List of plesiosaur genera

This list of plesiosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Plesiosauria, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered plesiosaurs. The list currently includes 208 genera.

Scope and terminology

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There is no official, canonical list of plesiosaur genera but one of the most thorough attempts can be found on the Plesiosauria section of Mikko Haaramo's Phylogeny Archive;[1] also pertinent is the Plesiosaur Genera section at Adam Stuart Smith's Plesiosaur Directory.[2]

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

  • Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
  • Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen. In this case, these nomina nuda will be deleted from this list in favor of the published name.
  • Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
  • Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

The list

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Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes

Abyssosaurus[3]

Berezin

2011

Valid

eK

Europe

Acostasaurus[4]

Gómez-Pérez

Noè

2017

Valid

eK

South America

Albertonectes[5]

Kubo

Mitchell
Henderson

2012

Valid

lK

North America

Alexandronectes

Otero et al.

2016

Valid

lK

Australasia

Alexeyisaurus

Sennikov
Arkhangelsky

2010

Valid

lT

Europe

"Alzadasaurus"

Welles

1943

Anguanax[6]

Cau
Fanti

2015

Valid

lJ

Europe

Anningasaura[7]

Vincent
Benson

2012

Valid

eJ

Europe

Apatomerus

Williston

1903

Valid

eK

Aphrosaurus

Welles

1943

Valid

lK

"Apractocleidus"

Smellie

1916

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Cryptoclidus.

Aptychodon

Reuss

1855

Valid

lK

Archaeonectrus

Owen

1865

Valid

eJ

Europe

Arminisaurus

Sachs
Kear

2018

Valid

eJ

Europe

Aristonectes

Cabrera

1941

Valid

lK

South America, Antarctica

Attenborosaurus

Bakker

1993

Valid

eJ

Europe

Atychodracon

Smith

2015

Valid

Europe

Avalonnectes[8]

Benson

Evans
Druckenmiller

2012

Valid

eJ

Europe

Bathyspondylus

Delair

1982

Valid

lJ

Bishanopliosaurus

Dong

1980

Valid

eJ

Bobosaurus

Dalla Vecchia

2006

Valid

lT

Borealonectes

Sato
Wu

1980

Valid

mJ

Brachauchenius

Williston

1903

Valid

eK to lK

Brancasaurus

Wegner

1914

Valid

eK

Brimosaurus

Leidy

1855

Valid

lK

Callawayasaurus

Carpenter

1999

Valid

eK

Cardiocorax[9]

Araújo
et al.

2015

Valid

lK

Africa

Ceraunosaurus

Thurmond

1968

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Trinacromerum.

Chubutinectes[10]

O'Gorman
et al.

2023

Valid

lK

South America

Cimoliasaurus

Leidy

1851

Valid

lK

Colymbosaurus

Seeley

1874

Valid

lJ

Crymocetus

Cope

1869

Valid

eK

Cryonectes[11]

Vincent
Bardet
Mattioli

2013

Valid

eJ

Europe

Cryptoclidus

Seeley

1892

Valid

mJ

Europe

Discosaurus

Leidy

1851

Valid

Djupedalia[12]

Knutsen
Druckenmiller
Hurum

2012

Valid

lJ

Europe

Dolichorhynchops

Williston

1903

Valid

North America

Dravidosaurus

Yadagiri
Ayyasami

1979

Nomen dubium

lK

Asia

Possibly a stegosaurian dinosaur

Eardasaurus

Ketchum
Benson

2022

Valid

mJ

Europe

Edgarosaurus

Druckenmiller

2002

Valid

eK

North America

Eiectus

Noè
Gómez-Pérez

2021

Valid

eK

Australia

Elasmosaurus

Cope

1868

Valid

North America Asia

Embaphias

Cope

1894

Nomen dubium

lK

North America

Eoplesiosaurus[8]

Benson
Evans
Druckenmiller

2012

Valid

eJ

Europe

Eopolycotylus[13]

Albright
Gillette
Titus

2007

Valid

Eretmosaurus

Seeley

1874

Valid

Eromangasaurus

Kear

2005

Valid

Eurycleidus

Andrews

1922

Valid

Eurysaurus

Gaudry

1878

Valid

Fluvionectes

Campbell
et al.

