Portal:Mexico

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of over 126 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish speakers. Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. Other major urban areas include Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. Over the next three centuries, Spain and the Catholic Church played an important role, expanding the territory, enforcing Christianity and spreading the Spanish language throughout. With the discovery of rich deposits of silver in Zacatecas and Guanajuato, New Spain soon became one of the most important mining centers worldwide. Wealth coming from Asia and the New World contributed to Spain's status as a major world power for the next centuries, and brought about a price revolution in Western Europe. The colonial order came to an end in the early nineteenth century with the War of Independence against Spain. (Full article...)

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Romance is the eighth studio album by Mexican singer Luis Miguel. It was released by WEA Latina on 19 November 1991. Although the production was originally intended as another collaboration with Juan Carlos Calderón, that plan was scrapped when Calderón was unable to compose songs for the album. Facing a new-material deadline in his recording contract, at his manager's suggestion Miguel chose bolero music for his next project. Mexican singer-songwriter Armando Manzanero was hired by WEA Latina to co-produce the album with Miguel. Recording began in August 1991 at Ocean Way Recording in Hollywood, California, with Bebu Silvetti the arranger.

On the album Miguel covers twelve boleros, originally recorded from 1944 to 1986. The first two singles, "Inolvidable" and "No Sé Tú", reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States and spent six months atop the Mexican charts. "Mucho Corazón" and "Cómo" were in the top five of the Hot Latin Songs chart, and "Usted" and "La Barca" received airplay throughout Latin America. Miguel promoted the record with a tour of the United States and Latin America. The album was generally well received by music critics, who praised Miguel's singing and the record's production. The singer received several accolades, including a Grammy nomination for Best Latin Pop Album. (Full article...)

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Avocados growing in Oaxaca.

Avocado production is important to the economy of Mexico with the country being the world's largest producer of the crop. Mexico supplies 45 percent of the international avocado market. Of the 57 avocado producing countries, the other major producers are Dominican Republic, Peru, Colombia, and Indonesia, in that order.

The 'Avocado Belt of the Mexican Republic' includes Michoacán and the State of Mexico. The major cultivars in Mexico are Fuerte, Hass, Bacon, Reed, Criollor, and Zutano. (Full article...)

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Left: The Heart of Jesus (1759)

Right: The Heart of Mary (circa 1759)

By Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz, at the Museo Nacional de Arte

image credit: public domain

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Jerry Estrada (full name, Gerardo Hernández Estrada; born January 10, 1958, Monclova, Coahuila) is a semi-retired Mexican luchador (professional wrestler). For most of his career, he has portrayed a rudo (heel, those that portray the "bad guys") character, nicknamed "El Puma". His rudo persona was pattered on various Glam Rock bands, complete with colorful spandex and what was described as a "rock and roll" attitude in the ring. He was originally active from 1978 until 2003 when he was forced to retire due to chronic injures caused by his signature bumps outside the ring. Estrada began working select matches again in 2018.

Estrada was a major star for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) during the 1980s but was one of the first wrestlers to leave EMLL to work for Antonio Peña's newly started Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 1992. He also had a brief run in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1997 and 1998 when AAA and WWF had a working agreement. From 1991 to 2008 Mini-Estrella Enrique del Rio worked under the ring name Jerrito Estrada, a mini version of Jerry Estrada. (Full article...)

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Agustín de Iturbide (Spanish pronunciation: [aɣusˈtin dejtuɾˈβiðe] (

listen); 27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), full name Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu and also known as Agustín of Mexico, was a general in the Mexican army then a politician, becoming Emperor during the First Mexican Empire. During the country's war of independence, he built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively gaining independence for Mexico. After securing the secession of Mexico from Spain, Iturbide was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821; a year later, he was proclaimed Emperor, reigning from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823. In May 1823 he went into exile in Europe. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824, he was arrested and executed. He designed the Mexican flag. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

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In the news

20 May 2023 – Mexican drug war: Gunmen open fire during a car racing show in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, killing ten people and injuring nine others. (Reuters)
15 May 2023 – 2023 Farmington, New Mexico shooting: Three civilians are killed and two police officers are injured in a mass shooting in Farmington, New Mexico, United States. The shooter is killed by police. (CNN)
14 May 2023 –: At least 26 people are killed when a van crashes into a truck in Tamaulipas, Mexico. (AP)
10 May 2023 – Mexican drug war: Four people are killed during clashes at the Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge, on the Mexico–United States border, between police and suspected cartel members. (Mirror)
2 May 2023 –: The United States Department of Defense announces that it will deploy 1,500 troops along the Mexican border to provide non-law enforcement related administrative assistance to the United States Border Patrol. (CNN)
29 April 2023 – 2023 Nayarit bus crash: At least 18 people are killed and 33 others are injured after a bus plunges into a ravine in Nayarit, Mexico. (Reuters)

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Pan dulce at a shop in Mexico City

Pan dulce, literally meaning "sweet bread", is the general name for a variety of Mexican pastries. Wheat-based breads were first introduced in Mexico by Spanish colonists, settlers and immigrants; however, Mexican pan dulce as we know it today rose to popularity during the French occupation in the mid 1800s. They are inexpensive treats and are consumed as breakfast and or dinner. (Full article...)

