The demographics of Filipino Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to the Philippines. As of the 2020 Census, there were 4.4 million Filipino Americans, including Multiracial Americans who were part Filipino living in the US. Filipino Americans constitute the third-largest population of Asian Americans, and the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.
![Map of the United States showing the distribution of Filipino Americans](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Filipinos_in_the_United_States.png/450px-Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Filipinos_in_the_United_States.png)
The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates to October 1587, with the first permanent settlement of Filipinos in present-day Louisiana in 1763. Migration of significant numbers of Filipinos to the United States did not occur until the early 20th century, when the Philippines was an overseas territory of the United States. After World War II, and until 1965, migration of Filipinos to the United States was reduced limited to primarily military and medically connected immigration. Since 1965, due to changes in immigration policy, the population of Filipino Americans has expanded significantly.
Filipino Americans can be found throughout the United States, especially in the Western United States and metropolitan areas. In California, Filipinos were initially concentrated in its Central Valley, especially in Stockton, but later shifted to Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area. Other states with significant populations of Filipinos include: Hawaii, Texas, Washington, Nevada, Florida, and Illinois. New Jersey and the New York Metropolitan area also has a significant population of Filipinos. There are smaller populations of Filipino Americans elsewhere.
As a population, Filipino Americans are multilingual, with Tagalog being the largest non-English language being spoken. A majority of Filipino Americans are Christian, with smaller populations having other religious views. On average, Filipino Americans earn a higher average household income and achieve a higher level of education than the national average.
National population demographics
editYear | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1910 | 160 | — |
1920 | 5,603 | +3401.9% |
1930 | 45,208 | +706.9% |
1940 | 45,563 | +0.8% |
1950 | 61,636 | +35.3% |
1960 | 176,310 | +186.1% |
1970 | 343,060 | +94.6% |
1980 | 774,652 | +125.8% |
1990 | 1,406,770 | +81.6% |
2000 | 2,364,815 | +68.1% |
2010 | 3,416,840 | +44.5% |
2020 | 4,436,992 | +29.9% |
2000, 2010, & 2020 figures include Multiracial Filipino Americans Source: |
Due to the significant increase of Indian Americans, Filipino Americans became the third-largest Asian American ethnicity in the United States.[5] Filipino Americans who only listed Filipino alone, increased their population by 20.4% to 3,076,108, being the third largest Asian alone ethnicities behind Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans. When including multiracial Asian Americans, the total population of Filipino Americans increased by 29.9% to 4,436,992 persons, behind Chinese Americans, and Indian Americans.[4]
The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census,[6][7] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans.[8] Only Chinese Americans have a larger population among Asian Americans.[9] Not including multiracial Filipino Americans, the population of those responding as Filipino alone in the 2010 Census was 2,555,923, an increase of 38% in population from the 2000 Census.[10][11] 69% of Filipino Americans were born outside of the United States. 77% of all Filipino Americans are United States citizens.[8][12] Filipino Americans are the largest subgroup of Overseas Filipinos;[13] as of 2011, there are 1,813,597 Philippines-born immigrants living in the United States (4.5% of all immigrants in the United States), of which 65% have become naturalized U.S. citizens.[14] In 2014, there was an estimated 1.23 million second generation Filipino Americans, who had a median age of 20, yet three percent were over the age of 64.[15] Life expectancy for Filipino Americans is higher than the general population of the United States; however, survival rates of Filipino Americans diagnosed with cancer are lower than European Americans and African Americans.[16] In 2015, the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey estimated that there were over 3.8 million Filipinos in the United States.[17] In 2018, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be over 4 million.[18][19] In 2019, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be about 4.2 Million.[20]
The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the 2007 American Community Survey, identified approximately 3.1 million persons as "Filipino alone or in any combination". The census also found that about 80% of the Filipino American community are United States citizens.[21] According to a study published in 2007, 11% of single-heritage Filipinos did not mark "Asian" as their race; this number was greater among multiracial Filipinos.[22] Also in 2011, the U.S. State Department estimated the size of the Filipino American community at four million,[23] or 1.5% of the United States population. There are no official records of Filipinos who hold dual citizenship; however, during the 2000 Census data indicated that Filipino Americans had the lowest percentage of non-citizens amongst Asian Americans, at 26%.[24] Additionally, although historically there had been a larger number of Filipino American men than women, women represented 54% of the Filipino American adult population in the 2000 Census.[25]
Filipino Americans are the largest group of Overseas Filipinos, and the majority were born outside of the United States; at the same time, more than 73% are United States citizens.[24] Among Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are the most integrated in American society, and are described by University of California, Santa Barbara Professor Pei-te Lien as being "acculturated and economically incorporated".[26] One in five is a multiracial American. Multiple languages are spoken by Filipino Americans, and the majority are Roman Catholic. A U.S. Census Bureau survey done in 2004 found that[update] Filipino Americans had the second highest median family income amongst Asian Americans, and had a high level of educational achievement.[28]
Interracial marriage among Filipinos is common.[29] They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups in California—[30] only Japanese Americans have a higher rate nationally.[31] Compared to other Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are more likely to have a Hispanic spouse.[32] Statistically, Filipino American women are more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity (38.9%) than Filipino American men (17.6%); other Asian American populations have lower rates of marrying outside of their race than both Filipino American men and women.[33] Between 2008 and 2010, 48% of Filipino American marriages were with non-Asians.[34] It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are multiracial, second among Asian Americans.[33][35] Depending on their parentage, multiracial Filipino Americans may refer to themselves as Mestizo, Tsinoy, Blackapino, and Mexipino.[36]
Historical settlement
editEarly immigration
editThe earliest recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States is October 1587 when mariners under Spanish command landed in Morro Bay, California.[37][38] The earliest permanent Filipino American residents arrived in the Americans in 1763,[38] settling in Louisiana's bayou country.[39] They later created settlements in the Mississippi River Delta such as Saint Malo, Manila Village in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, and four others in present-day Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes.[38][40] These early settlements were composed of sailors compelled to serve in press gangs who had escaped from duty aboard Spanish galleons. They were documented by Harper's Weekly journalist Lafcadio Hearn in 1883.[38] These settlements were the first longstanding Asian American settlements in the United States.[41] The last of these, Manila Village, survived until 1965 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy.[42] An additional 2,000 were documented in New Orleans with their roots dating back to about 1806— the first being Augustin Feliciano from the Philippines's Bicol Region.[43] Others came later from: Manila, Cavite, Ilocos, Camarines, Zamboanga, Zambales, Leyte, Samar, Antique, Bulacan, Bohol, Cagayan, and Surigao.[44]
American period
editSignificant immigration to the United States began in the 1900s[45] after the Spanish–American War when the Philippines became an overseas territory of the United States, and the population became United States nationals.[46] Unlike other Asians who were unable to immigrate to the United States because of the immigration laws of the time, Filipinos, as U.S. nationals, were exempt.[47] In December 1915, it was ruled that Filipinos were eligible for naturalization and could become citizens.[48] Naturalization remained difficult, however, with documented cases of denied naturalization and de-naturalization occurring in the early 20th century.[49] Filipinos, many agricultural laborers, settled primarily in the then Territory of Hawaii and California.[50] Of the one hundred thirteen thousand Filipinos who immigrated during the early American period, about a third returned to the Philippines.[51]
A smaller group of immigrants were sent on a scholarship program established by the Philippine Commission,[52] and were collectively known as "pensionados";[53] the first batch of pensionados was sent in 1903 and the scholarship program continued until World War II.[54] The students were chosen initially from wealthy and elite Filipino families, but were later from a more diverse background. Other Filipino students, outside the program, came to the United States for education; many did not return to the Philippines.[55]
During this wave of migration to the United States from the Philippines, men outnumbered women by a ratio of about 15:1.[56] Nuclear families were rare, therefore, and an indication of privilege.[57] This migration, known as the "manong generation",[58] was reduced to 50 persons a year after passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act) which classified Filipinos as aliens.[6][59] This was offset by the United States Navy's recruitment of Filipinos,[6] that began in 1898 and authorized by President William McKinley in 1901.[6][60] They were exempt from this quota.[6] Additionally, those Filipino sailors were eligible for naturalization after three years of service.[61] By 1922, Filipinos made up 5.7% of the United States Navy's enlisted personnel.[59] In 1930, there were twenty-five thousand Filipino Americans in the United States Navy, primarily rated as stewards,[62] having largely displaced African-Americans in that rating.[63]
Post independence
editThe War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946,[64][65] allowed veterans to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancées, wives, and children.[66][67] In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides.[68] That is not to say only women and children were beneficiaries of the acts, for it was recorded that a lone Filipino groom immigrated during this period.[69] These new immigrants formed a second generation of Filipino Americans that grew Filipino American communities,[65] providing nuclear families.[70] Immigration levels were impacted by the independence of the Philippines from the United States,[71] that occurred on 4 July 1946. The quota of non-naval immigration increased slightly to 100 because of the passage of the Luce–Celler Act of 1946.[71] Thus, Filipino American communities developed around United States Navy bases, whose impact can still be seen today.[70][72] Filipino American communities were also settled near Army and Air Force bases.[70] After World War II, until 1965, half of all Filipino immigrants to the United States were wives of U.S. servicemembers.[15] In 1946, the Filipino Naturalization Act allowed for naturalization,[73] and citizenship for Filipinos who had arrived before March 1943.[74] Beginning in 1948, due to the U.S. Education Exchange Act, Filipino nurses began to immigrate to the United States; 7,000 arrived that year.[75]
Post 1965
editFollowing the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, until at least the 1990s, the Philippines became the largest source of Asian immigration, providing one-fourth of Asian immigrants to the United States.[6][76] Filipinos were the largest number of Asians immigrants to the U.S. and the second-largest immigrant population after Mexicans.[77] Into the 1990s, Filipino immigrants included many highly educated and higher skilled immigrants.[58][78] A significant portion of them worked in the medical field filling medical personnel shortages in the U.S. in areas like nursing. As a result of the shortage of nurses, the Philippines become the largest source of healthcare professionals who immigrated to the U.S.[79] In the 1960s, nurses from the Philippines became the largest group of nurses immigrating to the U.S. surpassing those immigrating from Canada.[80] By the 1970s, 9,158 Filipino nurses had immigrated to the U.S., making up 60% of its immigrant nurses.[81] By 2000, one in ten Filipino Americans, or an estimated 100,000 immigrants, were employed as nurses.[75] in 2020, the estimate of Filipino American nurses increased to over 150,000, or 4% of the all nurses in the United States.[82] In 2020, 7% of those employed in the medical field were Filipino American.[83] Another result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was that family reunification based immigration added to the total number of Filipino immigrants resulting in two distinct economic groups within the Filipino American community.[79][84]