2021

Valid

lK

North America

Franconiasaurus[14]

Sachs
Eggmaier
Madzia

2024

Valid

eJ

Europe

Fresnosaurus

Welles

1943

Valid

Futabasaurus

Sato
Hasegawa
Manabe

2006

Valid

lK

Asia

Also a theropod nomen nudum ("Futabasaurus").

Gallardosaurus

Gasparini

2009

Valid

"Georgia"

Otschev

1976

Preoccupied Preoccupied by a genus of mollusk, renamed Georgiasaurus.

Georgiasaurus

Otschev

1978

Valid

Goniosaurus

Meyer

1860[citation needed]

Valid

Gronausaurus[15]

Hampe

2013

Valid

eK

Europe

Hastanectes[16]

Benson

et al.

2012

Valid

eK

Europe

Hauffiosaurus

O'Keefe

2001

Valid

Hydralmosaurus

Welles

1943

Valid

Hydrorion

Grobmann

2006

Valid

Hydrotherosaurus

Welles

1943

Valid

lK

North America

Ischyrodon

von Meyer

1838

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Liopleurodon.

Jucha

Fischer
et al.

2020

Valid

eK

Europe

Kaiwhekea

Cruickshank
Fordyce

2002

Valid

lJ

Europe

Kawanectes[17]

O'Gorman

2016

Valid

lK

South America

Kimmerosaurus

Brown

1981

Valid

Kronosaurus

Longman

1924

Valid

Australia, South America

Lagenanectes

Sachs
Hornung
Kear

2017

Valid

eK

Europe

Leivanectes

Páramo-Fonseca
O'Gorman
Gasparini
Padilla
Parra Ruge

2019

Valid

eK

South America

Leptocleidus

Andrews

1922

Valid

eK

Europe, Africa, Australia

Leurospondylus

Brown

1913

Valid

Libonectes

Carpenter

1997

Valid

Lindwurmia

Vincent
Storrs

2019

Valid

eJ

Europe

Liopleurodon

Sauvage

1873

Valid

Lorrainosaurus

Sachs
et al.

2023

Valid

mJ

Europe

Originally assigned to Simolestes.[18]

Luetkesaurus

Kiprijanoff

1883

Valid

Luskhan

Fischer
et al.

2017

Valid

eK

Europe

Lusonectes

Smith
Araújo
Mateus

2011

Valid

eJ

Europe

Macroplata

Swinton

1930

Valid

eJ

Europe

Makhaira[19]

Fischer
et al.

2015

Valid

eK

Manemergus

Buchy
Metayer
Frey

2005

Valid

Marambionectes[20]

O'Gorman
et al.

2024

Valid

lK

Antarctica

Maresaurus

Gasparini

1997

Valid

Marmornectes

Ketchum
Benson

2011

Valid

mJ

Europe

Martinectes[21]

Clark
O’Keefe
Slack

2024

Valid

lK

North America

Mauisaurus

Hector

1874

Valid

Mauriciosaurus

Frey
et al.

2017

Valid

lK

North America

Megacephalosaurus[22]

Schumacher
Carpenter
Everhart

2013

Valid

lK

North America

Megalneusaurus

Knight

1898

Valid

Meyerasaurus

Smith
Vincent

2010

Valid

eJ

Europe

Microcleidus

Watson

1911

Valid

eJ

Monquirasaurus

Noè
Gómez-Pérez

2021

Valid

eK

South America

Morenosaurus

Welles

1943

Valid

Morturneria

Chatterjee
Creisler

1994

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Aristonectes.

Muraenosaurus

Seeley

1874

Valid

mJ

Europe

Nakonanectes

Serratos
Druckenmiller
Benson

2017

Valid

lK

North America

Nichollssaura[23]

Druckenmiller
Russell

2009

Valid

eK

North America

"Nichollsia"

Druckenmiller
Russell

2008

Preoccupied

Preoccupied by a genus of isopod, renamed Nichollssaura.

