While the word religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion used in religious studies courses defines it as a

[…] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.[1]
Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, which at some point in the future will be countless.[2]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[3][4]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Eastern religionsEdit
East Asian religionsEdit
Religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism, Confucianism, Shenism, Muism and Shintoism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
ConfucianismEdit
- Confucian churches
- Confucian philosophy schools
- Korean Confucianism
ShintoEdit
- Koshintō
- Yoshida Shintō
- Izumo-taishakyo
- Konkōkyō
- Kurozumikyō
- Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama
- Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō
TaoismEdit
- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
- Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Yao Taoism (a.k.a. "Meishanism")
- Faism (a.k.a. "Redhead Taoism")
- Xuanxue (a.k.a. "Neo-Taoism")
OtherEdit
Chinese religionsEdit
- Benzhuism (Bai people)
- Bimoism (Yi people)
- Chinese ancestral worship
- Chinese folk religion
- Chinese religions of fasting
- Chinese salvationist religions
- Chinese shamanism (Wuism)
- De Jiao
- Dongba (Nakhi people)
- Guiyidao (Red Swastika Society)
- Luoism
- Maitreyanism
- Manchu shamanism (Manchu people)
- Mazu worship
- Moism (Zhuang people)
- Nuo folk religion (Tujia people)
- Qiang folk religion (Qiang people)
- Sanyiism
- Tiandiism
- Wang Ye worship
- Weixinism
- Xiantiandao
- Xuanyuanism
- Yao folk religion (Yao people)
- Yaochidao
- Yiguandao
- Zailiism
Chinese philosophy schoolsEdit
Japanese religionsEdit
Korean religionsEdit
Mongolian religionsEdit
Vietnamese religionsEdit
Dharmic religionsEdit
The four main religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
BuddhismEdit
- Mahayana
- Chinese Buddhism
- Tiantai
- Huayan school
- Chan Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- East Asian Mādhyamaka (a.k.a. the "Three Treatise school")
- Jonang
- Prasaṅgika
- Svatantrika
- Nichiren Buddhism
- Pure Land Buddhism
- Yogācāra
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Nikaya Buddhism (incorrectly called "Hinayana" in the West[citation needed])
- Theravada
- Sangharaj Nikaya (Bangladesh)
- Mahasthabir Nikaya (Bangladesh)
- Dwara Nikaya (Burma)
- Shwegyin Nikaya (Burma)
- Thudhamma Nikaya (Burma)
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Amarapura Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Ramañña Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Siam Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
- Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thailand)
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
- Vipassana movement (United States)
- Theravada
- Vajrayana
- Azhaliism (Bai people)
- Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
- Newar Buddhism (Nepal)
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Shingon Buddhism (Japan)
- Southern Esoteric Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Kirat Mundhum (Nepal)
Neo-BuddhismEdit
- Navayana (India; also called Neo-Buddhism or Ambedkarite Buddhism)
- Dalit Buddhist movement
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Triratna Buddhist Community
- New Kadampa Tradition[7]
- Share International
- True Buddha School
- Hòa Hảo
- Won Buddhism
HinduismEdit
- Ayyavazhi
- Kaumaram
- Shaivism[8]
- Shaktism[8]
- Smartism
- Śrauta
- Tantra
- Vaishnavism/Krishnaism[8][9]
- Balmikism
- Brahma Sampradaya (Madhva tradition)
- Ekasarana Dharma
- Kapadi Sampradaya
- Mahanubhava
- Nimbarka Sampradaya
- Pranami/Pranami Sampraday
- Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
- Ramsnehi
- Rudra Sampradaya
- Sri Vaishnavism
- Swaminarayan Sampradaya
- Vaishnava-Sahajiya
- Warkari
- Sant Mat[11]
- Hindu philosophy schools
- Yoga
- Ananda Yoga
- Bhakti yoga
- Hatha yoga
- Integral Yoga
- Jivamukti Yoga
- Jnana yoga
- Karma yoga
- Kripalu Yoga
- Kriya Yoga
- Kundalini yoga
- Raja yoga
- Sahaja Yoga
- Siddha Yoga
- Sivananda yoga
- Surat Shabd Yoga
- Tantric Yoga
Hindu new movementsEdit
- Ananda
- Ananda Ashrama
- Ananda Marga[13]
- Anandamayee Sangha
- Arya Samaj[14]
- Brahma Kumaris
- Chinmaya Mission
- Hindutva
- Mahima Dharma
- Matua Mahasangha
- Narayana Dharm
- Oneness Movement
- Ramakrishna Mission (Vedanta Society)
- Satsang
- Sathya Sai Baba movement
- Satya Dharma
- Shirdi Sai Baba movement
- Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
- Sri Aurobindo Ashram
- Sri Ramana Ashram
JainismEdit
SikhismEdit