Like other immigrant groups, Filipino immigrants clustered together both out of a sense of community and in response to prejudice against them. This created the first Little Manilas in urban areas.[85] As time passed, immigration policies changed, and prejudice diminished, leading to a decline in the presence of Little Manilas.[86] Between 1965 and 1985, more than 400,000 Filipinos immigrated to the United States.[87] In 1970, immigrants made up more than half (53%) of all Filipino Americans.[88] In 1980, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in the entire US.[89] Half a million of the Filipino American population were immigrants, making up 3.6% of all immigrants in the U.S.[15] outnumbering United States-born Filipino Americans two to one.[90] In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s more than half a million Filipinos obtained legal permanent resident status in the U.S. during each decade.[91] In 1992, the U.S. Navy ended the Philippines Enlistment Program because of the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement. It had allowed about thirty-five thousand Filipinos to join the U.S. Navy, many of whom immigrated to the U.S.[92] Filipino Americans tended to settle in major metropolitan areas,[93] and in the West[94] in a more dispersed fashion. They also intermarried more than other Asian Americans.[90]
Population concentrations
editAs of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in 11 states: Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[95] As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in 15 states: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, and Washington.[96] As of the 2020 Census, the ten states with the largest populations of Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were California (1,741,613), Hawaii (383,200), Texas (234,091), Washington (194,682), Nevada (181,595), Florida (178,026), Illinois (167,748), New York (164,383), New Jersey (151,167), and Virginia (122,185).[97]
The following is a list of states with significant Filipino American populations of over 70,000 in 2017.[18]
States | Filipino alone or in any combination |
---|---|
California | 1,651,933[18] |
Hawaii | 367,364[18] |
Texas | 194,427[18] |
Washington | 178,300[18] |
Nevada | 169,462[18] |
Illinois | 159,385[18] |
New York | 144,436[18] |
Florida | 143,481[18] |
New Jersey | 129,514[18] |
Virginia | 108,128[18] |
Maryland | 71,858[18] |
Arizona | 70,333[18] |
United States | 4,037,564[18] |
In 2010, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in 10 of the 13 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming; Filipino Americans are also the largest group of Asian Americans in South Dakota.[3] Filipino immigrants have dispersed across the United States, gravitating toward economic and professional opportunities, independent of geographic location.[14][98] Among the 1,814,000 Philippines-born Filipino Americans, the states with the largest concentrations are California (44.8%), Hawaii (6.2%), New Jersey (4.8%), Texas (4.8%), and Illinois (4.7%).[99]Table 4. In 2008, 35% of Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City metropolitan areas;[100] by 2011, the percentage of the total Filipino immigrant population in the U.S. in those metropolitan areas was 33%.[14] In 2010, Filipino Americans constituted the largest Asian American group within five of the nation's twenty largest metropolitan areas: San Diego, Riverside, Las Vegas, Sacramento, and Houston.[101]
California
editAlthough Filipinos first arrived in California in the 16th century,[102] the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781, when Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was counted in the census as a "chino".[103][104] Initially part of the expedition that would establish Pueblo de Los Ángeles, Rodriguez was not present when Pueblo de Los Ángeles was founded.[103] Delayed in Baja California due to illness in his family, he arrived in Alta California later.[103][105] In 1910, there were only five Filipinos in California;[106] ten years later, in 1920, 2,674 Filipinos lived there.[107] In 1930, there were about 35,000 Filipino agricultural laborers in California's Central Valley[108] where the majority of Filipinos in the United States resided.[109] Filipino laborers tended to have better working conditions and earn more than their Mexican or Japanese counterparts;[110] in addition, they were described as "dandies and sharp dressers".[111]
Before World War II, Stockton had the largest population of Filipinos outside of the Philippine Islands, and during the harvest season, its Filipino population would swell to over 10,000.[112] During the Great Depression Filipinos in California were the target of race riots, including the Watsonville riots.[113] By the end of World War II, the Filipino population in Stockton increased to over 15,000.[114] In the late 1950s, Filipino Americans in California were concentrated around Stockton, the Bay Area, and Los Angeles with migrant laborers being a significant part of the population.[115] By 1970, the Filipino population in Stockton was less than 5,000,[116] and the once vibrant Filipino community of "Little Manila" had been largely demolished except for a few blocks by 1999, mostly due to construction of the "Crosstown Freeway".[117] A population of Filipinos remains in the Central Valley region in the 21st century, however it is no longer a significant concentration.[118][119] In 2019, it was estimated that Filipino Americans are the largest populations of Asian Americans in Stockton, and are about 28,000 people.[120]
In 1940, the Filipino population grew to 31,408 and continued to grow to 67,134 by 1960. It had nearly doubled to 135,248 by 1970, and by 1990 had grown to almost three quarters of a million people (733,941).[121] Since at least 1990, Filipino Americans have been the largest group of Asian Pacific Americans in the state.[122][123] In 1990, more than half (52%) of all Filipino Americans lived in California.[90] In 2000, almost half of all Filipino Americans in the United States lived in California (49.4%), with Los Angeles County and San Diego County having the highest concentrations;[124] additionally in 2000, California was home to nearly half (49%) of Filipino immigrants.[125] In 2008, one out of every four Filipino Americans lived in Southern California, numbering over one million.[126][127]
The 2010 Census, confirmed that Filipino Americans had grown to become the largest Asian American population in the state[118][128] totaling 1,474,707 persons;[129] 43% of all Filipino Americans live in California.[130] Of these persons, 1,195,580 were not multiracial Filipino Americans.[11][131] As of 2011, California is home to 45% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States.[14] In 2013, 22,797 Filipino immigrants seeking lawful permanent residence within the United States sought residence in the state of California,[132] a change from 22,484 in 2012,[133] 20,261 in 2011,[134] and 24,082 in 2010.[135] 20% of California's registered nurses were Filipino in 2013;[136] according to the California Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles County has the largest concentration of Filipino American nurses, who are 27% of nurses in the county.[137] By 2021, the percentage of nurses in California who are Filipino American dropped down to 18%.[138]
By the 2020 Census, the share of Filipino Americans who lived in California decreased to 39.3% of all Filipino Americans living in the United States.[4] Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were the second largest population of Asian Americans in California, with 1,741,613 Filipino Americans living in the state.[139]
Greater Los Angeles
editFilipino pensionados began arriving to the region in 1903, including Ventura County;[140] others attended schools in Los Angeles County, including the University of Southern California, and University of California - Los Angeles.[141] In the 1920s, the area now known as Little Tokyo was known as Little Manila, where the first concentration of Filipino immigrants in Los Angeles lived.[142] In 1930, one in five Filipinos in the United States called Los Angeles County home. The number of Filipinos in the area expanded in the winter season to work temporary jobs.[143] In 1937, the first Filipina American graduated from UCLA.[144][145] In 1940, there were 4,503 Filipinos living in the City of Los Angeles.[88] Little Manila extended to the Bunker Hill and Civic Center areas of Los Angeles, but was forced to relocate to the Temple-Beverly Corridor in the 1950s and 1960s;[146][147] it has since been largely forgotten.[148] In the 20th century, Filipino sailors with the United States Navy began to be stationed in Oxnard and Long Beach, developing military related Filipino enclaves;[124][149] Long Beach community began in the 1940s,[150] the Oxnard community saw significant growth after the 1960s.[151] According to the 1970 United States Census, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area had the third largest Filipino American population in the United States at that time (32,018).[152] In the 1980s, there were 219,653 Filipinos in Los Angeles County.[153] In 1985, Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown opened the Filipino American Reading Room and Library.[144][145][154][155] In 1990, there were more Filipinos living in suburban Los Angeles (160,778), than in urban Los Angeles (135,336).[156] In 1996 one in four of Asian Americans in Los Angeles was Filipino.[154] In the last two decades of the 20th century Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in the region, however one writer described the population as having a "residential invisibility", with other Asian American populations being more visible.[157]
Greater Los Angeles is the metropolitan area home to the most Filipino Americans, with the population numbered around 606,657 in 2010;[158] Los Angeles County alone accounted for over 374,285 Filipinos,[159] the most of any single county in the U.S.[122] The Los Angeles region has the second-largest concentrated population of Filipinos in the world, surpassed only by Manila.[160] Greater Los Angeles is also home to the largest number of Filipino immigrants (16% of the total Filipino immigrant population of the United States), as of 2011.[14] Filipinos are the second-largest group of Asian Americans in the region;[161] however, in 2010, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans within the city of Los Angeles.[162] In 2016, among those surveyed for a report entitled The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles, Filipino Americans had the second-largest proportion of college graduates, with 76.2% having at least a bachelor's degree.[163]
The city of Los Angeles designated a section of Westlake as Historic Filipinotown in 2002. It is now largely populated by Hispanic and Latino Americans. Most Filipinos who resided in the area and the city in general have moved to the suburbs,[146][148][164] particularly cities in the San Gabriel Valley, including West Covina and Rowland Heights.[165][166][167] Due to West Covina's significant concentration of Filipino Americans, it was proposed a business district be designated a "Little Manila".[168] In 2014, about a quarter of Historic Filipinotown's population was Filipino, however the population did not have a significant "visible cultural impact";[169] in 2007, Filipinos were 15% of the area's population.[170] Within the city of Los Angeles, Eagle Rock has over 6,000 Filipinos calling the neighborhood home;[171] additionally, as of 2000 the largest source of foreign-born individuals was the Philippines.[172] Panorama City is another Los Angeles neighborhood with a noticeable Filipino population.[173] In 2010, 32.4% of Asians in La Puente were foreign-born Filipino.[174] Other significant concentrations of Filipino Americans in Los Angeles County are in Carson,[175][176] where "Larry Itliong Day" was dedicated,[177] Cerritos,[166][167][178] and Glendale.[179] Orange County also has a sizable and growing Filipino population,[180] whose population grew by 178% in the 1980s;[181] by 2018 the population was estimated to be 89,000.[182] The Inland Empire also has a population of Filipinos, with an estimated 59,000 living in the region in 2003, a hundred years after the first Filipinos arrived in the area to attend Riverside High School;[183] of those about 2,400 lived in Coachella Valley.[184] By the early 2010s estimates were there were around 90,000 Filipinos living in the region—the largest group with Asian ancestry in the area.[185]
As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans, after Chinese Americans, whose 419,187 persons made up 24.7% of all Asian Americans in Los Angeles County.[186]
San Francisco Bay Area
editOne of the earliest records of a Filipino settling in the San Francisco Bay Area occurred in the mid-19th century, when a Filipino immigrant and his Miwok wife settled in Lairds Landing on the Marin County coast;[187][188] many Coast Miwok trace their lineage to this couple.[187][189] Significant migration began in the early 20th century, including upper-class mestizo businessmen, mariners, and students (known as pensionados).[190] Another group of Filipinos who immigrated to the Bay Area was war brides, many of whom married African-American "buffalo soldiers".[191] Additionally, other immigrants came through the U.S. Military, some through the Presidio of San Francisco, and others as migrant workers on their way to points inland; many of these Filipinos would settle down permanently in the Bay Area, establishing "Manilatown" on Kearny Street (next to Chinatown).[190] At its largest size, "Manilatown" was home to at least 10,000,[192][193] the last of whom were evicted in August 1977 from the International Hotel.[192][194][195] After 1965, Filipinos from the Philippines began immigrating to San Francisco, concentrating in the South of Market neighbourhood.[194] In 1970, the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area had the largest population of Filipinos of any metropolitan area in the continental United States—44,326.[152] Two other nearby metropolitan areas also had a population of Filipinos greater than 5,000 in 1970, San Jose (6,768), and Salinas-Monterey (6,147).[152] Due to a change in the ethnic make up of the Yerba Buena neighborhood, and with the construction of the Dimasalang House in 1979, four street names were changed to honor notable Filipinos.[194][196] By 1990, 30% of the population in South of Market was Filipino American.[194]