Occitanosaurus

Bardet
Fernandez
Garcia-Ramos
Superbiola
Pinuela
Ruiz-Omenaca
Vincent

2008

Valid

Ogmodirus

Williston
Moodie

1917

Valid

Oligosimus

Leidy

1872

Nomen dubium

lK

North America

Opallionectes

Kear

2006

Valid

Ophthalmothule

Roberts
et al.

2020

Valid

lJ-eK

Europe

Orophosaurus

Cope

1851

Valid

Pachycostasaurus

Cruickshank
Martill

1996

Valid

Pahasapasaurus

Schumacher

2007

Valid

"Palmula"[13]

Albright
Gillette
Titus

2007

Preoccupied

Preoccupied by a genus of foraminifer, renamed Palmulasaurus.

Palmulasaurus

Albright
Gillete
Titus

2007

Valid

Pantosaurus

Marsh

1893

Valid

Peloneustes

Lydekker

1889

Valid

mJ

Europe

Peyerus

Stromer

1935

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Leptocleidus.

Picrocleidus

Andrews

1909

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Muraenosaurus.

Piptomerus

Cope

1887

Valid

Piratosaurus

Leidy

1865

Valid

Plesioelasmosaurus

Schumacher
Everhart

2022

Valid

lK

North America

Plesiopharos

Puértolas-Pascual
et al.

2021

Valid

eJ

Europe

Plesiopleurodon

Carpenter

1996

Valid

Plesiopterys

O'Keefe

2004

Valid

Plesiosaurus

Conybeare

1821

Valid

eJ

Europe

Pliosaurus

Owen

1841

Valid

Polycotylus

Cope

1869

Valid

Polyptychodon

Owen

1841

Valid

Rhaeticosaurus[24]

Wintrich
et al.

2017

Valid

lT

Europe

Rhomaleosaurus

Seeley

1871

Valid

eJ

Europe

Sachicasaurus

Páramo-Fonseca

Benavides-Cabra
Gutiérrez

2018

Valid

eK

South America

Scalamagnus[21]

Clark

O’Keefe
Slack

2024

Valid

lK

North America

Scanisaurus

Persson

1959

Valid

Seeleyosaurus

White

1940

Valid

eJ

Europe

Serpentisuchops

Persons
Street
Kelley

2022

Valid

lK

North America

Simolestes

Andrews

1909

Valid

Sinopliosaurus

Young

1944

Valid

eK

Spitrasaurus[25]

Knutsen
Druckenmiller
Hurum

2012

Valid

lJ

Europe

Spondylosaurus

Fisher

1845

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Pliosaurus.

Stratesaurus[8]

Benson
Evans
Druckenmiller

2012

Valid

eJ

Europe

Sulcusuchus

Gasparini
Spalletti

1992

Valid

lK

South America

Stenorhynchosaurus

Páramo
et al.

2016

Valid

eK

South America

Stereosaurus

Seeley

1869

Valid

Sthenarosaurus

Watson

1911

Valid

eJ

"Stretosaurus"

Tarlo

1959

InValid Type specimen is undiagnostic and should be assigned to Thalassophonea indeterminate.[26][27]

Strongylokrotaphus

Novozhilov

1964

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Pliosaurus.

Styxosaurus

Welles

1952

Valid

lK

North America

Taphrosaurus

Cope

1870

Valid

lK

"Tatenectes"[28]

Knight

1900

Valid

Terminonatator

Sato

2003

Valid

lK

Thalassiodracon

Storrs
Taylor

1996

Valid

lT-eJ

Europe

Thalassiosaurus

Welles

1953

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Styxosaurus.

Thalassomedon

Welles

1943

Valid

lK

North America

Thalassonomosaurus

Welles

1943

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Styxosaurus.

Thaumatodracon

Smith
Araújo

2017

Valid

lK

Europe

"Thaumatosaurus"

Meyer

1841

InValid Holotype is not diagnostic and can be referred to Pliosauroidea indet at best.

