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List of religions and spiritual traditions

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Religious symbols in clock-wise order: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (German paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism, Italo-Roman neopaganism.

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system."[1] A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world.[3]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal experiences.[4][5]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[7] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Contents

Abrahamic religionsEdit

Main article: Abrahamic religions

A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.

BábismEdit

Main article: Bábism

Bahá'í FaithEdit

Main article: Bahá'í Faith
See also: Bahá'í divisions

ChristianityEdit

Main article: Christianity
See also: List of Christian denominations
Western Christianity
Main article: Roman Catholic Church
Main article: Protestantism
Eastern Christianity

Other ChristianEdit

Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western."

No-longer-extant Christian groupsEdit

GnosticismEdit

Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[8]

Main article: Gnosticism
See also: List of Gnostic sects

The Yazidis are a syncretic Kurdish religion with a Gnostic influence:

Persian Gnosticism
Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism

None of these religions are still extant.

Main article: Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism
Neo-Gnostic Groups

IslamEdit

Main article: Islam
See also: Islamic schools and branches
Kalam (philosophical schools)
Main article: Ilm al-Kalam
Kharijite
Main article: Khawarij
Shia Islam
Main article: Shia Islam
Sufism
Main article: Sufism

Recent Sufi groups

Sunni Islam
Main article: Sunni Islam
Universalist movements
Restorationism
Main article: Islamism
Quranism
Main article: Quranism
Black Muslims
Main article: Black Muslims (disambiguation)
Ahmadiyya
Main article: Ahmadiyya
Other Islamic groups
Sufi and Shia Sects

DruzeEdit

Orchonid Druze (in Lebanon, Syria, Israel...)

Dyayummar Druze (in Lebanon only)

Messaite Druze (possibly in any place)

Main article: Druze

Judaism and related religionsEdit

Main article: Judaism
See also: Jewish religious movements
Rabbinic Judaism
Main article: Rabbinic Judaism
Karaite Judaism
Main article: Karaite Judaism
Samaritanism
Main article: Samaritans

Samaritans use a slightly different version of the Pentateuch as their Torah, worshiping at Mount Gerizim instead of Jerusalem, and are possibly the descendants of the lost Northern Kingdom. They are definitely of ancient Israelite origin, but their status as Jews is disputed.[9]

Falasha or Beta Israel
Noahidism
Main article: Noahidism

Noahidism is a monotheistic ideology based on the Seven Laws of Noah, and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism. According to Jewish law, non-Jews are not obligated to convert to Judaism, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah.

Historical groups

Second Temple Judaism

Black Hebrew IsraelitesEdit

Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites

Rastafari movementEdit

Main article: Rastafari movement

Mandaeans and SabiansEdit

Main articles: Mandaeism and Sabians

ShabakismEdit

Main article: Shabak people § Religious beliefs

Indian religionsEdit

Main article: Indian religions

Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Bhakti movementEdit

Main article: Bhakti movement

BuddhismEdit

Main article: Schools of Buddhism

Din-e IlahiEdit

HinduismEdit

Main article: Hinduism
See also: Hindu denominations
Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
Main article: Hindu philosophy

JainismEdit

Main article: Jainism

MeivazhiEdit

SikhismEdit

Main article: Sikhism

Iranian religionsEdit

Main article: Iranian religions

ZoroastrianismEdit

Main article: Zoroastrianism

Gnostic religionsEdit

Bábí movementEdit

YazdânismEdit

Main article: Yazdânism
  • Alevi (this is contested; most Alevi consider themselves to be Shia or Sufi Muslims, but a minority adhere to the Yazdani interpretation)
  • Yarsani
  • Yazidi

East Asian religionsEdit

Main article: East Asian religions

ConfucianismEdit

Main article: Confucianism

ShintoEdit

Main articles: Shinto and Shinto sects and schools

Shinto-inspired religionsEdit

TaoismEdit

Main article: Taoism

Contemporary Taoism-inspired religionsEdit

OtherEdit

ChineseEdit

KoreanEdit

VietnameseEdit

African diasporic religionsEdit

See also: African diasporic religions

African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.

Mesoamerican religionsEdit

Indigenous traditional religionsEdit

See also: Paganism and Folk religion

Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified "Pagan", but scholars prefer the terms "indigenous/primal/folk/ethnic religions".

AfricanEdit

Main article: African traditional religions
Northern Africa
West Africa
Central Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa

AmericanEdit

Main article: Native American mythology

EurasianEdit

Asian
European

Oceania/PacificEdit

Cargo cultsEdit

Main article: Cargo cults

Historical polytheismEdit

Mysticism and occultEdit

Modern PaganismEdit

New religious movementsEdit

Left-hand path religionsEdit

Post-theistic and naturalistic religionsEdit

OthersEdit

Parody or mock religionsEdit

Fictional religionsEdit

Other categorisationsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
  2. ^ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
  3. ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  4. ^ http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx
  5. ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  6. ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
  7. ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
  8. ^ "Irenaeus of Lyons". Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  9. ^ "Samaritans". Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  10. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  11. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  12. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  13. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  14. ^ a b "Welcome to Jainworld - Jain Sects - tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24. 
  15. ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge, pp. 279-280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
  16. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0

External linksEdit

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