272 272 Less than 1 year
Melisende   Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1131 1153 22 years
Sibylla   Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1186 1190 4 years
Isabella I   Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1190 1205 15 years
Maria   Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1205 1212 7 years
Isabella II   Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1212 1228 16 years
Jordan
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Gileadite

Nabatea

Lebanon
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Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state.[93]

Saudi Arabia
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Bāzu

  • Iapa, queen of the city Dihrani – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[94]
  • Baslu, queen of the city Ihilum – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[94]

Qedarite

  • Zabibe (reigned c. 750–735 BC)
  • Samsi (reigned c. 735–710 BC)
  • Yatie (reigned c. 710–695 BC)
  • Te'el-hunu (reigned c. 695–690 BC)
  • Tabua (reigned c. 678–675 BC)
Syria
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Tanukhids

  • Mavia (reigned 375–425) – "The Queen of the Arabs"

Seleucid Empire

Palmyrene Empire

  • Zenobia (reigned 272) – she ruled mostly as regent for her son but reigned briefly under the regnal name Septimia Zenobia Augusta in 272.
Turkey
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Isabella of Armenia

Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state.[93]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

  • Isabella (reigned 1219–1252) – she co-ruled with her husband Hethum I from 1226

Caria

Dardania

Heraclea Pontica

Pontus

Olba Kingdom

Prusias ad Mare

Saltukid dynasty

Trebizond

Yemen
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Sulayhid dynasty

  • Asma bint Shihab (reigned 1047–1087) – she was the co-ruler of Yemen in co-regency with her cousin and spouse, Ali al-Sulayhi, and later her son, Ahmad al-Mukkaram, and daughter-in-law, Arwa al-Sulayhi. Though there were many female monarchs in the Muslim world, Asma bint Shihab and Arwa al-Sulayhi were the only female monarchs in the Arab world to have had the khutba proclaimed in their name in the mosques as sovereigns.
  • Arwa al-Sulayhi (reigned 1067–1138) – she ruled Yemen firstly with her first two husbands and her mother-in-law and then as sole ruler. She was the greatest of the rulers of the Sulayhid Dynasty and was also the first woman to be accorded the prestigious title of hujja in Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, signifying her as the closest living image of God's will in her lifetime.

Central Asia

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Afghanistan
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  • Queen of Greater Yuezhi, name unknown (reigned in the 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi[95][96]
Uzbekistan
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North Asia

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Siberia
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Europe

edit

Central Europe

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Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Czechia
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Mary
 
 Queen Hungary 10 September 1382 December 1385 3 years and 4 months
Croatia
Hungary 24 February 1386 17 May 1395 9 years, 82 days
Croatia
Maria Theresa
 
 Archduchess Austria 20 October 1740 29 November 1780 40 years, 40 days
Queen Hungary
Croatia
Bohemia 19 December 1741 1 year, 60 days
12 May 1743 29 November 1780 37 years, 201 days

Marcomanni

Poland and Lithuania
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Jadwiga   King Poland 16 October 1384 17 July 1399 14 years, 274 days
Anna   Queen Poland 15 December 1575 19 August 1587 11 years, 247 days
Grand Duchess Lithuania

Eastern Europe

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Armenia
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Azerbaijan
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Kingdom of Hereti

Georgia
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Tamar I   Mepe (King) Kingdom of Georgia 27 March 1184 18 January 1213 28 years, 297 days
Rusudan   Mepe (King) Kingdom of Georgia 18 January 1223 1245 22 years
Tamar II – Queen Kingdom of Kartli 1744 12 April 1746 2 years
Russia
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Monarch Portrait Title Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Irina Godunova   Tsaritsa
(Disputed) 		26 January 1598 3 March 1598 36 days
Catherine I   Empress 8 February 1725 17 May 1727 2 years, 98 days
Anna   Empress 26 February 1730 28 October 1740 10 years, 245 days
Elizabeth   Empress 6 December 1741 5 January 1762 20 years, 30 days
Catherine II   Empress 9 July 1762 17 November 1796 34 years, 131 days

Sabir people

  • Queen Boa,[97] also known as Boareks (reigned in the 520s)

Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus

  • Kamasarye Philoteknos (reigned 180–150 BC) – she co-ruled with her husband Paerisades III
  • Dynamis (reigned in 47 BC, 44–17 BC, and 16–14 BC) – she co-ruled with her first husband Asander in 47 BC and from 44 BC until 17 BC; then she co-ruled with her second husband Polemon I from 16 BC until her death
  • Gepaepyris (reigned 37/38–39 AD)

Blue Horde

Khanate of Qasim

Northern Europe

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Denmark, Norway and Sweden
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Margaret I   Queen Denmark 10 August 1387 28 October 1412 25 years, 79 days
Norway 2 February 1388 24 years, 269 days
Sweden 24 February 1389 23 years, 247 days
Christina   Queen Sweden 16 November 1632 16 June 1654 21 years, 212 days
Ulrika Eleonora   Queen Sweden 5 December 1718 29 February 1720 1 year, 86 days
Margrethe II   Queen Denmark 14 January 1972 14 January 2024 52 years, 0 days

Agder

Western Europe

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Luxembourg and Belgium
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Burgundian Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Netherlands
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Wilhelmina
 
 Queen Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 57 years, 286 days
Juliana
 
 Queen Netherlands 4 September 1948 30 April 1980 31 years, 239 days
Beatrix
 
 Queen Netherlands 30 April 1980 30 April 2013 33 years, 0 days
Monaco
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United Kingdom and Ireland
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  • Cartimandua (reigned c. 43 AD – c. 69 AD) — queen of the Brigantes, a Celtic people in what is now Northern England; she came to power around the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, and formed a large tribal agglomeration that became loyal to Rome; she is known exclusively from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus, though she appears to have been widely influential in early Roman Britain
  • Boudica (reigned c. 60 AD – c. 61 AD) — queen of the Brythonic Celtic Iceni, people of Norfolk, in Eastern Britain; in 61 AD, she led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire
  • Seaxburh of Wessex (reigned c. 672–674) – she reigned jointly with her husband Cenwalh and, according to tradition, ruled Wessex as Queen for a year following Cenwalh's death in c. 672
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Æthelflæd   Lady Mercia 911 918 c. 7 years
Ælfwynn – Lady Mercia 12 June 918 4 December 918 175 days
Matilda   Lady (Disputed) England 8 April 1141 1148 c. 7 years [100]
Margaret   Queen (Disputed) Scotland 19 March 1286 September 1290 4 years, 6 months
Mary I of Scotland   Queen Scotland 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 24 years, 222 days
Jane   Queen (Disputed) England 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 days [101]
Ireland
Mary I of England   Queen England 24 July 1553 17 November 1558 5 years, 116 days
Ireland
Elizabeth I   Queen England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 44 years, 127 days
Ireland
Mary II   Queen England 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 5 years, 318 days
Ireland
Scotland 11 April 1689 5 years, 261 days
Anne   Queen England 8 March 1702 1 May 1707 5 years, 54 days
Scotland
Ireland 1 August 1714 12 years, 146 days
Great Britain 1 May 1707 7 years, 92 days
Victoria   Queen United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 63 years, 216 days
Elizabeth II   Queen United Kingdom 6 February 1952 8 September 2022 70 years, 214 days

Southern Europe

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Albania
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Bosnia
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Bulgaria
edit

Odrysian kingdom

Cyprus
edit

Kingdom of Cyprus

British Cyprus

  • Victoria (reigned 1878–1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1960)
Greece
edit
 
Zoe

Aeacid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

  • Irene of Athens (reigned 797–802) – she normally referred to herself as basilissa (empress), although there are three instances of the title basileus (emperor) being used by her. From 792 she was a co-ruler.
  • Theodora the Armenian (reigned 842–856, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became the co-ruler of her son but in fact she ruled the empire alone; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent
  • Thekla (reigned 842–856, disputed), co-ruler of Theodora the Armenian
  • Zoë Porphyrogenita (reigned 1028–1041 and 1042–1050) – she ruled with her consorts Romanos III and Michael IV between 1028 and 1041; she ruled with her sister Theodora and her third husband Constantine IX from 1042 to 1050
  • Theodora Porphyrogenita (reigned 1042–1056) – she ruled from 1042 jointly with her sister Zoe and Zoe's third husband Constantine IX; she ruled from 1055 until her own death as sole monarch.
  • Eudokia Makrembolitissa (reigned 1067, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became a ruler; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent

Epirus

Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

Polis

Italy
edit

Ostrogothic Kingdom

  • Amalasuintha (reigned 534–535) – she ruled first as regent for her son and thereafter as queen regnant in her own right

Sardinian medieval kingdoms

Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Naples

Italian states from the Congress of Vienna to the unification of Italy [it]
The Italian duchies restored by the Congress of Vienna became fully sovereign because the Kingdom of Italy was not restored.