Thililua

Bardet
Suberbiola
Jalil

2003

Valid

lK

"Tremamesacleis"

White

1940

Jr. synonym

Junior synonym of Muraenosaurus.

Trematospondylus

Quenstedt

1858

Nomen dubium

mJ

Europe

Tricleidus

Andrews

1909

Valid

Trinacromerum

Cragin

1888

Valid

lK

North America

Tuarangisaurus

Wiffen
Moisley

1986

Valid

lK

"Turneria"

Chatterjee
Small

1989

Preoccupied

Preoccupied by a genus of ant, renamed Morturneria which is now recognised as a junior synonym of Aristonectes.

Umoonasaurus

Kear
Schroeder
Lee

2006

Valid

eK

Australia

Unktaheela[21]

Clark
O’Keefe
Slack

2024

Valid

lK

North America

Uronautes[29]

Cope

1870

Valid

lK

Vectocleidus[16]

Benson
et al.

2012

Valid

eK

Europe

Vegasaurus[30]

O'Gorman
Salgado
Olivero
Marenssi

2015

Valid

lK

Antarctica

Vinialesaurus[31]

Gasparini
Bardet
Vinent
Iturralde

2002

Valid

lJ

Westphaliasaurus

Schwermann
Sander

2011

Valid

eJ

Europe

Woolungasaurus

Persson

1960

Valid

eK

Wunyelfia

Otero
Soto-Acuña

2020

Valid

lK

South America

Yuzhoupliosaurus[32]

Zhang

1985

Valid

mJ[32]

"Zahrisaurus"

