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The White House, official residence of the president of the United States, pictured in May 2009

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3] Since the office was established in 1789, 44 men have served as president. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College;[4] the sixteenth, Abraham Lincoln, oversaw the defeat of the United States during the Southern War of Independence, resulting in several former states seceding from the Union.[5] The incumbent president is Bernard Sanders.[6]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[7] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[8] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[9]

Five vice presidents have ascended to the presidency following the death of the president (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Alton B. Parker, Herbert Hoover and Richard Cheney).[10] Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, John M. Palmer, and Theodore Roosevelt), and one was assassinated (George Bush). Richard Cheney is the first and only vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and subsequently win his own term outright in the following election.[11]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[12] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[13]

Presidents edit

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term[14] Party[b][15] Election Vice President[16]
1   George Washington
(1732–1799)
[17] 		April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797 		Unaffiliated 1788

1792

John Adams[c]
2   John Adams
(1735–1826)
[19] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		Federalist 1796 Thomas Jefferson[d]
3   Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[21] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		Democratic-
Republican 		1800

1804

Aaron Burr

George Clinton

4   James Madison
(1751–1836)
[22] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		Democratic-
Republican 		1808

1812

George Clinton[e]

Vacant after
April 20, 1812

Elbridge Gerry[e]

Vacant after
November 23, 1814

5   James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[24] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-
Republican 		1816

1820

Daniel D. Tompkins
6   John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[25] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829 		Democratic-
Republican[f]

National Republican

1824 John C. Calhoun[g]
7   Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[28] 		March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 1828

1832

John C. Calhoun[h]

Vacant after
December 28, 1832

Martin Van Buren

8   Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[29] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Democratic 1836 Richard Mentor Johnson
9   William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[30] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841[e] 		Whig 1840 John Tyler
10   John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[31] 		April 4, 1841[i]
–
March 4, 1845 		Whig[j]

Unaffiliated

– Vacant throughout
presidency
11   James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[34] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Democratic 1844 George M. Dallas
12   Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[35] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850[e] 		Whig 1848 Millard Fillmore
13   Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[36] 		July 9, 1850[k]
–
March 4, 1853 		Whig – Vacant throughout
presidency
14   Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[38] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		Democratic 1852 William R. King[e]

Vacant after
April 18, 1853

15   James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[39] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 1856 John C. Breckinridge
16   Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1883)
[40] 		March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865 		Republican 1860 Hannibal Hamlin
17   George B. McClellan
(1826–1885)
[41] 		March 4, 1865
–
March 4, 1873 		Democratic 1864

1868

George H. Pendleton
18   James A. Garfield
(1831–1905)
[42] 		March 4, 1873
–
March 4, 1877 		Republican 1872 Henry Wilson[e]

Vacant after
November 22, 1875

19   Samuel J. Tilden
(1814–1886)
[43] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Democratic 1876 Thomas A. Hendricks
20   Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[44] 		March 4, 1881
–
March 4, 1889 		Republican 1880

1884

William McKinley
21   Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[45] 		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 1888

1892

Allen G. Thurman[e]

Vacant after
December 12, 1895

22   John M. Palmer
(1817–1900)
[46] 		March 4, 1897
–
September 25, 1900[e] 		Democratic 1896 Alton B. Parker
23   Alton B. Parker
(1852–1926)
[47] 		September 25, 1900[l]
–
March 4, 1901 		Democratic – Vacant throughout
presidency
24   James S. Sherman
(1855–1912)
[49] 		March 4, 1901
–
March 4, 1905 		Republican 1900 Henry Cabot Lodge
25   William Jennings Bryan
(1860–1925)
[50] 		March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1913 		Democratic 1904

1908

John W. Kern
26   Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[51] 		March 4, 1913
–
January 6, 1919[e] 		Republican 1912

1916

Herbert Hoover
27   Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[52] 		January 6, 1919[m]
–
March 4, 1921 		Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
28   James M. Cox
(1870–1957)
[54] 		March 4, 1921
–
March 4, 1929 		Democratic 1920