- Mainstream
- Sects
Middle Eastern religionsEdit
Religions that originated in the Middle East; namely Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
Abrahamic religionsEdit
Baháʼí FaithEdit
ChristianityEdit
Eastern ChristianityEdit
- Church of the East (called "Nestorianism")
- Eastern Catholic Churches
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church")
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States)
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- (Independent Eastern Catholic Churches)
- Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church")
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Albanian Orthodox Church
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church
- (Noncanonical/Independent Eastern Orthodox Churches)
- Greek Old Calendarists (a.k.a. "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox")
- Russian Old Believers (a.k.a. "Old Ritualists")
- Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Spiritual Christianity
Western ChristianityEdit
- Proto-Protestantism
- Brethren of the Free Spirit (Historical)
- Hussites (Historical)
- Strigolniki (Historical)
- Waldensians
- Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Black church
- Christian deism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
- Jesuism
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Pentecostalism
- Quakers ("Friends")
- Reformed churches
- Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism")
- Arminianism
- Christian reconstructionism
- Congregational churches
- Continental Reformed churches
- Neo-Calvinism
- New Calvinism
- Presbyterianism
- Zwinglianism (Historical)
- Restoration movement
- Adventism
- Christadelphians
- Christian Science
- Churches of Christ
- Iglesia ni Cristo
- Bible Student movement
- Latter Day Saint movement
- Millerism (Historical)
- Stone-Campbell movement (a.k.a. "Campbellites")
- Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church")
- Unitarianism
- Unity Church
- Roman Catholic Church/Latin Church (a.k.a. "Roman Catholicism" or "Catholicism")
OtherEdit
Certain Christian groups difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western." Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[16]
- Arianism (Historical)
- Bagnolians (Historical)
- Bogomilism (Historical)
- Bosnian Church (Historical)
- Catharism (Historical)
- Cerdonians (Historical)
- Esoteric Christianity
- Christian Universalism
- Christopaganism
- Eastern Lightning
- Ecclesia Gnostica
- God Worshipping Society (Historical)
- Johannite Church
- Judaizers (Judeo-Christian)
- Nondenominational Christianity
- Nontrinitarianism
- Marcionism (Historical)
- Unification Church (Family Federation for World Peace and Unification)
- Reformed Eastern Christianity
- Sethianism (Historical)
- Basilideans (Historical)
- Valentinianism (Historical)
- Bardesanite School (Historical)
- Simonians (Historical)
- Theosophy
DruzeEdit
IslamEdit
KhawarijEdit
- Azraqi (Historical)
- Haruriyyah (Historical)
- Ibadi
- Sufri (Historical)
Shia IslamEdit
- Alevism
- Alawites (Nusayris)
- Isma'ilism
- Twelver
- Zaidiyyah
- Khurramites (Historical)
SufismEdit
- Bektashi Order
- Chishti Order
- Mevlevi Order
- Naqshbandi
- Kubrawiya
- Ni'matullāhī
- Qadiriyya
- Shadhili
- Suhrawardiyya
- Sufi Order International
- Tijaniyyah
- Universal Sufism
Sunni IslamEdit
OtherEdit
- Ahmadiyya
- Al-Fatiha Foundation
- Ali-Illahism
- Din-i Ilahi
- European Islam
- Gafatar
- Ittifaq al-Muslimin
- Jadid
- Jamaat al Muslimeen
- Liberal movements within Islam
- Mahdavia
- Mahdist State
- Milah Abraham
- Quranism
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- The Fellowship (The Family)
- Xidaotang
JudaismEdit
KabbalahEdit
Non-Rabbinic JudaismEdit
Rabbinic JudaismEdit
- Conservative Judaism (a.k.a. Masorti Judaism)
- Humanistic Judaism
- Jewish Renewal
- Orthodox Judaism
- Haredi Judaism (a.k.a. ultra-Orthodox)
- Modern Orthodox Judaism
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Reform Judaism
OthersEdit
Historical JudaismEdit
- Essenes
- Bana'im
- Hemerobaptists (possible ancestor of Mandaeism) (Historical)
- Maghāriya
- Nasoraeans (possible ancestor of Mandaeism) (Historical)
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism) (Historical)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism) (Historical)
- Zealots (Judea)
- Messianic sects
- Sabbateans
- Second Temple Judaism
- Frankism
MandaeismEdit
Iranian religionsEdit
YazdânismEdit
ZoroastrianismEdit
- Behafaridians (Historical)
- Mazdakism (Historical)
- Zurvanism (Historical)
Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religionsEdit
Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine.