The 2000 Census showed that the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to approximately 320,000 residents of Filipino descent,[197] with the largest concentration living in Santa Clara County.[198] In the mid-2000s Filipino Americans were between one fifth and one fourth of the total population of Vallejo, having been drawn there by agriculture and Mare Island Naval Shipyard.[199] In 2007, there were about a hundred thousand Filipino Americans living in the East Bay alone.[191] By the time of the 2010 Census the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to 463,458 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans;[200] Santa Clara county continued to have the largest concentration in the area.[201] In 2011, 9% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States reside in the San Francisco metropolitan area, and an additional 3% resided in the San Jose metropolitan area.[14] Daly City, in the San Francisco Bay Area, has the highest concentration of Filipino Americans of any municipality in the U.S.; Filipino Americans comprise 35% of the city's population.[202] In 2016, although the number of Filipinos living within the City of San Francisco has been reduced, a heritage district was designated "SoMa Pilipinas".[203]
San Diego County
editSan Diego has historically been a destination for Filipino immigrants and has contributed to the growth of its population.[79][204][205] One of the earliest instances of a Filipino being in San Diego, occurred during the Portolá expedition in 1769, while California was still part of New Spain.[206] The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego, as part of the United States, occurred in 1903 when Filipino students arrived at State Normal School;[121][207] they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino sailors serving in the United States Navy.[208] Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time, the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown around Market Street,[121][209] then known as "Skid Row".[210] Prior to World War II, due to anti-miscegenation laws, multi-racial marriages with Hispanic and Latino women were common, particularly with Mexicans.[211] In the 1940s and 1950s, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asians within the City of San Diego, with a population around 500.[209] After World War II, the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U.S. Navy in one form or another. Even in the late 1970s and early 1980s more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at Balboa Naval Hospital.[121] In the 1970s, the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military, and a wife who was a nurse.[212] Many Filipino American veterans, after completing active duty, would move out of San Diego, to the suburbs of Chula Vista and National City.[167] In 1995, it was estimated that Filipinos made up between 35% and 45% of the population of National City.[213]
From a population of 799 in 1940,[121] to 15,069 in 1970,[121][152] by 1990 the Filipino American population in San Diego County increased to 95,945.[121] In 2000, San Diego County had the second-largest Filipino American population of any county in the nation, with over 145,000 Filipinos, alone or in combination;[214] by the 2010 Census the population had grown to 182,248.[215] In 1990 and 2000, San Diego was the only metropolitan area in the U.S. where, at more than fifty percent, Filipinos constituted the largest Asian American nationality.[214][216][217] As of 2011, 5% of all Filipino immigrants in the United States call San Diego County home;[14] by 2012, there was an estimated 94,000 Filipino immigrants living in San Diego.[15] Filipinos concentrated in the South Bay,[218] where they had been historically concentrated.[121] In 2015, there were over 31,000 Filipino Americans in Chula Vista alone.[219] Also, in 2015, it was documented that the county had the third largest concentration of Filipino Americans in the entire United States.[220] By late 2016, the population in the county increased to almost 200 thousand.[221] More affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of North County,[218] particularly Mira Mesa (sometimes referred to as "Manila Mesa").[222] A portion of California State Route 54 in San Diego is officially named the "Filipino-American Highway", in recognition of the Filipino American community.[223]
As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the plurality of all Asian Americans living in San Diego County, with their 215,168 people making up 41.6% of all Asian Americans within the county.[224]
Hawaii
editFrom 1909 to 1934, Hawaiian sugar plantations recruited Filipinos, later known as sakadas; by 1932 Filipinos made up the majority of laborers on Hawaiian sugar plantations.[59] In 1920, Filipinos were the fifth largest population by race in Hawaii, with 21,031 people.[225] By 1930, the population of Filipinos in Hawaii had nearly tripled to 63,052.[226] As late as 1940, the population of Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii outnumbered Filipinos in the continental United States.[59] In 1970, the Honolulu metropolitan area alone had a population of 66,653 Filipinos, the largest Filipino population in any metropolitan area in the United States.[152]
According to the 2000 Census, the state of Hawaii had a Filipino population of over 275,000,[227][228] with over 191,000 living on the island of Oahu;[228] of those, 102,000 were immigrants.[125] Furthermore, Filipinos made up the third largest ethnicity among Asian Pacific Americans,[229] while making up the majority of the populations of Kauai and Maui counties.[230] In June 2002, representatives from the Arroyo Administration and local leaders presided over the grand opening and dedication of the Filipino Community Center in Waipahu.[231] In the 2010 census, Filipino Americans became the largest Asian ethnicity in Hawaii, partially due to the declining population of the state's Japanese Americans.[232] In 2011, four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the U.S. resided in the Honolulu metro area, and were 43% of all immigrants in the Honolulu metro area as well. Filipino immigrants in Hawaii made up six per cent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[14]
In 2020, there were 383,200 Filipino Americans in Hawaii.[233] A quarter of the population of Hawaii are Filipino Americans.[234][235] Filipino Americans are the second largest ethnicity in Hawaii, after European Americans.[236] Filipino Americans in Hawaii have the second highest median family income of any ethnic group, after Japanese Americans in Hawaii, yet they are not one of the dominate ethnicities within the socioeconomic hierarchy in Hawaii.[236] The majority of Filipino Americans in Hawaii live in multigenerational households; and nearly a third work in the service industry.[236] During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Filipino Americans were about a fifth of all COVID-19 cases in Hawaii.[237] 2023 Hawaii wildfires on Maui significantly impacted the Filipino American community in Lahaina, where 40% of the community's population before the wildfires were Filipino Americans.[235][238]
Texas
editThe first Filipino known by name in Texas was Francisco Flores, who came to Texas by way of Cuba in the nineteenth century.[239][240] Flores lived initially in Port Isabel later moving to Rockport.[239] Following the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, Filipinos began migrating to Texas.[239] Filipino employees of American officers who served in the Philippines, would move with those officers when they returned to the Continental United States, with many settling around San Antonio.[239] Other Filipinos resettled in Texas after initially residing elsewhere in the United States.[239] In 1910, there were six Filipinos living in Texas, by 1920 this number had increased to 30, and by 1930, the population had grown to 288.[106] With the disbandment of the Philippine Scouts, many who remained in the military came to call Fort Sam Houston home, along with Filipina war brides.[241] After World War II, many Filipino professionals began immigrating to Texas; 2,000 Filipino nurses called Houston home.[239] In 1950, about 4,000 Filipino Americans were in Texas;[242] their number had increased to 75,226 by 2000.[25]
As more Filipino Americans came to Texas, the center of their population shifted to Houston, which today has one of the largest Filipino populations in the South.[242] Fort Bend County near Houston has the highest percentage of Filipinos in Texas.[243] With Texas being part of the Bible Belt, it is often a popular destination for emigrating Filipino Protestants.[242] In 2000, Texas was home to the seventh-largest population of Filipino immigrants.[125] According to the 2010 Census, there were 137,713 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans in Texas.[244] In 2011, five percent (86,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Texas.[14]
Washington
editThe first documented Filipino in Washington state was a lumber mill employee at Port Blakely in 1888, but there were some earlier instances of Filipino seamen settling in the Puget Sound region.[245] In 1910, the population of Filipinos in Washington was twelve times greater than in California.[246] In 1920, there were almost a thousand (958) Filipinos in Washington.[106] Pre-World War II, Washington had the second-largest population of Filipino Americans in the mainland United States—3,480 in 1930;[247] this population had declined to 2,200 by 1940.[248] A significant population of these early Filipinos were migratory workers, working in the canneries in Puget Sound, and harvesting crops in Yakima Valley.[249]
In 1970, Filipino Americans were the fifth-largest minority population, with 11,462 persons, after African-Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Native Americans, and Japanese Americans; they were 0.3% of the total population of Washington at the time; 87.2% lived in urban areas,[250] and 7,668 Filipinos lived in the Seattle–Tacoma–Everett metropolitan area.[152] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Washington.[122] As of the 2010 Census, the state was home to the fifth largest Filipino American population in the nation.[130] 60% of Filipino Americans living in Washington have arrived since 1965.[251]
Nevada
editFive Filipinos were documented in Nevada in 1920; the population increased to 47 in 1930.[106] According to the Center of Immigration Studies, the Filipino population in Nevada grew 77.8% from 7,339 in 1990, to 33,046 in 2000.[252] In 2000, Nevada was home to two percent (31,000) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[125] Nevada's Filipino American population grew substantially from 2000 to 2010, with a 142% increase for a 3.6% share of the state's total population by 2010.[253] More than half of Asian Americans in Nevada in 2010 were Filipino,[254] and are Nevada's largest group of Asian Americans.[255] In 2005, outside of Las Vegas Valley, the only other area in Nevada with a significant population of Filipinos was Washoe County.[256] In 2012, about 124,000 Filipinos lived in Nevada, mostly in Las Vegas Valley;[257] by 2015, it had risen to more than 138,000.[258] In 2021, there were more than 200,000 Filipinos in Las Vegas.[259]
The first known Filipinos to arrive in Clark County arrived from California during the Great Depression.[260] Filipinos arriving in the mid-20th century settled primarily around Fifth and Sixth Streets, and an enclave remains in this area.[256] Beginning in 1995, five to six thousand Filipinos from Hawaii began to migrate to Las Vegas.[256] In 2005, Filipinos were the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[261] In 2013, according to the American Community Survey, 2011–2013, there were an estimated 114,989 Filipinos (+/-5,293), including multiracial Filipinos, in Clark County;[262] according to other sources, there were about 140,000 Filipinos living in Las Vegas.[263] According to The Star-Ledger in 2014, more than 90,000 Filipino nationals resided in the Las Vegas area.[264] By 2015, Filipino Americans are more than half of the population of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[265]
Florida
editIn 1910, there was a single Filipino living in Florida, this population increased to 11 in 1920, and 46 in 1930.[106] 1990 United States Census, the 31,945 Filipinos were the state's largest population of Asian Pacific Americans.[122][266] Florida is home to 122,691 Filipino Americans, according to the 2010 Census.[267] As of 2013, Filipinos are the largest group of Asian Americans in Duval County.[268] The 2000 Census reported there were around 15,000 Filipino Americans living in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, though community leaders estimated the true number was closer to 25,000.[269] Indeed, the 2010 Census found the community numbered at 25,033, about 20% of the state's Filipino Americans.[270] Many of Jacksonville's Filipinos served in or otherwise had ties to, the United States Navy, which has two bases in Jacksonville.[269][271] Two of Florida's other metropolitan areas also have substantial Filipino American communities: the Miami metropolitan area has 21,535,[272] and the Tampa Bay Area has 18,724.[273]
Illinois
editFilipino migration to the Chicago area began in 1906 with the immigration of pensionados,[274] consisting predominantly of men. A significant number of them married non-Filipinos, mainly Eastern or Southern European women.[275] At one point, 300 of these early Chicago Filipinos worked for the Pullman Company, and overall tended to be more educated than most men of their age.[275] During the 1930s, they were predominantly in the Near South Side until the 1965 immigration reforms.[276] In 1930, there were 1,796 Filipinos living in Chicago. The population decreased to 1,740 in 1940 with men outnumbering women 25:1.[275] In the 1960s, there were 3,587 Filipinos in Illinois, the population increased to 12,654 in 1970 and 43,889 in 1980, growing at a pace greater than the national average, and made up largely of professionals and their families.[277] By the 1970s, Filipinas outnumbered Filipinos, with a total of 9,497 Filipinos in the Chicago Area;[278] the total population of Filipinos in Illinois was 12,654, of which 57% were college graduates.[250] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois, with a population of 64,224.[122][279] Outside the Chicago metropolitan area, there were fewer Filipinos.[280] For instance in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, there were only 171 in 2000.[280]
