In association football, the situation of players being capped for two senior national teams is fairly rare.[1][2] The list of these players includes only those who have been capped by two countries for senior matches. It does not include the far wider scope of those who have played at youth level (U23 or below) for one country then at senior level for another – something which became possible following a 2004 rule change,[3][4] then more common when an age limit was removed in 2009[5] – or those who were eligible for more than one country, but only played for one.[6]
Non-inclusion categories edit
- Players whose original country ceased to exist and who then played for a successor state, prominent examples being those who had played for the Soviet Union (and/or Commonwealth of Independent States), East Germany, Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia in the early 1990s, or who played for one national team prior to a region becoming independent and then also played for that new state, for example the secession of South Sudan from Sudan. This contrasts to the situation with Kosovo in the 2010s when it became an official FIFA team: several players who had moved to other parts of Europe in childhood switched from those national teams (or Albania, which granted passports to those displaced ethnic Albanian persons) to play for Kosovo,[7][8] but this change was not automatic based on their birthplace, and as such those who made that choice are listed below (see Football in Kosovo).
- Players who were capped for one or more countries in a youth match and then a different country in senior matches.
- Players who appeared for non-affiliated regional teams such as Catalonia. (However, players who played in an official continental tournament, such as the CONCACAF Gold Cup, are included)
- Players who featured for more than one of the national teams representing Ireland in the second quarter of the 20th century, which are listed separately.
- Players who featured for a Great Britain team (i.e. at the Olympics and/or Universiade) in addition to one of the Home Nations. (However, players who featured for multiple Home Nations separately, for example England and Scotland, are included)
Eligibility edit
In the 20th century, FIFA allowed a player to play for any national team, as long as the player held nationality of that country. In 2004, in reaction to the growing trend towards naturalisation of foreign players in some countries, FIFA implemented a significant new ruling that requires a player to demonstrate a "clear connection" to any country they wish to represent.[9] Under the rules, in order for a player to switch nationalities, a player must not have played in a competitive fixture (that is, can only have played in friendlies for the first country),[10][11] and FIFA approval is necessary.[12]
In 2021, FIFA published a new set of rules, updating the rules for changes of nationalities. While previously, players were able to switch only if they had appeared in friendly fixture(s) for the first nation, with the growing trend of competitive fixtures such as the Nations League replacing many friendly fixtures, the change was made. Under the new regulations, players can switch national teams, even if they have played in an official competition for the first nation (unless the match was in the tournament phases of the World Cup or a continental competition), provided they played in three or fewer competitive matches and the appearance(s) occurred before the player turned 21. These changes were intended to prevent the 'stockpiling' of players.[13][14][15] If a player is 21 or over, the previous rule remains in place: to be eligible for a switch, any appearance(s) must have been in non-competitive fixtures.
List of players edit
2021–present edit
Beginning in 2021, FIFA adjusted their rules to allow for players to be eligible to represent a new national team if they had played in no more than three competitive fixtures (including none in the tournament phases of the FIFA World Cup and continental competitions) prior to the age of 21 or if they had only played in non-competitive (friendly) matches at any age. Three years must have passed since the date of the previous competitive fixture in order for the player to be eligible to switch; there is no time requirement for friendly matches.
2004–2020 edit
Between 2004 and 2020, FIFA permitted players to play for a new association if the player had only played in non-competitive fixtures (friendlies) for the original nation or if the new association was a newly-formed nation.
Prior to 2004 edit
Prior to 2004, players could play for a new nation provided they were citizens of that country.
Notes edit
- ^ Steven Caulker's one-time switch was approved by FIFA in October 2021, his official Sierra Leone debut occurred in January 2022.
- ^ Krasniqi's FIFA one-time switch was approved in 2020, however he only made his debut for Malaysia in 2021.
- ^ Zendejas' two caps for Mexico in 2021 and 2022 were non-FIFA sanctioned friendly matches. In January 2023, FIFA deemed the matches as invalidated and Mexico was sanctioned.