Portugal
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Theresa   Queen Portugal
(disputed) 		1116 24 June 1128
Beatrice   Queen Portugal
(disputed) 		1383 1385
Maria I   Queen Portugal 24 February 1777 20 March 1816 39 years, 25 days
Maria II   Queen Portugal 2 May 1826 23 June 1828 2 years, 52 days
26 May 1834 15 November 1853 19 years, 173 days
Spain and Andorra
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Urraca the Reckless   Empress Spain 30 June 1109 8 March 1126 16 years, 251 days
Queen León
Queen Castile
Queen Galicia 1111
Petronilla   Queen Aragon 13 November 1137 18 July 1164 26 years, 248 days
Urraca the Asturian – Queen Kingdom of Artajona [eu] 1144 1153
Berengaria   Queen Castile 6 June 1217 31 August 1217 86 days
Queen Toledo
Sancha – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Dulce – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Joan I   Queen Navarre 22 July 1284 2 April 1305 20 years, 254 days
Joan II   Queen Navarre 1 April 1328 6 October 1349 21 years, 188 days
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon – Co-Princess Andorra 1398 1412
Blanche I   Queen Navarre 8 September 1425 1 April 1441 15 years, 205 days
Blanche II – Queen Navarre 23 September 1461 2 December 1464 3 years, 70 days
Isabella I   Queen Castile 11 December 1474 26 November 1504 29 years, 351 days
Queen León
Eleanor – Queen Navarre 28 January 1479 12 February 1479 15 days
Catherine   Queen Navarre 7 January 1483 12 February 1517 34 years, 36 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Joanna[nb 1]   Queen Castile 26 November 1504 12 April 1555 50 years, 137 days
Queen Aragon 23 January 1516 39 years, 79 days
Queen Upper Navarre
Jeanne[nb 2]   Queen Lower Navarre 25 May 1555 9 June 1572 17 years, 15 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Isabella II[nb 3]   Queen Spain 29 September 1833 30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Queen Upper Navarre 30 November 1833 62 days
Malta
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Elizabeth II   Queen Malta 21 September 1964 13 December 1974 10 years, 83 days
Montenegro
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Duklja

  • Neda (reigned 1043–1046)

Oceania

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Australasia

edit
Australia
edit
  • Victoria (reigned 1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
New Zealand
edit
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Rarotonga

 
Makea Takau Ariki

Melanesia

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Fiji
edit
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1970–1987)
Papua New Guinea
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1975–2022)
Solomon Islands
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  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)

Polynesia

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American Samoa
edit
 
Tui Manuʻa Matelita.
French Polynesia
edit

Bora Bora

Huahine

 
Tehaapapa II and Tehaapapa III

Raiatea

  • Tehauroarii (reigned 1881–1884)
  • Tuarii (reigned till 1897) – she reigned under a rebellion government against the French with the support of Teraupo'o after Tamatoa VI abdicated.

Rapa Iti

Rimatara

Tahiti

  • Purea (reigned in the 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unification
  • Pōmare IV (reigned 1827–1877)

Nuku Hiva

  • Vaekehu – her husband died in 1863, but Vaekehu continued to reign on her own as Queen
Hawaii
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Ancient Hawaii

Kingdom of Hawaii

 
Liliʻuokalani
Tonga
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Tuvalu
edit
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)
Wallis and Futuna
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Uvea

Legendary and mythological monarchs

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Chile

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China

edit

Congo

edit

Kuba Kingdom

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Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers:[104]

  • Lobamba
  • Gokare
  • Sanga Motunu
  • Pelama Pena
  • Boeke
  • Sanga Lenga
  • Bosh Akama
  • Kele Kama
  • Bolueme

Czechia

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Easter Island

edit

Ecuador

edit

Egypt

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  • Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus' book Histories as being the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
  • Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th-century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif.[105]
  • Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis. Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor.[105]
  • Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era.[106] Sometimes described as a "priestess".[105]