In 2000, 100,338 Filipino Americans lived in Illinois—[25] 95,928 in the Chicago metropolitan area.[281] In that same year, among ethnic groups in the Chicago metropolitan area, Filipinos had the highest proportion of foreign- born.[281] By the 2010 Census, 139,090 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in Illinois,[282] 131,388 lived within the Chicago metropolitan area.[283] As of 2010, Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois after Indian Americans.[284] In 2011, five percent (84,800) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Illinois, the majority of whom (78,400) lived in the Chicago metropolitan area.[14] Although not as concentrated as other Asian American groups, they are the fourth-largest ethnicity currently immigrating to the Chicago metro area.[276] In 2011, the Chicago metropolitan area was home to four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[14] A large concentration of Filipino Americans resides in the North and Northwest sides,[278] often near hospitals.[276]
New York
editIn 1970, there were 14,279 Filipinos in New York State.[250] In 2004, 84% of Filipinos in New York had obtained a college education, compared to 43% of all Filipino Americans in the United States.[175] In 2010, there were 104,287 single-race Filipino Americans living in New York State.[285] In 2011, five percent (84,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in New York.[14] By 2013, an estimated over 120,000+ single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New York State.[286]
New York City metropolitan area
editIn the 1970s and 1980s, Filipinos in New York and New Jersey had a higher socioeconomic status than Filipinos elsewhere; more than half of Filipino immigrants to the metropolitan area were healthcare or other highly trained professionals, in contrast to established working-class Filipino American populations elsewhere.[287] The high percentage of healthcare professionals continues; in 2013, 30% of Filipinos were nurses or other professionals in the healthcare industry.[288] In 1970, the New York metropolitan area had the largest concentration of Filipinos (12,455) east of the Rocky Mountains, and the fifth largest population of Filipinos of all metropolitan areas in the United States.[152] In 1990, more Filipinos lived in urban New York (60,376), than in suburban New York (44,203).[156]Table 1a In 2008, the New York tri-state metropolitan area was home to 215,000 Filipinos.[289] In 2010, according to the 2010 United States Census, there were 217,349 Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, living in the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, (NY-NJ-PA) metropolitan area.[290] In 2011, eight percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the New York City metropolitan region,[14] and it had become a new destination for Filipino immigrants.[205] In 2012, a Census-estimated 235,222 single-race and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in the broader New York-Newark-Bridgeport, New York-New Jersey-Connecticut-Pennsylvania Combined Statistical Area.[291] By 2013 Census estimates, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania MSA was estimated to be home to 224,266 Filipino Americans, 88.5% (about 200,000) of them single-race Filipinos.[292] In 2013, 4,098 Filipinos legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[293] in 2012, this number was 4,879;[294] 4,177 in 2011;[295] 4,047 in 2010,[296] 4,400 in 2009,[297] and 5,985 in 2005.[298] Little Manilas have emerged in the New York City metropolitan area, in Woodside, Queens;[299] Jersey City, New Jersey;[300] and Bergenfield, New Jersey.[301] In 2017, one quarter of Filipino American adults in the metropolitan area work in the medical field.[83]
New York City
editFilipinos have resided in New York City since the 1920s.[302] In 1960, there were only 2,744 Filipinos in New York City.[303] In 1990, there were 43,229 Filipinos increasing to around 54,993 in 2000.[302] A profile of New York City's Filipino American population, based on an analysis of 1990 and 2000 U.S. census data, showed that Filipino New Yorkers surpassed non-Filipino New Yorkers as a whole in terms of income.[304] New York City was home to an estimated 82,313 Filipinos in 2011, representing a 7.7% increase from the estimated 77,191 in 2008.[305] Median household income of Filipinos in New York City was $81,929 in 2013; 68% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[305] The 2010 census reported the borough of Queens was home to the largest concentration of Filipinos within New York City—[302] about 38,000 individuals.[306] In 2011, an estimated 56% of New York City's Filipino population, or about 46,000, lived in Queens.[305] In 2014, Filipinos remained the fourth-largest population of Asian Americans in New York City, behind Chinese, Indians, and Koreans.[307] The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade is traditionally held on the first Sunday of June on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.[302]
In the 1920s, Filipinos settled near Brooklyn Navy Yard.[308] Woodside, Queens, is known for its concentration of Filipinos.[309] Of Woodside's 85,000 residents, about 13,000 (or 15%) are of Filipino background.[309] Due to a significant concentration of Filipino businesses, the area has become known as Little Manila.[309][310] Along the IRT Flushing Line (7 train), known colloquially as the Orient Express,[311] the 69th Street station serves as the gateway to Queens' largest Little Manila, whose core spans Roosevelt Avenue between 63rd and 71st Streets.[309] Filipinos are also concentrated in Jackson Heights and Elmhurst in Queens.[302] There are also smaller Filipino communities in Jamaica, Queens, and parts of Brooklyn.[312] The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens, to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area;[313] it was dedicated in 1987.[314] In 2022, a street sign was placed on Roosevelt Avenue to co-name the street at its intersection with 70th Street as "Little Manila Avenue".[315]
New Jersey
editFilipinos are the third largest group of Asian Americans in New Jersey after Indian and Chinese Americans.[316] In 2010, there were 110,650 single-race Filipino Americans living in New Jersey.[317] In 2011, New Jersey was home to five percent (86,600) of the United States' Filipino immigrants.[14] By 2013, an estimated 134,647 single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New Jersey.[318] Bergen County, Hudson County, Middlesex County,[319] and Passaic County (all in Northern and Central New Jersey) have the state's largest Filipino populations, and are home to over half the Filipinos residing in New Jersey.[316] In Bergen County in particular, Bergenfield, along with Paramus, Hackensack,[320] New Milford, Dumont,[321] Fair Lawn, and Teaneck[322] have become growing hubs for Filipino Americans. Taken as a whole, these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County's Philippine population.[323] A census-estimated 20,859 single-race Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013,[324] an increase from the 19,155 counted in 2010.[325] Bergenfield has become known as Bergen County's Little Manila and hosts its annual Filipino American Festival.[301][326] Within Bergen County, there are Filipino American organizations based in Paramus,[327] Fair Lawn,[321][328] and Bergenfield.[329] In Hudson County, Jersey City is home to the largest Filipino population in New Jersey, with over 16,000 Filipinos in 2010,[300][330] accounting for seven percent the city's population.[331] This is an increase from 11,677 in 1990.[332] In the 1970s, to acknowledge the Filipinos immigrating to Jersey City, the city named a street Manila Avenue.[331][288]
Virginia
editThe first year that Filipinos were documented in Virginia by the United States Census Bureau was in 1920, when 97 Filipinos were counted; by 1930, that population increased to 126.[106] In 1970, there were 7,128 Filipinos living in Virginia, 5,449 of whom lived in the Norfolk-Portsmouth metropolitan area.[333] By 1980, there were 18,901 Filipinos in Virginia, with significant concentrations in Norfolk, and Virginia Beach.[334] In the following decade, by 1990, the Filipino population in the Hampton Roads area increased by 116.8%, increasing to 19,977 in the area alone.[335] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Virginia, followed by Korean Americans.[122]
In 2000, Virginia's Filipino population was 59,318.[25] There were 90,493 Filipino Americans in Virginia as of 2010,[336] 39,720 of whom lived in the Virginia part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.[337] Many Filipinos settled around the Hampton Roads region near the Oceana Naval Air Station because the U.S. Navy had recruited them in the Philippines.[338] In 2007, Filipino Americans made up one-quarter of all foreign-born residents of the area.[271] In 2011, there were between 17,000 and 22,000 Filipino Americans living in Virginia Beach.[339][340] Filipino immigrants in that population represent one-fifth of all immigrants living in Virginia Beach.[14] A larger population of Filipino Americans, 40,292, reside in the Virginia part of the Washington metropolitan area.[341] In the Greater Richmond Region, they are the largest population of Asian Americans in Prince George County.[342]
Elsewhere
edit
The first Filipino immigrated to Annapolis after the Spanish–American War when Filipinos served at the United States Naval Academy.[343] They dealt with institutional racism[344] and later established organizations to support their community, including the Filipino-American Friendly Association.[345] According to the 2010 Census, there were 56,909 Filipino Americans living in Maryland;[346] Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in Charles County.[342] In 2020, there were 75,056 Filipino Americans in Maryland.[347] In the neighboring District of Columbia, there were 3,670 Filipino Americans in 2010,[348] 12.78% of the District's Asian American population.[349] In 2020, the population of Filipino Americans in the District of Columbia increased to 5,325.[350] GuameditFilipinos on Guam pre-date Guam becoming a territory of the United States, going back to the late 17th Century.[351] In 1830, there were 2,596 Filipinos on Guam, who were 40% of the islands population.[352] Following reduction of the Chamorro population by the late 18th century, many of the descendent Chamorro would later on have a mixed heritage to include most of whom have partial Filipino heritage.[352]: 81 [353][354] In 1920, there were 396 Filipinos on Guam;[225] the Filipinos were 3% of the islands total population.[352] In 1930, there were 364 Filipinos on Guam;[355] this increased to 569 in 1940.[352][a] From 1941 until 1962, civilian travel to Guam was restricted by presidential order, however Filipinos were allowed to travel to Guam as contractors for the United States Department of the Navy following an agreement with the government of the Philippines.[352] By 1950 Filipinos became 12.2% of the islands population, totaling 7,258 individuals.[352] In 1990, nearly two third of foreign born individuals on Guam were born in the Philippines (65.5%), of whom more than half were naturalized citizens (56.8%).[356] In 2010, of the 159,358 people on Guam, slightly more than one in four (26.3%) were Filipino;[357] at the time, Filipinos were the second largest population by ethnicity on Guam.[352] In 2020, there were 54,242 Filipinos on Guam.[358] AlaskaeditFilipinos have been in Alaska since the 1700s and were the largest Asian American ethnicity in the state in 2000.[359][360] In 2014, Filipinos made up 52% of Alaska's Asian American population. During the early 20th century, Alaska was the third-leading population center of Filipinos in the United States, after Hawaii and California; many worked seasonally in salmon canneries.[361] The first efforts to recruit Filipinos to work in the canneries began in the 1910s.[362] By 1920, there were 82 Filipinos in Alaska, only one of whom was a Filipina.[225] In 1930, Filipinos, who were called "Alaskeros", made up 15% of the workers in the Alaskan fisheries.[363] Filipinos were two-thirds of all Asians in Alaska in the 1930s.[59] In many of the canneries, Filipinos were treated as "second class workers".[364] According to the 2000 U.S. Census, there were 12,712 Filipino Americans in Alaska;[359] By the 2010 U.S. Census that number had increased to 25,424 (alone or in combination), constituting 49% of Asian Americans in Alaska.[365] In 2011, more than one in four (26%) immigrants in Alaska was Filipino.[14] As of 2014, Filipino Americans are Anchorage's largest minority group.[366] In 2020, there was 32,401 Filipino Americans in Alaska.[367] UtaheditThe first census that counted Filipinos in Utah was the 1930 decennial census, with a reduction of the Filipino population in Utah by 1940, by 1950 there were no longer any Filipinos documented in the state, with the population re-establishing itself by 1960.[368] The population of Filipino Americans doubled between 2000 and 2010, to 6,467, having the third-highest rate of growth by state of Filipinos in the nation behind Texas and Florida.[369] Filipinos primary concentrated within the Salt Lake City metropolitan area.[370] In 2020, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in Utah, with 20,132 individuals identifying themselves as Filipinos.[371] Other Insular areas and unincorporated territorieseditIn the United States' insular areas in 1920 other than Guam, the Philippine Islands had the largest Filipino population of 10,207,696; the Panama Canal Zone 10, the Virgin Islands seven;[b] there was a single Filipino in Puerto Rico.[225] In 1930, the Filipino population of Puerto Rico increased to six, in the Virgin Islands it decreased to four.[355] The population in the Panama Canal Zone increased to 37.[355] In 1939, the Commonwealth of the Philippines conducted a census, which found there to be 16,000,303 people in the islands;[373] not all counted were Filipinos, as there were tens of thousands of individuals with other nationalities, including people from Japan, China, the United States, Spain, and elsewhere.[374] In 2000, there were 394 Filipinos in Puerto Rico.[375] Filipinos are the largest demographic in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, making up 35% of its 53,833 people in 2010 and 2015.[376] In 2020, Filipinos were the plurality of the population in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, with 17,719 of the commonwealths 47,329 people being Filipino.[377] In American Samoa, there were 50 Filipinos in 1980, 415 in 1990, and 792 resident in 2000.[378] In 2010 the population increased to 1,217, or 2.2% of the total population.[379] In 2020, there were 1,699 Filipinos in American Samoa, and were the largest Asian population.[380] In 2013, there remains a Filipino American population in the Virgin Islands;[381] these Filipinos make up a few of the 6,648 persons counted as "Other races" in the 2010 Census.[382] In 2023, there were around 500 Filipinos in the United States Virgin Islands;[383] many of these Filipinos were employed as educators.[384]