- ^ Edagr Ié's one-time switch was approved by FIFA in 2021.
- ^ Debatik Curri first represented Albania from 2006 to 2014, switched to represent Kosovo then switched back to Albania that same year.
- ^ Motta played for Brazil at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, a senior tournament. However, Brazil were an invited guest and fielded an under-23 team, meaning that their players did not earn official caps for the tournament.[89]
- ^ a b In 2017, she was deemed ineligible for Equatorial Guinea.[92]
- ^ Hetemaj made his senior debut for Kosovo in a 6–1 loss against Turkey in May 2014, a friendly match. However, he lost his eligibility to switch for Kosovo in competitive matches after accepting new call-ups from Finland in 2016, precisely when Kosovo became a member of both UEFA and FIFA.
- ^ a b c d French Guiana, Martinique, and Guadeloupe are CONCACAF-affiliated, not FIFA-affiliated, which allowed the player to represent the team in after previously playing in official matches for the former nation
- ^ a b In 2009, began competing under the fake name Ina Boyko with a fake birthday for Azerbaijan. In 2010, she was deemed ineligible for Azerbaijan and resumed competing with Moldova in 2015
- ^ a b Represented Argentina in 1933, then represented Italy between 1934 and 1935, then represented Argentina again in 1937
- ^ a b Represented Argentina between 1924 and 1928, then represented Italy between 1929 and 1935, then represented Argentina again in 1936
- ^ Represented Argentina between 1929 and 1937, and represented Italy in the middle in 1935
- ^ a b Represented Argentina in 1947, then represented Colombia in 1949, then represented Spain from 1957 to 1962
- ^ a b Represented Bohemia and Moraivia in 1939 when it was annexed from TCH
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l From 1938 to 1945, Austria was part of Nazi Germany
- ^ a b c d e f g h From 1938 to 1945, Austria was part of Nazi Germany. Returned to representing Austria following WWII
- ^ a b Represented TCH from 1946 to 1947, then represented Hungary in 1948, then represented Spain from 1953 to 1961
- ^ Represented the two nations simultaneously, switching back and forth
- ^ Came out of retirement for one day to play in an international friendly match representing Kuwait against the Soviet Union, at the request of the Kuwaiti emir. He did not become a citizen of Kuwait.
- ^ a b c d Represented Austria following re-independence from Germany after WWII
- ^ a b Represented Haiti in 1944, then represented USA in 1950, then represented Haiti again in 1953
- ^ a b Represented Hungary from 1939 to 1943, then represented Romania in 1946, then returned to representing Hungary in 1947 and 1948
- ^ Represented Kazakhstan in 1992, then represented Russia in 1994, then returned to representing Kazakhstan
- ^ Played for Spain B in 1958
- ^ a b First represented Peru in 1938, then represented Chile in 1941, returning to Peru in 1942
- ^ Represented Germany following Polish annexation by Nazi Germany in WWII
- ^ a b Represented Romania from 1939 to 1940, then represented Hungary from 1940 to 1943, then returned to representing Romania from 1945 to 1949
- ^ Represented CIS prior to Tajikistan
- ^ Represented Tajikistan in 1992, then represented Russia in 1994 and 1995, then represented Tajikistan again in 1996
- ^ a b Totals may not be complete; Barbados joined FIFA in 1968, Trinidad and Tobado in 1964 (CONCACAF in 1962); it is possible he also played for British Guyana (before independence, not FIFA members at the time but affiliated to CONCACAF since 1961).
- ^ Represented CIS before Ukraine
- ^ Represented Soviet Union and CIS prior to Ukraine
- ^ a b Uruguay from 1930 to 1934, then represented Italy in 1935 and 1936, then returned to representing Uruguay from 1936 to 1939
- ^ Represented Soviet Union and CIS prior to Uzbekistan
See also edit
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