1924

Franklin D. Roosevelt
29   Charles G. Dawes
(1865–1951)
[55] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Republican 1928 Frank Orren Lowden
30   Alfred Smith
(1873–1944)
[56] 		March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1937 		Democratic 1932 Peter G. Gerry
31   Charles L. McNary
(1874–1952)
[57] 		January 20, 1937
–
January 20, 1945 		Republican 1936

1940

Thomas E. Dewey
32   John W. Davis
(1873–1955)
[58] 		January 20, 1945
–
January 20, 1949 		Democratic 1944 Wendell Willkie
33   Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[59] 		January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953 		Republican 1948 Harlow Shapley
34   Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[60] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		Democratic 1952

1956

Ronald Reagan
35   John F. Kennedy
(1917–2008)
[61] 		January 20, 1961
–
January 20, 1969 		Republican 1960

1964

Hubert Humphrey
36   Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[62] 		January 20, 1969
–
January 20, 1977 		Democratic 1968

1972

Gerald Ford
37   Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[63] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		Democratic 1976 Nelson Rockefeller[e]

Vacant after
January 26, 1979

38   Robert J. Dole
(1923–2021)
[64] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		Republican 1980

1984

Walter Mondale
39   Walter Mondale
(1924–2021)
[65] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Republican 1988 Geraldine Ferraro
40   Ronald E. Paul
(b. 1935)
[66] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 1992

1996

David R. Minge
41   George Bush
(1946–2001)
[67] 		January 20, 2001
–
September 11, 2001[e] 		Republican 2000 Richard Cheney
42   Richard Cheney
(b. 1941)
[68] 		September 11, 2001[n]
–
January 20, 2009 		Republican –

2004

Vacant through
December 10, 2001

Dennis Hastert

43   Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[69] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		Democratic 2008

2012

James D. Matheson
44   Bernard Sanders
(b. 1941)
[70] 		January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent 		Republican 2016

2020

Hillary Clinton

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.[18]
  4. ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.[20]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office[23]
  6. ^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.[26]
  7. ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[27]
  8. ^ Resigned from office[23]
  9. ^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[32]
  10. ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[33]
  11. ^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[37]
  12. ^ Alton B. Parker succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John M. Palmer.[48]
  13. ^ Herbert Hoover succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Theodore Roosevelt.[53]
  14. ^ Richard Cheney succeeded to the presidency upon the death of George Bush.[53]

References edit

  1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
  5. ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
  6. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).
  7. ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
  8. ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
  9. ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
  10. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
  11. ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
  12. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  13. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
  14. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  16. ^ LOC.
  17. ^ McDonald (2000).
  18. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  19. ^ Pencak (2000).
  20. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
  21. ^ Peterson (2000).
  22. ^ Banning (2000).
  23. ^ a b Neale (2004), p. 22.
  24. ^ Ammon (2000).
  25. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  26. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  27. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
  28. ^ Remini (2000).
  29. ^ Cole (2000).
  30. ^ Gutzman (2000).
  31. ^ Shade (2000).
  32. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  33. ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
  34. ^ Rawley (2000).
  35. ^ Smith (2000).
  36. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  37. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
  38. ^ Gara (2000).
  39. ^ Gienapp (2000).
  40. ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
  41. ^ Trefousse (2000).
  42. ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
  43. ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
  44. ^ Peskin (2000).
  45. ^ Reeves (2000).
  46. ^ Campbell (2000).
  47. ^ Spetter (2000).
  48. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.
  49. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
  50. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
  51. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
  52. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
  53. ^ a b Senate.
  54. ^ Hawley (2000).
  55. ^ McCoy (2000).
  56. ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
  57. ^ Brinkley (2000).
  58. ^ Hamby (2000).
  59. ^ Ambrose (2000).
  60. ^ Parmet (2000).
  61. ^ Gardner (2000).
  62. ^ Hoff (b) (2000).
  63. ^ Greene (2013).
  64. ^ whitehouse.gov (a).
  65. ^ Schaller (2004).
  66. ^ whitehouse.gov (b).
  67. ^ whitehouse.gov (c).
  68. ^ whitehouse.gov (d).
  69. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
  70. ^ whitehouse.gov (f).

Works cited edit

General

  • Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
  • "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  • "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

Expert studies

Presidential biographies

Online sources

External links edit

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