Ethiopia

edit
Further information: 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia

The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word "Aethiopia" in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar.[107]

  • Borsa (reigned 4321–4254 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[106]
  • Eylouka (reigned 3776–3731 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[106]
  • Nehasset Nais (reigned 2434–2404 BC)
  • Kasiyope (reigned 1890–1871 BC) – Originated from Greek mythology.
  • Mumazes reigned (1675–1671 BC) – Daughter of king Bonu I.[108]
  • Aruas (reigned 1671 BC) – Daughter of Mumazes.[107]
  • Helena (reigned 1358–1347 BC)
  • Makeda (reigned 1013–982 BC) – The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya.[109]
  • Nicauta Kandake I (reigned 740–730 BC)
  • Hadina (reigned 372–362 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years.[110]
  • Nikawla Kandake II (reigned 342–332 BC) – An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba[111]
  • Akawsis Kandake III (reigned 325–315 BC)
  • Nikosis Kandake IV (reigned 242–232 BC)
  • Awsena (reigned 99–88 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year.[110]
  • Nicotnis Kandake V (reigned 35–25 BC)
  • Garsemot Kandake VI (reigned 40–50 AD) – Supposedly the Kandake from the Biblical story of the Ethiopian Eunuch.[107]
  • Wakana (reigned 230 AD) – Reigned for 2 days.[107]
  • Ahywa Sofya (reigned 299–332 AD) – Likely based on Sofya of Axum, mother of Ezana.
  • Adhana I (reigned 369–374 AD) – Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years.[112]
  • Adhana II (reigned 412–418 AD) – Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III.[112]

Kingdom of Simien

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  • Gudit (reigned c. 960 – c. 1000)

Sidama people

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French Polynesia

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Greece

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Amazons

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India

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Indonesia

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Iran

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Iraq

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Ireland

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Japan

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Korea

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  • Lady Saso, honorary queen regnant of Silla
  • Queen of Jeoknyeo-guk – Talhae's mother was the princess of Jeoknyeo-guk (Korean: 적녀국; Hanja: 積女國), an island country where only women lived[114]

Libya

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Malaysia

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Mexico

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Aztec Empire

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Myanmar

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Norway

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Pakistan

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Poland

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Russia

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Somaliland

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South Africa

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Sri Lanka

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Sudan

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Tunisia

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  • Dido (reigned 814–c. 760 BC) – also known as Alyssa. Founder of Carthage, according to tradition

Turkey

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Turkmenistan

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United Kingdom

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Vatican City

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Vietnam

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Yemen

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Constituent and self-proclaimed monarchs

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Botswana

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China

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Easter Island

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Haiti

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India

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Italy

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Jamaica

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New Zealand

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Nigeria

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Panama

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United States Virgin Islands

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The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:

Chieftainesses

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Argentina

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Botswana

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Burundi

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Chile

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China

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Cameroon

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Colombia

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Dominican Republic

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Ecuador

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Fiji

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Ghana

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Guinea

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Haiti

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Ireland

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Israel

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Kenya

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Kyrgyzstan

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Liberia

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Malawi

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New Zealand

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Māori people

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Rarotonga

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Niger

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Nigeria

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Palau

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Pakistan

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Peru

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Puerto Rico

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Sierra Leone

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South Africa

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Xhosa

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South Sudan

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United States of America

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Appomattoc

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Crow tribe

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Giluts'aaw

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  • Victoria Young

Hoocąk

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Pamunkey

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Pocasset Wampanoag

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Sakonnet

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Seneca tribe

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Vanuatu

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Venezuela

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Yemen

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Semi-independent feudal rulers

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Albania

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Duchy of Durazzo

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Principality of Albania

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Principality of Valona

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Bangladesh

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India

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Indonesia

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Romania

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Crown landholders

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Estonia

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Swedish Estonia

Russian Estonia

  • Catherine I (reigned 8 February 1725 – 17 May 1727)
  • Anna (reigned 13 February 1730 – 28 October 1740)
  • Elizabeth (reigned 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762)
  • Catherine II (reigned 9 July 1762 – 6 November 1796)

Finland

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Swedish Finland

Iceland

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Norwegian Iceland

Notes

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  1. ^ Joan III of Upper Navarre.
  2. ^ Joan III of Lower Navarre.
  3. ^ Isabella I of Navarre.