Note: Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms.
AfricanEdit
Traditional AfricanEdit
- Akan religion
- Akamba religion
- Baluba mythology
- Bantu mythology
- Berber religion
- Bushongo mythology
- Bwiti
- Dahomean religion
- Dinka religion
- Efik mythology
- Fon and Ewe religion
- Khoekhoen Religion
- Odinala / Odinani
- Ik religion
- Lotuko mythology
- Lozi mythology
- Lugbara mythology
- Maasai mythology
- Mbuti mythology
- San religion
- Serer religion
- Tumbuka mythology
- Urhobo people
- Waaqeffanna
- Yoruba religion
Diasporic AfricanEdit
- Abakuá
- Candomblé
- Comfa
- Convince
- Cuban Vodú
- Dominican Vudú
- Espiritismo
- Haitian Vodou
- Hoodoo
- Jamaican Maroon religion
- Kélé
- Kumina
- Louisiana Voodoo
- Montamentu
- Myal
- Obeah
- Palo
- Quimbanda
- Santería
- Tambor de Mina
- Trinidad Orisha
- Umbanda
- Winti
AltaicEdit
AmericanEdit
- Abenaki mythology
- Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
- Blackfoot mythology
- Californian religions
- Cherokee mythology
- Chilote mythology
- Choctaw mythology
- Creek mythology
- Guarani mythology
- Haida mythology
- Ho-Chunk mythology
- Hopi mythology
- Inca mythology
- Iroquois mythology
- Jivaroan religion
- Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology
- Lakota mythology
- Lenape mythology
- Mapuche religion
- Mesoamerican religion
- Midewiwin
- Muisca religion
- Navajo religion
- Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
- Pawnee mythology
- Powhatan religion
- Tsimshian mythology
- Ute mythology
- Zuni mythology
AustroasiaticEdit
AustronesianEdit
- Aliran Kepercayaan/Mythology of Indonesia
- Malaysian folk religion
- Philippine Dayawism
- Polynesian mythology
Indo-EuropeanEdit
- Assianism (Ossetian religion)
- Kalash religion
Tai and MiaoEdit
Tibeto-BurmeseEdit
- Bon
- Burmese folk religion
- Benzhuism
- Bimoism
- Bathouism
- Bongthingism
- Donyi-Polo
- Heraka
- Kiratism
- Qiang folk religion
- Sanamahism
UralicEdit
Other IndigenousEdit
New religious movementsEdit
Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.[17]
Cargo cultsEdit
New ethnic religionsEdit
BlackEdit
- Ausar Auset Society
- Dini Ya Msambwa
- Five-Percent Nation
- Godianism
- Black Muslims
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Mumboism
- Nation of Islam
- Nuwaubian Nation
RastafariEdit
Black Hebrew IsraelitesEdit
- African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
- Church of God and Saints of Christ
- Commandment Keepers
- Nation of Yahweh
- One West Camp
- Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
- Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
WhiteEdit
- Ariosophy
- British Israelism
- Christian Identity
- Creativity
- French Israelism
- Nordic Israelism
- Wotansvolk
Native AmericanEdit
Hindu-derived new religionsEdit
Sikh-derived new religionsEdit
Christian-derived new religionsEdit
Japanese new religionsEdit
- Aum Shinrikyo
- Church of World Messianity
- Happy Science
- Konkokyo
- Oomoto
- PL Kyodan
- Seicho-no-Ie
- Shinmeiaishinkai
- Tenrikyo
- Zenrinkyo
Modern PaganismEdit
Ethnic neopaganismEdit
- Armenian neopaganism
- Baltic neopaganism
- Caucasian neopaganism
- Celtic neopaganism
- Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
- Hellenism
- Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Kemetism
- Semitic neopaganism
- Slavic Native Faith (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)
- Uralic neopaganism
- Zalmoxianism
- Zuism
Syncretic neopaganismEdit
- Adonism
- Christopaganism
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Druidry
- Feraferia
- Goddess movement
- Huna
- Ivanovism
- Neoshamanism
- Pow-wow
- Radical Faeries
- Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
- Summum
- Technopaganism
- Wicca
Entheogenic religionsEdit
- Church of the Universe
- Neo-American Church
- Santo Daime
- Temple of the True Inner Light
- Tensegrity
- THC Ministry
- União do Vegetal
New Age MovementEdit
- A Course in Miracles
- Association for Research and Enlightenment
- Chaos Magic
- Conversations with God
- Eckankar
- Love Has Won
- Rainbow Family
- The Family
New ThoughtEdit
- Christian Science
- Church of Divine Science
- Church of the Truth
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Home of Truth