|
|
U.S. metropolitan areas with large Filipino American populations (2010)
editLittle Manilas
editIn areas with sparse Filipino populations, they often form loose-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[398] They are often organized into regional associations,[399] which are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[400] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored to the Filipino American community.[401]
Language
editFilipino Americans form a multilingual community but the two most spoken languages are English and Tagalog.[402] In 2009, Tagalog was the fourth largest language spoken in the United States with around 1.5 million speakers.[403]
Religion
editAccording to a Pew Research Center survey published in July 2012, the majority of Filipino American respondents are Roman Catholic (65%), followed by Protestant (21%), unaffiliated (8%), and Buddhist (1%).[404] There are also smaller populations of Filipino American Muslims—particularly those who originate from the Southern Philippines.[175]
Socioeconomic status
editEconomics
editThe Filipino-American community is largely middle and upper middle class;[216][405] in 2014, 18% of Filipino American households were in the top tenth of U.S. households in terms of income.[15] The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high.[75][406][407] Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector,[408] and in the service sector.[127][409] Compared to Asian American women of other ethnicities, and women in the United States in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;[410] a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.[15]
Ethnicity | Household Income | |
---|---|---|
per 2004 survey data[28]fig.13 | per 2009 survey data[411] | |
Indian | $68,771 | $86,660 |
Filipino | $65,700 | $76,455 |
Chinese | $57,433 | $68,613 |
Japanese | $53,763 | $65,767 |
Vietnamese | $45,980 | $54,799 |
Korean | $43,195 | $53,934 |
Total US Population | $44,684 | $51,369 |
Among Overseas Filipinos, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U.S. dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar remittances reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.[412] By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.[12] In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.[413]
Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.[414] In 2002, according to the Survey of Business Owners, there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.[415] By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the retail industry, 23% were in the health care and social assistance industries,[416] and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.[414] Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses.[414][416] California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.[414]
In 2010, Filipino Americans' employment rate was 61.5%; the unemployment rate was 8.5%.[417] In 1990 and 2000, the decennial censuses found that, while lower than the national average, foreign-born Filipinos had a lower poverty rate than those born in the United States;[418] by 2007, the situation had reversed.[419] In 2012, a smaller percentage of Filipino American adults lived in poverty than the national average (6.2% verse 12.8%).[12] At the point of retirement, a notable percentage of Filipino Americans return to the Philippines.[420] In 1990, the elderly Filipino American poverty rate was eight percent.[406] In 1999 among elderly Filipino Americans, the poverty rate had dropped to 6.3%—lower than that of the total geriatric population (9.9%), and lowest among Asian Americans.[421]
Education
editThe 1990 Census reports that Filipino Americans had the highest percentage of college educated individuals of any Asian American population.[26] Filipino Americans have some of the highest educational attainment rates in the United States with 47.9% of all Filipino Americans over the age of 25 having a bachelor's degree in 2004, which correlates with rates observed in other Asian American subgroups.[28]fig.11
In 2011, 61% of United States-born Filipino Americans had achieved an education level greater than a high school diploma.[14] The post-1965 wave of Filipino professionals immigrating to the U.S. to make up the education, healthcare, and information technology employee shortages also accounts for the high educational attainment rates.[11][78][100] Second generation Filipino Americans have trended to have a lower educational achievement than their first generation parents.[422]
Ethnicity | High School Graduation Rate | Bachelor's Degree or More |
---|---|---|
Asian Indians | 90.2% | 67.9% |
Filipino | 90.8% | 47.9% |
Chinese | 80.8% | 50.2% |
Japanese | 93.4% | 43.7% |
Korean | 90.2% | 50.8% |
Total US Population | 83.9% | 27.0% |
Due to the strong American influence in the Philippine education system, first generation Filipino immigrants are also at advantage in gaining professional licensure in the United States. According to a study conducted by the American Medical Association, Philippine-trained physicians comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained physicians in the United States (20,861 or 8.7% of all practicing international medical graduates in the U.S.).[423] Other physicians, in order to immigrate from the Philippines, re-licensed as nurses.[80] In addition, Filipino American dentists trained in the Philippines comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained dentists in the United States. An article from the Journal of the American Dental Association asserts that 11% of all foreign-trained dentists licensed in the U.S. are from the Philippines; India is ranked first with 25.8% of all foreign dentists.[424]
The significant drop in the percentage of Filipino nurses from the 1980s to 2000 is because of the increase in the number of countries recruiting Filipino nurses (European Union, the Middle East, Japan), as well as the increase in the number of other countries sending nurses to the United States.[425] Even with the significant drop, in 2005 Filipino American nurses made up 3.7% of the total United States nursing population, and were 40% of all foreign-trained nurses in the United States.[80]
American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.[426] Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.[427]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Campbell Gibson; Kay Jung (September 2002). "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States" (PDF). Population Division. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Jessica S. Barnes; Claudette E. Bennett (February 2002). "The Asian Population: 2000" (PDF). Census 2000 Bief. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ a b Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Sonya Rastogi; Myoung Ouk Kim; Hasan Shahid (March 2012). "The Asian Population: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Brittany Rico; Joyce Key Hahn; Cody Spence (21 September 2023). "Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Alli Coritz; Jessica E. Peña; Paul Jacobs; Brittany Rico; Joyce Key Hahn; Ricardo Henrique Lowe, Jr. (21 September 2023). "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "Introduction, Filipino Settlements in the United States" (PDF). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. March 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "UAA psychology professor E.J. David explores Filipino-American 'colonial mentality' in his new book". Green & Gold News. University of Alaska Anchorage. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Filipinos in America also number over 3 million, making them the second largest Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) ethnic group in the country, and they are projected to be the largest AAPI groups when the results of the 2010 census come out.
"Curriculum Guide" (PDF). Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. Smithsonian Institution. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Tiongson, Antonio T.; Edgardo Valencia Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez (2006). Positively no Filipinos allowed: building communities and discourse. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-59213-122-8.
Nadal, Kevin L.; Pituc, Stephanie T.; Marc P. Johnston; Theresa Esparrago (2010). "Overcoming the Model Minority Myth: Experiences of Filipino American Graduate Students". Journal of College Student Development. 51 (6). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 694–7006. doi:10.1353/csd.2010.0023. S2CID 144640507.Filipino Americans are the second largest Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States.
Javier, Joyce R.; Chamberlain, Lisa J.; Kahealani K. Rivera; Sarah E. Gonzalez; Fernando S. Mendoza; Lynne C. Huffman (2010). "Lessons Learned From a Community-Academic Partnership Addressing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention in Filipino American Families". Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. 4 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 305–313. doi:10.1353/cpr.2010.a406086. PMC 4189834. PMID 21169708.Filipinos are the second largest API subpopulation in the United States but are underrepresented in medical research.
Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. p. x. ISBN 978-0-470-95136-1.Filipino Americans are now the second largest Asian American group in the United States and may become the majority in 2010.
- ^ a b "Fil-Ams are 2nd largest Asian group in US". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "Facts for Features: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2014". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Rodney Jaleco (20 September 2011). "PNoy to pitch for 'Save Act', but are Fil-Ams on board?". ABS-CBN North America News Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
"Growth of Pinoy headcount in Nevada highest among US states". GMA News. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2014. - ^ a b c Mary Yu Danico (3 September 2014). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 661. ISBN 978-1-4833-6560-2.
- ^ a b c "More than 3.4M Americans trace their ancestry to the Philippines". Fact Tank. Pew Research Center. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ Jonathan Y. Okamura (11 January 2013). Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. Routledge. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-136-53071-5.
Franklin Ng (1995). The Asian American encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-85435-679-6. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Stoney, Sierra; Batalova, Jeanne (5 June 2013). "Filipino Immigrants in the United States". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. ISSN 1946-4037. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Filipino Diaspora in the United States" (PDF). Rockefeller-Aspen Diaspora Program. Migration Policy Institute. February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
"The Filipino Diaspora in the United States". 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Alt URL - ^ Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn (2007). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. p. 384. ISBN 9780495115410. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
- ^ López, Gustavo; Cilluffo, Anthony; Patten, Eileen (8 September 2017). "Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Social & Demographic Trends. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "New Census data: More than 4 million Filipinos in the US". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "New Census data shows more than four million Filipinos in the US". Asian Journal Press. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
Melegrito, Jon (21 September 2018). "More than 4 million Pinoys staying in US: Census Bureau". ABS-CBN News. Philippines. Manila Mail. Retrieved 8 August 2019. - ^ Budiman, Abby (29 April 2021). "Filipinos in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Mendiola, Ritchel (5 May 2021). "Pew Research: Over 4.2M Filipino Americans in the US". Asian Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2021. - ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States". 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens
- ^ Holup, Joan L.; Press, Nancy; Vollmer, William M.; Harris, Emily L.; Vogt, Thomas M.; Chen, Chuhe (September 2007). "Performance of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget's Revised Race and Ethnicity Categories in Asian Populations". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 13 (5). Elsevier: 561–573. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.02.001. PMC 2084211. PMID 18037976.