Malkani

2019

Dubious

lK

Asia

Zarafasaura

Vincent
Pereda-Suberbiola
Bouya
Amaghzaz
Meslouh

2011

Valid

lK

Africa

 
Aristonectes
 
Attenborosaurus
 
Atychodracon
 
Cryptoclidus
 
Dolichorhynchops
 
Edgarosaurus
 
Elasmosaurus
 
Franconiasaurus
 
Futabasaurus
 
Hydrotherosaurus
 
Kaiwhekea
 
Kronosaurus
 
Leptocleidus
 
Liopleurodon
 
Macroplata
 
Martinectes
 
Microcleidus
 
Muraenosaurus
 
Nichollssaura
 
Peloneustes
 
Plesiopleurodon
 
Plesiosaurus
 
Pliosaurus
 
Polyptychodon
 
Rhomaleosaurus
 
Scalamagnus
 
Seeleyosaurus
 
Simolestes
 
Styxosaurus
 
Thalassiodracon
 
Thalassomedon
 
Trinacromerum
 
Umoonasaurus

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ See Haaramo, Plesiosauria.
  2. ^ See Smith, Plesiosaur Genera.
  3. ^ A. Yu. Berezin (2011). "A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the early cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform". Paleontological Journal. 45 (6): 648–660. Bibcode:2011PalJ...45..648B. doi:10.1134/S0031030111060037. S2CID 129045087.
  4. ^ Marcela Gómez-Pérez; Leslie F. Noè (2017). "Cranial anatomy of a new pliosaurid Acostasaurus pavachoquensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 310 (1–2): 5–42. Bibcode:2017PalAA.310....5G. doi:10.1127/pala/2017/0068.
  5. ^ Tai Kubo; Mark T. Mitchell & Donald M. Henderson (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..557K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124. S2CID 129500470.
  6. ^ Andrea Cau & Federico Fanti (2015). "High evolutionary rates and the origin of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation (Middle-Upper Jurassic of Italy) reptiles". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 28 (7): 952–962. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1073726. S2CID 86528030.
  7. ^ Peggy Vincent & Roger B. J. Benson (2012). "Anningasaura, a basal plesiosaurian (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, United Kingdom". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1049–1063. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1049V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.686467. S2CID 86547069.
  8. ^ a b c Roger B. J. Benson; Mark Evans & Patrick S. Druckenmiller (2012). "High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31838. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731838B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031838. PMC 3306369. PMID 22438869.
  9. ^ R. Araújo; M.J. Polcyn; A.S. Schulp; O. Mateus; L.L. Jacobs; A. Olímpio Gonçalves & M.-L. Morais (2015). "A new elasmosaurid from the early Maastrichtian of Angola and the implications of girdle morphology on swimming style in plesiosaurs". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 109–120. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94..109A. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.44. S2CID 86616531.
  10. ^ O’Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (2023-08-10). "A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 260830333.
  11. ^ Peggy Vincent; Nathalie Bardet & Emanuela Mattioli (2012). "A new pliosaurid from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Normandy (Northern France)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. in press. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0113.
  12. ^ Espen M. Knutsen; Patrick S. Druckenmiller & Jørn H. Hurum (2012). "A new plesiosauroid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Middle Volgian) of central Spitsbergen, Norway" (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92 (2–3): 213–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2020.
  13. ^ a b PLESIOSAURS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN–TURONIAN) TROPIC SHALE OF SOUTHERN UTAH, PART 2: POLYCOTYLIDAE L. Barry Albright Iii, David D. Gillette, and Alan L. Titus, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2007, 27(1):41-58
  14. ^ Sachs, Sven; Eggmaier, Stefan; Madzia, Daniel (2024-02-16). "Exquisite skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur fill gap in the evolutionary history of plesiosauroids". Frontiers in Earth Science. 12. Bibcode:2024FrEaS..1241470S. doi:10.3389/feart.2024.1341470.
  15. ^ Oliver Hampe (2013). "The forgotten remains of a leptocleidid plesiosaur (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gronau (Münsterland, Westphalia, Germany)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 87 (4): 473–491. Bibcode:2013PalZ...87..473H. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0175-3. S2CID 129834688.
  16. ^ a b Roger B. J. Benson; Hilary F. Ketchum; Darren Naish & Langan E. Turner (2013). "A new leptocleidid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Vectis Formation (Early Barremian–early Aptian; Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight and the evolution of Leptocleididae, a controversial clade". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (2): 233–250. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..233B. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.634444. S2CID 18562271.
  17. ^ José P. O'Gorman (2016). "A small body sized non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with comments on the relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic elasmosaurids". Ameghiniana. 53 (3): 245–268. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928. S2CID 133139689.
  18. ^ Sachs, S.; Madzia, D.; Thuy, B.; Kear, B.P. (October 16, 2023). "The rise of macropredatory pliosaurids near the Early-Middle Jurassic transition". Scientific Reports. 13 (17558): 17558. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1317558S. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43015-y. PMC 10579310. PMID 37845269.
  19. ^ Valentin Fischer; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky; Ilya M. Stenshin; Gleb N. Uspensky; Nikolay G. Zverkov & Roger B. J. Benson (2015). "Peculiar macrophagous adaptations in a new Cretaceous pliosaurid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (12): 150552. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250552F. doi:10.1098/rsos.150552. PMC 4807462. PMID 27019740.
  20. ^ O'Gorman, Jose P.; Canale, Juan I.; Bona, Paula; Tineo, David E.; Reguero, Marcelo; Cárdenas, Magalí (2024-12-31). "A new elasmosaurid (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) from the López de Bertodano Formation: new data on the evolution of the aristonectine morphology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1). Bibcode:2024JSPal..2212302O. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2312302. ISSN 1477-2019.
  21. ^ a b c Clark, Robert O.; O’Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). "A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops". Cretaceous Research. 157: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 266546582.
  22. ^ Bruce A. Schumacher; Kenneth Carpenter & Michael J. Everhart (2013). "A new Cretaceous Pliosaurid (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Carlile Shale (middle Turonian) of Russell County, Kansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 613–628. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..613S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.722576. S2CID 130165209.
  23. ^ Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Russell, Anthony P. (2009). "The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 276. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..276D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379. S2CID 83847722.
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References

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  • Haaramo, Mikko (15 November 2005). "Plesiosauria". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  • Smith, Adam Stuart. "Plesiosaur Genera". The Plesiosaur Directory. Archived from the original on 21 March 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2023.