References

edit
  1. ^ "El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia". mdc.ulpgc.es. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27.
  2. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. pp. 26–29, 33–34, 52–53.
  3. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  4. ^ Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy.
  5. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292787476.
  6. ^ Chrystal, Paul (2017-02-28). Women at War in the Classical World. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4738-5661-5. Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE,
  7. ^ Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I". Tyndale House. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  8. ^ Cleopatra II Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  9. ^ Cleopatra III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  10. ^ Cleopatra IV Archived 24 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  11. ^ Berenice III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  12. ^ Cleopatra V Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  13. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3.
  14. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). The Pharaohs. London: Quercus. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-78747-900-5.
  15. ^ Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xx–xxiii, 14, 155. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
  16. ^ Arsinoe IV Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  17. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
  18. ^ Droa-Krupe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (2021). Powerful Women in the Ancient World: Perception and (Self)Presentation. ISD LLC. pp. 308–316. ISBN 978-3-96327-139-7.
  19. ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5.
  20. ^ a b Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. BRILL. p. 206. ISBN 978-90-04-29401-1.
  21. ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 6.
  22. ^ Adam Simmons, 'A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520-6)?', Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies (2023), doi:10.5070/D60060625.
  23. ^ a b c "Guinea Bissau Substates". guide2womenleaders.com.
  24. ^ Duquette, Danielle Gallois (1983). Dynamique de l'art bidjogo (Guinée-Bissau): contribution à une anthropologie de l'art des sociétés africaines (in French). Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical. p. 71. Dona Juliana, également reine de Canhabaque, qui, par contre, anima l'insurrection de ses sujets contre le gouvernement colonial en 1925
  25. ^ Duquette, Danielle Gallois (1983). Dynamique de l'art bidjogo (Guinée-Bissau): contribution à une anthropologie de l'art des sociétés africaines (in French). Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical. p. 71. Bernatzik, durant son voyage, entendait vanter le reine Idiana Ibop qui avait succédé à son mari, jusqu'à sa mort trois saisons des piuies auparavant, tellement elle s'était imposée à Canhabaque par son intelligence et sa bonté
  26. ^ a b Basil Davidson (2014). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-317-88265-7.
  27. ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000-12-20). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4616-5931-0.
  28. ^ Palmer, H. R (1908). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1908.
  29. ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3rd ed.). London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 71. ISBN 9780786425624.
  30. ^ Achebe, Nwando; Robertson, Claire, eds. (2019-04-16). Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-299-32110-9.
  31. ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7864-2562-4.
  32. ^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9.
  33. ^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9.
  34. ^ Chapus, Georges-Sully; Dandouau, André (1952-01-01). Histoire des populations de Madagascar (in French). FeniXX. p. 133. ISBN 978-2-402-66293-2.
  35. ^ Campbell, Gwyn (2005-03-14). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-521-83935-8.
  36. ^ a b c Sharp, Lesley A. (2002-09-03). The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar. University of California Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-22951-8.
  37. ^ a b KARIMBHAY, Tamim (2010-10-08). Nosy-Bé : Âme malgache, Coeur français (in French). TheBookEdition. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-2-9533865-4-7.
  38. ^ African Society (1926). Journal of the African Society. Vol. 25. MacMillan. p. 254.
  39. ^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2011). "The divine kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 1: 407–422. doi:10.14318/hau1.1.016. S2CID 162247139.
  40. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2020-03-20). Colonial Mentality and the Destiny of Africa. African Renaissance Press. p. 144.
  41. ^ McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84162-254-5.
  42. ^ Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-000-10174-4.
  43. ^ a b c d Acquaviva, Graziella (2019). "More than just warriors: Mythical and archetypal images of the hero in Swahili literature". Kervan. International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies: 17.
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  45. ^ a b c d Yahya-Othman, Saïda (2010). Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique de l'Est (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 123. ISBN 978-2-8111-0410-8.
  46. ^ Falola, Toyin; Amponsah, Nana Akua (2012-01-06). Women's Roles in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-313-38545-2.
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  49. ^ a b c d e f g h Dierks, Klaus. "Traditional Leaders in the History of Namibia". klausdierks.com.
  50. ^ "Shambyu leader Queen Ribebe has died". The Namibian. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
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  52. ^ "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G". Contributions in New World Archaeology: 269. 2016.
  53. ^ Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan". Expedition Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 2.
  54. ^ 권, 혜진 (2017-07-05). "계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-13.
  55. ^ Jay, Jennifer W. (1996). "Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (2): 220–229. doi:10.2307/605697. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 605697.