- ^ "Background Note: Philippines". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of State. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines.
- ^ a b "We the People: Asians in the United States" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. December 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d Ronald H. Bayor (31 July 2011). Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 717. ISBN 978-0-313-35786-2.
- ^ a b Pei-te Lien (2003). "Ethnicity and Adaption: Comparing Filipino, Koreans, and Vietnamese in Southern California". In Don T. Nakanishi; James S. Lai (eds.). Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7425-1850-6.
- ^ American Community Survey Reports, U.S. Census Bureau.
- ^ a b c d The American Community-Asians: 2004 (PDF) (Report). United States Census Bureau. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2014. – part of the American Community Survey (ACS) report series based on responses to the 2004 ACS question on race, which asked all respondents to report one or more races.[27]
- ^ Root, Maria P. P. (1997). "Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities". Filipino Americans: transformation and identity. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. pp. 80–94. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0.
- ^ C.N. Le. "Interracial Dating & Marriage". asian-nation.org. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Reimers, David M. (2005). Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People. NYU Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780814775356.
Larry Hajime Shinagawa; Michael Jang (1998). Atlas of American Diversity. Rowman Altamira. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7619-9128-1.Japanese American wives and Filipino American wives had the highest proportions of intermarriages (51.9% and 40.2%, respectively).
- ^ Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park PhD (26 November 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. p. 848. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1.
- ^ a b Kevin Nadal (23 March 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
- ^ "Filipino Americans". Pewsocialtrends.org. Pew Research Center. 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ^ C.N. Le. "Multiracial / Hapa Asian Americans". asian-nation.org. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 390. ISBN 9780313350665. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (9 May 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5326-9.
Kevin Nadal (23 March 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
Frederick Luis Aldama (15 September 2010). Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle. University of Texas Press. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0-292-73953-6.
Maria P. P. Root (20 May 1997). "Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans: Fighting Colonized Identities". In Maria P. P. Root (ed.). Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE Publishing. pp. 80–94. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0. - ^ Mercene, Floro L. (2007). Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. The University of the Philippines Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2.
- ^ a b c d Rodel Rodis (25 October 2006). "A century of Filipinos in America". Inquirer. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "Filipinos in Louisiana". Ancestors in the Americas. PBS. 2001. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
There are the "Louisiana Manila men" with a presence recorded as early as 1763.
Valerie Ooka Pang; Li-Rong Lilly Cheng (1998). Struggling To Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children. SUNY Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-7914-3839-8.
Mary Yu Danico (3 September 2014). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4833-6560-2.
Xiaojian Zhao (2009). Asian American Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-313-34875-4. - ^ Robin Cohen (2 November 1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7.
Dirk Hoerder (31 October 2002). Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium. Duke University Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-8223-8407-8.
Thomas Bender (14 April 2002). Rethinking American History in a Global Age. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-520-93603-4.
"History and Culture of the Lower Mississippi Delta". Draft Heritage Study and Environmental Assessment. National Park Service. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. - ^ Linda C. Tillman; James Joseph Scheurich (21 August 2013). The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity. Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-135-12843-2.
- ^ Laura Westbrook. "Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana". Louisiana Division of the Arts. Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
The children who lived on the mainland would be released from school during harvest times to help the family during their busiest season, and those who recall Manila Village and other such communities recall it as an intensely exciting time. On 9 September 1965, Hurricane Betsy's 18-foot swells brought an end to the last of the Filipino stilt villages. The men who lived in the stilt villages during the fishing season joined their families on the mainland and assimilated into other professions.
Montero de Pedro, Jose; Marques de Casa Mena (2000). The Spanish in New Orleans and Louisiana. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-56554-685-1.The most important of these villages, Manila Village, which came to have a population of more than three hundred Filipinos, together with some Mexicans, Chinese and Spaniards, finally disappeared in 1965, destroyed by the dashing waves of Hurricane Betsy.
- ^ Silva, Eliseo Art Arambulo; Peralt, Victorina Alvarez (2012). Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9780738592695.
The March 1906 article "The Largest Colony of Filipinos in American" describes receiving a subscription from a Filipino living in New Orleans:"The Filipino who we addressed was Mr. Eulogio Yatar, and he sent us some astonishing news; in fact, we feel almost as the ethnologist does who discovers a new race of people, for we find that there is a colony of 2,000 Filipinos in that Queen City in the South. This community has been established for about a hundred years, the first who landed there being a native of Bicol by the name of Augustin Feliciano, who later served in the American navy in the war of 1812."
- ^ The Filipino. Washington, D.C.: Filipino Company. 1906. p. 19.
- ^ "Labor Migration in Hawaii". UH Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "Interpretation 308.1 United states non citizen nationality". Service Law books. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
M. Licudine v. D. Winter, JR 1086, p. 5 (U.S. District Court for D.C. 2008) ("[f]rom the time the United States obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted independence to the islands in 1946, [the United States] Congress classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens, as non-citizen United States nationals, and as aliens, but never as United States citizens.").
Keely, Charles (1973). "Philippine Migration: Internal Movements and Emigration to the United States". International Migration Review. 7 (2). Wiley-Blackwell: 177–187. doi:10.2307/3002427. JSTOR 3002427.
McGovney, Dudley O. (September 1934). "Our Non-Citizen Nationals, Who Are They". California Law Review. 22 (6). University of California, Berkeley: 593–635. doi:10.2307/3476939. JSTOR 3476939. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
"7 FAM 1120" (PDF). Consular Affairs. United States Department of State. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2014. - ^ Holmquist, June D. (2003). They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-87351-231-2.
Angelo N. Ancheta (1998). Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. Rutgers University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8135-2464-1. - ^ Judge Advocate General (Navy). (1916). Naval digest, containing digests of selected decisions of the Secretary of the Navy and opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy. pp. 237–38.
The Federal Reporter: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States. West Publishing Company. 1918. pp. 769–773.
"Status of Filipinos for Purposes of Immigration and Naturalization". Harvard Law Review. 42 (6). Harvard Law Review Association: 809–812. April 1929. doi:10.2307/1330851. JSTOR 1330851. - ^ E. Nathaniel Gates; Stanford M. Lyman (1997). "The Race Question and Liberalism". Racial Classification and History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 318–321. ISBN 978-0-8153-2602-1.
- ^ "Filipino Migrant Works in California". The Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Jan Harold Brunvand (24 May 2006). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 545. ISBN 978-1-135-57878-7. - ^ Robert M. Jiobu (8 July 1988). Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. SUNY Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-88706-648-1.
Of the 113,000 Filipinos who immigrated between 1909 and 1913, and estimated 55,000 settled in Hawaii, 39,000 returned home, and 18,600 reimmigrated to the mainland, primarily California.
- ^ Morris, Greta N. (1998). The American contribution to Philippine education: 1898–1998. United States Information Service. p. 39.
- ^ "Filipinos in the Americas". Ancestors in the Americas. PBS. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ McFerson, Hazel M. (2002). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780313307911.
The pensionado program continued until the outbreak of World War II.
- ^ Grace Mateo (2001). "Filipino Migration to the United States". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Laguerre, Michel S. (2000). The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-312-22612-1.
- ^ Dorothy B., Fujita-Rony (2003). American Workers, Colonial Power: Philippine Seattle and the Transpacific West, 1919–1941. University of California Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780520230958.
- ^ a b Lott, Juanita Tamayo (2006). Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14. ISBN 9780742546516.
- ^ a b c d e Elliott Robert Barkan; Roland L. Guyotte; Barbara M. Posadas (November 2012). "Filipinos and Filipino Americans, 1870-1940". Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. pp. 347–356. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7.
- ^ "Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States Navy" (PDF). Naval History & Heritage Command. United States Navy. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (9 May 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8135-5326-9.
Bureau of Naval Personnel (October 1976). "Filipinos in the United States Navy". Navy Department Library. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Teri Weaver (2 August 2007). "Filipino tapped as Navy's top enlisted member in 7th Fleet". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 6 January 2015.The Navy first recruited Filipinos in 1898, according to Yen Le Espiritu, a professor of ethnic studies at the University of California, San Diego, who specializes in Philippine history
Rick Baldoz (28 February 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. NYU Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8147-0921-4. - ^ Robert M. Jiobu (8 July 1988). Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. SUNY Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-88706-648-1.
A year later, Congress also stipulated that Filipinos (as well as Puerto Ricans) who served three years in the Navy or Marines could petition for citizenship.
- ^ James A. Tyner (3 November 2008). "Local Contexts, Distant Horizons". The Philippines: Mobilities, Identities, Globalization. Routledge. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-135-90547-7.
Terrence G. Wiley; Joy Kreeft Peyton; Donna Christian; Sarah Catherine K. Moore; Na Liu, eds. (3 January 2014). Handbook of Heritage and Community Languages in the United States: Research, Policy, and Educational Practice. Taylor & Francis. pp. 542–543. ISBN 978-1-136-33248-7.
Ines M. Miyares; Christopher A. Airriess; James A. Tyner (19 October 2006). "Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community". Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7425-6850-1.
Valerie Ooka Pang; Li-Rong Lilly Cheng (3 September 1998). Struggling To Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children. SUNY Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7914-3840-4. - ^ Solliday, Scott; Vince Murray (2007). The Filipino American Community (PDF) (Report). City of Phoenix. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. (July 1940). "The Crisis". The New Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.: 200–. ISSN 0011-1422.
Segal, David R.; Segal, Mandy Wechsler (December 2004). "America's Military Population" (PDF). Population Bulletin. 59 (4). Population Reference Bureau. ISSN 0032-468X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2014. - ^ Media Projects Incorporated (2004). Smith, Carter (ed.). Student Almanac of Asian American History: From the exclusion era to today, 1925–present. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-32604-2. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ a b Andrew R. L. Cayton; Richard Sisson; Chris Zacher; Catherine Ceniza Choy (8 November 2006). "Filipinos". The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-253-00349-0.
- ^ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Glenn Omatsu; Emily Porcincula Lawsin; Joseph A. Galura (2006). Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: effective activities, strategies, and assignments for classrooms and communities. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-7425-5338-5.
- ^ Alex S. Fabros. "California's Filipino Infantry". The California State Military Museum. California State Military Department. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Baldoz, Rick (2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. New York: NYU Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7.
- ^ Daniels, Roger (2010). Immigration and the legacy of Harry S. Truman. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-931112-99-4.
- ^ a b c Habal, Estella (2007). San Francisco's International Hotel: mobilizing the Filipino American. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1-59213-445-8. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Wenying Xu (2012). Historical Dictionary of Asian American Literature and Theater. Scarecrow Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8108-5577-9. - ^ a b Reimers, David (2005). Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People. NYU Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780814775356.
- ^ Tamayo Lott, Juanita (2006). Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 9780742546509.