- Jewish Science
- Psychiana
- Religious Science
- Seicho-no-Ie
- The Infinite Way
- Unity Church
- Universal Foundation for Better Living
Parody religions and fiction-based religionsEdit
- Church of Euthanasia
- Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism")
- Church of the SubGenius
- Dinkoism
- Discordianism
- Dudeism
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Jediism
- Kibology
- Kopimism
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
- 'Pataphysics
- Silinism
- Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
- United Church of Bacon
Post-theistic and naturalistic religionsEdit
- Abrahamites
- Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical)
- Deism
- Ethical movement
- Freethought
- God-Building
- Humanism
- Ietsism
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Pandeism
- Pantheism
- Religion of Humanity
- Theophilanthropy
- Saint-Simonianism
- Syntheism
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
UFO religionsEdit
- Aetherius Society
- Ashtar Galactic Command
- Chen Tao ("True Way")
- Fiat Lux
- Ground Crew Project
- Heaven's Gate
- Industrial Church of the New World Comforter
- Mark-Age
- Nuwaubianism
- Order of the Solar Temple
- Raëlism
- Scientology
- The Seekers
- Unarius Academy of Science
- Universe people
- Urantia movement
Western esotericismEdit
- Archeosophical Society
- Builders of the Adytum
- Fraternity of the Inner Light
- Hermeticism
- Illuminates of Thanateros
- Luciferianism
- New Acropolis
- Occultism
- Ordo Aurum Solis
- Rosicrucian
- Satanism
- Thelema
- Theosophy
- Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
Other newEdit
Historical religionsEdit
Bronze AgeEdit
Classical antiquityEdit
- Ancient Semitic religion
- Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
- Somali mythology
- Hurrian religion
- Urartu religion
- Luwian religion
- Etruscan religion
- Basque mythology
- Georgian mythology
- Vainakh religion
- Proto-Indo-European mythology
- Hittite mythology and religion
- Armenian mythology
- Albanian mythology
- Thracian religion
- Ancient Greek religion
- Religion in ancient Rome
- Manichaeism
- Scythian religion
- Germanic paganism
- Ancient Celtic religion
- Baltic mythology
- Slavic paganism
- Finnish mythology
- Hungarian mythology
- Ainu religion
- Melanesian mythology
- Micronesian mythology
- Cook Islands mythology
- Rapa Nui mythology
- Tongan religion
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (religion of the Mississippian culture)
- Inca mythology
- Olmec religion
- Zapotec religion
- Fuegian religions
- Guanche religions
- Jamaican Maroon religion
Other historicalEdit
Other categorisationsEdit
By demographicsEdit
By areaEdit
- List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Oceania
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- Religion in South America
- Religion by country
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "About - the Parapsychological Association".
- ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
- ^ a b c Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
- ^ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 997.
- ^ Lorenzen, David N. (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
- ^ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
- ^ a b "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "Irenaeus of Lyons". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Clarke 2006.
- ^ Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.
- ^ Laycock, Joseph P. Reitman (2012). "We Are Spirits of Another Sort". Nova Religio. 15 (3): 65–90. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.65.
SourcesEdit
- Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6.</ref>
- Doniger, Wendy, ed. (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666.
- Eliade, Mircea, ed. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 16-volume Set. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0029094801.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2003) [1978]. Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
- Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. Vol. 6-volume Set (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.