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Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Mexican Coke Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Leon Trotsky in Mexico, 1938 (from History of Mexico)
Image 2Moctezuma Xocoyotzin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
Image 3Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 4President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 5Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE. Pigments over clay and plaster. Elaborate mural paintings adorned Teotihuacan's elite residential compound. This example may depict the city's principal deity, a goddess wearing a jade mask and a large feathered headdress. (from History of Mexico)
Image 6The identities of the Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities. (from History of Mexico)
Image 7The National film library. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 8Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 9The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 12Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army. (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon. At its peak around 600 CE, Teotihuacan was the sixth-largest city in the world. It featured a rational grid plan and a two-mile-long main avenue. Its monumental pyramids echo the shapes of surrounding mountains. (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Battle of Ixmiquilpan occurred on September 25, 1866. between 350 soldiers of the Belgian Legion and Juarista forces, ending the battle with the victory of the latter. (from History of Mexico)
Image 17Ingredients at a market in Mexico City, including quintoniles, huauzontle, huitlacoche, and squash flowers. (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. (from History of Mexico)
Image 19A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city off Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 20A detachment of Rurales during the Porfiriato (from History of Mexico)
Image 21Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramare Castle in Trieste. Painting by Cesare dell'Acqua (1821–1905). (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 23President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. Limestone, 3'7" × 2' 6.5". British Museum, London. The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs. (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE. Stone, 4' 10.5" high. National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico city. Chacmools represent fallen warriors reclining on their backs with receptacles on their chests to receive sacrificial offerings. Excavators discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo (from History of Mexico)
Image 26The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 27The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 28Agustín de Iturbide the first Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 29Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City, the king was the maximum authority of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from History of Mexico)
Image 30Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 31Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, December 6, 1914. Villa is sitting on the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. (from History of Mexico)
Image 321903. The slogan on the protest banner reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto). (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Rebel soldiers moving by rail during the Mexican Revolution. (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 35Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 36President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. (from History of Mexico)
Image 37Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 39Lithograph depicting head and shoulders of General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 40Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 41A rebel camp. (from History of Mexico)
Image 42The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE. A temple to Kukulkan sits atop this pyramid with a total of 365 stairs on its four sides. At the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow in the shape of a serpent along the northern staircase. (from History of Mexico)
Image 43Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. (from History of Mexico)
Image 44U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 45A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 46US President George W. Bush, Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo", Chichen Itza on Thursday, March 30, 2006. (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 49Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Friar Miguel de Herrera (1700–1789) (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Francisco I. Madero, Emiliano Zapata, June 12, 1911, in Cuernavaca (from History of Mexico)
Image 51In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type liquid petroleum gas (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others. (from History of Mexico)
Image 52A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 55Plutarco Elías Calles, president of Mexico 1924–28, and power behind the presidency during the Maximato when he did not hold formal power (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, overthrown in a coup d'état by peninsular conspirators in 1808 (from History of Mexico)
Image 57President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 58Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 59Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 61El Valle de México, s. XIX (The Valley of Mexico). (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 62Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an. (from History of Mexico)
Image 631985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comaches, prior to 1850. (from History of Mexico)
Image 65Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, each 16' high. The colossal statue-columns of Tula portraying warriors armed with darts and spear-throwers reflect the military regime of the Toltecs, whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) The "Zocalo" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 67Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commenced in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992. (from History of Mexico)
Image 68"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 70Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 71The American occupation of Mexico City. (from History of Mexico)
Image 72Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 73El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 74General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 75A pilot standing in front of his P-47D with a maintenance crew after a combat mission in the Battle of Luzon (from History of Mexico)
Image 76Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 77The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and destroyed the Mexican Federal Army (from History of Mexico)
Image 78Battle of Centla, first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 79"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk. (from History of Mexico)
Image 80Flag and coat of arms of the Mexican Empire superimposed a map of its territorial limits. Note the crown on the eagle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 81A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 82Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 83Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 84A 20th-century mural by Diego Rivera depicting Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor (from History of Mexico)
Image 85Miguel Hidalgo with a banner with the Virgin of Guadalupe (from History of Mexico)

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