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  61. ^ Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
  62. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 263–264; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 39–42., p. 39, at Google Books
  63. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43–54., p. 43, at Google Books
  64. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 59., p. 59, at Google Books
  65. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 63–65, p. 63, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 271; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 140.
  66. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 65–67., p. 65, at Google Books
  67. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 411–412.
  68. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 419–420.
  69. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11 (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 15.
  70. ^ Jyotsna Kamat (2010-05-07). "Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552–1606 C.E)". Kamatpotporri. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  71. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 157. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
  72. ^ De, Sushil Chandra (1990). Story of Freedom Struggle in Orissa. Orissa Sahitya Akademi. p. 36.
  73. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Unesco (2003-01-01). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. p. 238. ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1.
  74. ^ Khan, Shah Ra'is (1987). Shah Ra'is Khan ki Tarikh-i Gilgit (in Urdu).
  75. ^ Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  76. ^ John Norman Miksic; Goh Geok Yian (2016-10-14). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-317-27904-4.
  77. ^ Chou, Cynthia (2009-10-16). The Orang Suku Laut of Riau, Indonesia: The Inalienable Gift of Territory. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-134-43033-8.
  78. ^ a b O'Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Brockwell, Sally, eds. (2020-09-07). Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations. ANU Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-76046-389-2.
  79. ^ Syarifuddin, Ferry; Sakti, Ali (2021-02-08). Praktik Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah oleh Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia – Rajawali Pers (in Indonesian). PT. RajaGrafindo Persada. p. 83.
  80. ^ a b c d e f Omar, Rahilah (2003-11-01). The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin (Thesis). p. 319.
  81. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6.
  82. ^ a b "Sultan-Sultan Sumbawa". Ensiklopedia Sumbawa. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  83. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. p. 420. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6.
  84. ^ Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32788-2. The ritual centre Wehali had an unnamed queen in 1814,
  85. ^ James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 5. He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died.
  86. ^ James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 6. Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa, but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa, Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State.
  87. ^ Majul, Cesar Adib. "An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu"". Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives: 15.
  88. ^ a b c d Amirell, Stefan (2011). "The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 42 (2): 303–323. doi:10.1017/S0022463411000063. S2CID 143695148.
  89. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2007). "Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 163 (1): 8. ISSN 0006-2294. JSTOR 27868341.
  90. ^ a b c Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-317-32789-9.
  91. ^ Siegel-Itzkovic, Judy (2009-04-16). "Have archeologists found the only female ruler of ancient Canaan?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  92. ^ Keddie, Anthony (2019-10-03). Class and Power in Roman Palestine: The Socioeconomic Setting of Judaism and Christian Origins. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-108-49394-9.
  93. ^ a b Hamilton, Bernard (2005-07-07). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-521-01747-3.
  94. ^ a b Leichty, Erle (2011-06-23). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC). Penn State Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-57506-646-2.
  95. ^ Book of Han, vol. 61
  96. ^ Mair, Victor H., ed. (1998). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Vol. 2. The Institute for the Study of Man in collaboration with The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-941694-63-6. Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen.
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  98. ^ Claus Krag. "Åsa Haraldsdatter, Dronning". Norsk biografisk leksikon.
  99. ^ Monter, William (2012-01-24). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800. Yale University Press. p. ix–xiii. ISBN 978-0-300-17327-7.
  100. ^ David Williamson (1986). Debrett's kings and queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. p. 51. ISBN 9780863501012.
  101. ^ Williamson, David (2010). Kings & Queens. National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85514-432-3.
  102. ^ Collins, Roger (30 April 2016). "Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth-Century León and Navarre". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship. Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-137-08859-8.
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  104. ^ Torday, Emil; Joyce, Thomas Athol (1910). Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées. Les Bushongo (in French). pp. 17–19.
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  120. ^ A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Chapter III: Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola
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Bibliography

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  • L. Pierotti Cei, Madonna Costanza, Regina di Sicilia e d'Aragona, Mondadori, Milan 1995.
  • S. Runciman, I Vespri siciliani, Rizzoli, Milan 1975.
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