Elliott Robert Barkan (1 January 1999). A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-313-29961-2.Since the mid-1970s, as a result of navy enlistment, Filipino-American communities have taken hold in cities with naval stations, including San Diego California; Bremerton, Washington; Jacksonville, Florida; and Charleston, South Carolina
- ^ Bonus, Rick (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: ethnicity and the cultural politics of space. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7.
- ^ "20th Century – Post WWII". Asian American Studies. Dartmouth College. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to Filipinos who had arrived before 24 March 1943.
- ^ a b c Eric Arnesen (2007). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History: G-N; Index. Taylor & Francis. p. 1300. ISBN 978-0-415-96826-3.
- ^ "Filipino Migrants as a Result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965". The Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Rick Bonus (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7.
- ^ a b "Brain Drain". Filipino American Heritage website. Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. 2006. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Yen Le Espiritu; Diane L. Wolf (1999). "The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego". Migration Dialogue. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Mary Yu Danico; Catherine Ceniza Choy (3 September 2014). "Filipino Nurse Migration". Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 368–370. ISBN 978-1-4522-8189-6.
- ^ Catherine Ceniza Choy (31 January 2003). Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Duke University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-8223-3089-X.
- ^ McFarling, Usha Lee (28 April 2020). "Nursing ranks are filled with Filipino Americans. The pandemic is taking an outsized toll on them". Stat. Boston. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
"How COVID-19 has taken a toll on Filipino-American healthcare workers". WNYW. New York City. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020. - ^ a b Martin, Nina; Yeung, Bernice; Chou, Sophie (3 May 2020). ""Similar to Times of War": The Staggering Toll of COVID-19 on Filipino Health Care Workers". ProPublica. New York City. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Healey, Joseph F. (2011). Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender, 2011/2012 Update. Pine Forge Press. p. 354. ISBN 9781412994330.
Thus, the Filipino American community includes some members in the high-wage primary labor market and others who are competing for work in the low-wage secondary sector.
- ^ Sterngass, Jon (2006). Filipino Americans. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6.
Perry, Elisabeth Israels; Karen Manners Smith (2006). The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: a student companion. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-515670-6.They established Filipino-American communities called Little Manilas-after their country's capital-in a number of American cities.
- ^ Laguerre, Michel S. (2000). The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-312-22612-1.
- ^ Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
- ^ a b Franklin Ng; Elena S. H. Yu (23 June 2014). "Filipino Migration and Community Organizations in the United States". Asian American Family Life and Community. Routledge. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-1-136-80123-5.
- ^ Yen Espiritu (19 January 2011). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Temple University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4399-0556-2.
- ^ a b c Gaw, Albert (1993). Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-88048-359-9.
- ^ "2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics" (PDF). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. United States Department of Homeland Security. August 2011. pp. 8–11. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ Maligat, Luisto G. (June 2000). Study of the U.S. Navy's Philippines Enlistment Program, 1981–1991 (PDF) (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 24 December 2014.>
H.G. Reza (27 February 1993). "Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals : Defense: The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century-old program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 December 2014. - ^ Min, Pyong Gap (2006). Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues. Pine Forge Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5.
- ^ Pyong Gap Min (2006). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. SAGE Publications. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5.
Although less than half of Asian Americans as a whole were concentrated in the West in 2000, some Asian groups had much higher levels of concentration there. For example, 73% of Japanese Americans and 68% of Filipino Americans lived in the West.
- ^ "Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "Second Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "State Rankings: Filipino Alone or in Any Combination". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Xianne Arcangel (1 August 2013). "Fil-Am editor traces 250-year old history of Pinoy migration to the US". GMA Network Inc. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ Thomas Gryn; Christine Cambino (October 2012). "The Foreign Born From Asia: 2011" (PDF). American Community Survey Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ a b Aaron Terrazes; Jeanne Batalova (7 April 2010). "Filipino Immigrants in the United States". Migration Policy Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "2010 Census Shows Asians are Fastest-Growing Race Group". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Filipinos were the largest in five of the 20 metro areas (San Diego, Riverside, Las Vegas, Sacramento and Phoenix), followed by Japanese, Hmong and Vietnamese in one metro area each (Honolulu, Minneapolis-St. Paul and Houston, respectively).
- ^ Rick Bonus (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7.
However, the first recorded Filipino arrival on the continent is dated in 1587, in Morro Bay, California, by San Louis Obispo.
E. San Juan Jr. (2 July 2010). Toward Filipino Self-Determination: Beyond Transnational Globalization. SUNY Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4384-2737-9. - ^ a b c William David Estrada (17 February 2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-292-78209-9.
- ^ Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
Larry L. Naylor (1 January 1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-89789-479-1.
Jonathan Y. Okamura (11 January 2013). Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-136-53071-5.
David J. Weber (2003). Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans. UNM Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8263-3510-4.
Kababayan Weekly; Eloisa Borah (1 October 2018). Antonio Miranda Rodriguez: Filipino Pioneer in Los Angeles (YouTube video). Los Angeles: KSCI. Retrieved 22 April 2018. - ^ William Deverell; Greg Hise (23 November 2010). A Companion to Los Angeles. John Wiley & Sons. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4443-9095-7.
"Art exhibit on arrival of first Filipino in Los Angeles opens". Inquirer. 10 May 2014. - ^ a b c d e f United States. Bureau of the Census; Leon Edgar Truesdell (1931). "Table 20. – Population of the Minor Races Other Than Mexican, By Nativity, By States: 1930, 1920, and 1910-Continued". Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930. Population. U.S.Govt.Print.Off. p. 59.
- ^ Thomas J. Osborne (22 January 2013). Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California. John Wiley & Sons. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-118-29216-7.
- ^ James David Hart (January 1987). A Companion to California. University of California Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-520-05544-5.
- ^ Rose Cuison Villazor; Kevin Noble Maillard; Leti Volpp (25 June 2012). "American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California". Loving V. Virginia in a Post-Racial World: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Marriage. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–72. ISBN 978-0-521-19858-5.
- ^ Anmarie Medin (2013). "A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Work Camp Properties in California" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. State of California. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ Nicholson, Geoff (11 October 2018). ""Marlowe Would Be Proud": On "The Annotated Big Sleep"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ Rachael Myrow (2 September 2013). "Stockton's Little Manila: the Heart of Filipino California". KQED. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
"Little Manila: Filipinos in California's Heartland". KVIE. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
"New on SF State bookshelf". SF State News. San Francisco State University. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Deborah Kong (26 December 2002). "Filipino Americans work to preserve heritage". Star Bulletin. Honolulu. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Steven Winn (8 October 2008). "'Romance of Magno Rubio': Filipino homecoming". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
The Secrets of Giron Arnis Escrima. Tuttle Publishing. 15 March 1998. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8048-3139-0.
Angeles Monrayo Raymundo (2003). Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8248-2688-8.
Austin, Leonard (1959). Around the World in San Francisco. San Francisco: Fearon Publishers. pp. 26–28. LCCN 59065441. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0. - ^ Volpp, Leti (1 January 1999). "American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California". UC Davis Law Review. 33: 795–835. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Showalter, Michael P. (Winter 1989). "The Watsonville Anti-Filipino Riot of 1930: A Reconsideration of Fermin Tobera's Murder". Southern California Quarterly. 71 (4): 341–348. doi:10.2307/41171455. JSTOR 41171455.
Jones, Donna (4 September 2011). "Riots in 1930 revealed Watsonville racism: California apologizes to Filipino Americans". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 3 January 2018. - ^ Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (29 May 2013). Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8223-9574-4.
- ^ Kevin Starr (9 June 2009). Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950–1963. Oxford University Press. p. 510. ISBN 978-0-19-992430-1.
- ^ Franklin Ng (23 June 2014). Asian American Family Life and Community. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-136-80123-5.
- ^ Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez; Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (2006). "Losing Little Manila: Race and Redevelopment in Filipina/o Stockton, California". Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Temple University Press. pp. 73–89. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5.
Ned Kaufman (11 September 2009). Place, Race, and Story: Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-135-88972-2.
Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (29 May 2013). Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8223-9574-4."The Crosstown Freeway cut through the heart of Little Manila, and by 1972, only two struggling blocks remained.
Reyes, Javier Padilla (17 August 2017). "What has Changed? From Segregation to Discrimination". Placeholder Magazine. Stockton, California: Fractured Atlas. Retrieved 22 April 2018. - ^ a b Rachael Myrow (2 September 2013). "Stockton's Little Manila: the Heart of Filipino California". KQED. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Morehouse, Lisa (19 September 2015). "Grapes of Wrath: The Forgotten Filipinos Who Led A Farmworker Revolution". Weekend Edition Saturday. NPR. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Marcum, Diana (14 November 2013). "Facing crisis in homeland, Filipinos in Central Valley take action". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Jardine, Jeff (30 January 2016). "Jardine: A trunk-aided version of Filipino history in California's Central Valley". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Magagnini, Stephen (20 October 2013). "Q&A: California history shaped by Stockton's Little Manila". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 3 January 2018. - ^ Rochita, Ananda (3 June 2021). "A look into the rich history of Filipino Americans in Stockton and Little Manila". KXTV. Sacramento. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Yen Espiritu (17 June 2010). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-4399-0557-9.
- ^ a b c d e f Larry Hajime Shinagawa; Michael Jang (1998). Atlas of American Diversity. Rowman Altamira. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7619-9128-1.
- ^ Huping Ling (2008). Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8135-4342-0.
"California: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders" (PDF). Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations. August 2004. Retrieved 1 January 2015. - ^ a b Ines M. Miyares; Christopher A. Airriess; James A. Taylor (19 October 2006). "Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community". Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-0-7425-6850-1.
- ^ a b c d Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
- ^ Rene Villaroman (10 July 2007). "LA Consul General Throws Ceremonial First Pitch at Dodgers-Padres Pre-Game Event". Asian Journal Online. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Pyong Gap Min (2006). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. SAGE Publications. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5.The largest of these is in Southern California, in the Los Angeles-San Diego region, where nearly 480,000 Filipinos (more than one out of every four Filipino Americans) made their homes in 2000.
- ^ a b Mary Yu Danico (3 September 2014). Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 872–874. ISBN 978-1-4522-8189-6.
- ^ Jun Nucum (23 December 2014). "SF consulate toasts Fil-Am winners in the last elections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
"Filipinos are biggest Asian group in California-new study". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Steve Angeles (11 February 2013). "Pinoys now largest Asian population in California". ABS CBN News. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ "California". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ a b Jones, Nicholas A. (2 May 2012). "The Asian Population in the United States: Results from the 2010 Census" (PDF). Asian Americans And Pacific Islanders. Social Security Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "California's 800 new laws: From hands-free texting to drivers' licenses for undocumented immigrants". GMA News. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
"Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010" (PDF). California Department of Finance. State of California. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ "Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Legal Permanent Residents". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Legal Permanent Residents". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Supplemental Table 1 – Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ Rodel Rodis (14 May 2013). "Telltale Signs: "Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the US?"". AsianWeek. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
"Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the United States". Inquirer. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2014. - ^ "California Health Care Almanac" (PDF). chcf.org. California Health Care Foundation. November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- ^ Alvarado, Kitty; Lizarondo, Roland (21 October 2021). "Local ICU nurse hopes report on Filipino-Americans and pandemic-related mental health issues brings change". KPBS. San Diego. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
That's because 18 percent of nurses in California are Filipino, and one in three are front line workers.
- ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in California". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Elnora Kelly Tayag (2011). Filipinos in Ventura County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-7473-8.
"To Educate Filipinos". Los Angeles Herald. XXXI (26): 2. 27 October 1903. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
"Filipino Youths Who Are to Study America Arrive in Los Angeles". Los Angeles Herald. XXXI (43): 3. 13 November 1903. Retrieved 24 December 2014. - ^ M. Rosalind Sagara; Joseph Bernardo, Ph.D; Jean-Paul R. deGuzman, Ph.D; Lorna Ignacio Dumapias; Gerald Gubatan; Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier; Florante Ibanez; Dulce Capadocia (April 2018). Los Angeles Citywide Historic Context Statement: Context: Filipino Americans in Los Angeles, 1903–1980 (PDF) (Report). City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ Mae Respicio Koerner (2007). Filipinos in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-4729-9.
- ^ Linda España-Maram (13 August 2013). Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila: Working-Class Filipinos and Popular Culture in the United States. Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-51080-6.
- ^ a b Doherty, Jake (27 June 1993). "Temple-Beaudry: A Treasure-Trove of Philippine History". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- ^ a b Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5.
- ^ a b Carina Monica Montoya (2009). Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-6954-3.
- ^ "History of the the [sic] Filipino American Community of Los Angeles (FACLA)". FACLA. Filipino American Community of Los Angeles. 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Kang, K. Connie (18 May 1996). "Celebrating the Life of Legacy of UCLA's 'Uncle Roy'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Bos, Sascha (3 October 2014). "4 Free Things to Do in L.A. This Week (Plus a Great One for $13)". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014. - ^ a b Laura Pulido; Laura R. Barraclough; Wendy Cheng (2012). A People's Guide to Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-27081-7.
- ^ Dia, Paul (15 May 2003). "The Filipino Community" (PDF). Filipino American Library. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- ^ Richardson, Darcy Leigh (1 March 2012). "October Named Filipino-American History Month". The Grunion Gazette Online. MediaNews Group. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
According to U.S. Census Bureau data, concentrations of Filipinos developed in west Long Beach in the 1940s because of the United States Naval Shipyard.
Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5.
Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5. - ^ Daryl Kelley; Psyche Pascual (10 March 1991). "Filipinos Put Down Deep Roots in Oxnard : Demographics: The county's Asian population has grown dramatically, but only those immigrants from the Philippines have established a community". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Shulman, Robin (6 August 2001). "Many Filipino Immigrants Are Dropping Anchor in Oxnard". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014. - ^ a b c d e f g "Table 41. Social Characteristics of the Filipino Population for Selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Cities: 1970". 1970 Census of Population: Subject reports. Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos in the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 1973. pp. 168–169.
- ^ Archibold, Randal C. (20 August 1993). "Political Awakening : Filipino-Americans Start to Reach for Reins of Power". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- ^ a b Kang, K. Connie (10 January 1996). "'Auntie's' Pride and Joy : 'Loving librarian' Helen Brown, 80, shares her passion for her Filipino heritage with the public through her library. : HEARTS of the CITY / Exploring attitudes and issues behind the news". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- ^ Posas, Liza (28 January 2011). "In Memoriam: Helen Brown, 95". LA as Subject. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park Ph.D. (26 November 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes. ABC-CLIO. p. 382. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1. - ^ a b Logan, John R.; Zhang, Wenquan; Alba, Richard D. (April 2002). "Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 67 (2). American Sociological Association: 299–322. doi:10.2307/3088897. JSTOR 3088897. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.Table 1b
- ^ Roger Waldinger; Mehdi Bozorgmehr (5 December 1996). Ethnic Los Angeles. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-61044-547-4.
- ^ "Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA; California". 2010 Census Summary File 2. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Filipino alone or in any combination". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Diana Ting Liu Wu (1997). Asian Pacific Americans in the Workplace. Rowman Altamira. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7619-9122-9.
There are more ethnic Filipinos in Los Angeles than in any other city except Manila.
Dalton Higgins (2009). Hip Hop World. Groundwood Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-88899-910-8.
David James (30 May 2005). The Most Typical Avant-Garde: History and Geography of Minor Cinemas in Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-520-93819-9. - ^ Joseph Pimentel (28 June 2014). "Family says your thoughts of Filipino food are wrong". Orange County Register. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American population in the Los Angeles/Long Beach/Santa Ana region, and the largest in the state of California. They are the second-largest Asian American group in the U.S.
Kitazawa, Yosuke (15 May 2012). "Filipinos are the Minority in Historic Filipinotown and L.A.'s Japanese Population in Steady Decline". History & Society. Hollywood, California: KCET. Retrieved 16 March 2017. - ^ Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Los Angeles (May 2016). "Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: A Diverse and Growing Force in Los Angeles" (PDF). 2016 LA Asian Pacific American Heritage Month. City of Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ Melany De La Cruz-Viesca; Zhenxiang Chen; Paul M. Ong; Darrick Hamilton; William A. Darity Jr. (2016). "Color of Wealth" (PDF). The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ Pyong Gap Min (2006). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. SAGE Publications. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5.
- ^ Arax, Mark (5 April 1987). "San Gabriel Valley : Asian Influx Alters Life in Suburbia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Farther east—in Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, Walnut and West Covina—full-fledged Korean and Filipino communities that are among the largest in the state have taken root.
- ^ a b Paul M. Ong; Edna Bonacich; Lucie Cheng. The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Temple University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4399-0158-8.
- ^ a b c Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park PhD (26 November 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1039–1042. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1.
- ^ Baer, Stephanie K. (30 August 2017). "In nod to thriving population, West Covina looks to designate Filipino business area as 'Little Manila'". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Shyong, Frank (8 January 2018). "A diverse L.A. suburb finds love and songs of celebration in 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 February 2018. - ^ Trinidad, Elson (2 August 2012). "L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown Turns Ten: What's Changed?". KCET. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ Wedner, Diane (18 March 2007). "A shared identity". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- ^ Gorman, Anna (22 August 2007). "Mall anchors thriving Filipino community". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Barragan, Blanca (11 March 2016). "Eagle Rock's Philippine Village to Make Way for Little Houses". Curbed Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 July 2018. - ^ "Eagle Rock". Los Angeles Times. 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ Ramirez, Flory (11 September 2017). "Panorama City: Latinos and Filipinos". Medium. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Azores-Gunter, Tania (7 December 1992). "In The Neighborhood : FILIPINO-AMERICANS: Getting It Together, Raising Their Profile". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
"Panorama City". Los Angeles Times. 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Leong, Anthony; Harrington, Sherry; Kwok, Jae (12 November 2004). The Filipino Culture in the San Fernando Valley (Report). California State University, Northridge. Retrieved 15 July 2018. - ^ Merlin Chowkwanyun; Jordan Segall (24 August 2012). "The Rise of the Majority-Asian Suburb". National Journal. Atlantic Cities. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Kevin Nadal (23 March 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
- ^ Darryl V. Caterine (1 January 2001). Conservative Catholicism and the Carmelites: Identity, Ethnicity, and Tradition in the Modern Church. Indiana University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-253-34011-X.
Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5.
Ochoa, Cecile Caguingin (3 November 2013). "Carson, California commemoration caps Fil-Am history month". Inquirer. Retrieved 1 December 2014.After all, it is reputed to be the fourth city in the US with the highest percentage of Filipinos–approximately 20,000 out of its total 92,000 residents.
Texeira, Erin (27 November 2000). "Carson, a Model of Multiracial Politics, Hit by Discord". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 December 2014.In recent decades, Filipino newcomers have arrived at a rapid rate, now making up about 20% of Carson's population and 24% of the teens at the high school, according to city estimates.
- ^ Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park PhD (26 November 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. p. 578. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1.
- ^ Robert Marich (18 April 2005). Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies Used by Major Studios and Independents. CRC Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-136-06862-1.
Rhonda Phillips; Robert H. Pittman (2 December 2008). An Introduction to Community Development. Routledge. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-135-97722-1.
Rhacel Salazar Parrenas (10 August 2008). The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. NYU Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8147-6789-4. - ^ Levine, Brittany (26 April 2012). "Filipinos on the rise in Glendale, Census shows". Glendale News-Press. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Levine, Brittany (26 April 2012). "Glendale sees rise in Filipino population". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Levine, Brittany (14 October 2013). "Glendale acknowledges its Filipino population". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 March 2017. - ^ Kathie Bozanich (16 June 1991). "Asian Population in Orange County". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
"Census 2000 Demographic Profile II" (PDF). Center for Demographic Research. City of Anaheim. August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
"O.C.'s top 10 immigrant populations". Orange County Register. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. - ^ "Asian Population in Orange County". Los Angeles Times. 16 June 1991. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Vo, Thy (29 January 2018). "Report: Asian Americans, Now One Fifth of OC's Population, Are More Complex Than You Think". Voice of OC. Santa Ana, California. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ Trajano, Christian Arquillo. "Filipina/os in Riverside". Asian American Riverside. University of California, Riverside. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
- ^ Brambila, Nicole C. (30 November 2009). "A 'hidden minority'". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, California. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ Olson, David (7 October 2014). "Asian-American community fastest growing group in Inland Empire, nation". Press-Enterprise. Riverside County. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
- ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Los Angeles County, CA". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b Sobredo, James (July 1999). "Filipino Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, Stockton, and Seattle". Asian American Studies. California State University, Sacramento. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ Christy Avery (2009). "Tomales Bay Environmental History and Historic Resource Study". Point Reyes National Seashore. United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Harlan's great-grandparents, Filipino immigrant Domingo Felix and his Coast Miwok wife Euphrasia, probably moved to Laird's Landing around 1861.465
Alt URL Archived 28 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Alfred A. Yuson (6 May 2002). "Fil-Am memoirs: A multicolored fabric". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
The Filipino experience in California is a multiracial one, which has its roots in the 1830 marriage of a Filipino named Domingo Felix and his wife Euphrasia, a Coast Miwok. They were married in Point Reyes and settled at Laird's Landing. Today nearly all the Coast Miwoks are part Filipino...
- ^ a b Filipino American National Historical Society (14 February 2011). Filipinos in San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-1-4396-2524-8.
- ^ a b Evelyn Luluguisen; Lillian Galedo (2008). Filipinos in the East Bay. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-7385-5832-5.
- ^ a b Rhys Alvarado (24 November 2013). "Manilatown: An SF neighborhood that disappeared". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- ^ Benito Vergara (2009). "Little Manila". Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. Temple University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-59213-664-3.
A "real" Manilatown on Kearny Street in San Francisco, with barbershops, hotels, restaurants and clubs-and, at its height, 10,000 Filipinos-did exist just south of Chinatown until 10 blocks' worth was swallowed up by the Financial District in the late '60s.
Patricia Yollin (25 September 2007). "Bill Sorro has passed on, but his monument is the International Hotel". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 31 December 2014.It was a haven for between 10,000 and 30,000 immigrants from the Philippines, mostly laborers, migrant farm workers, domestic servants and merchant marines.
Marjorie Ford; Elizabeth Schave Sills (July 2004). Community Matters: A Reader for Writers. Pearson/Longman. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-321-20783-8. - ^ a b c d James Brook; Chris Carlsson; Nancy J. Peters; James Sobredo (1 January 1998). "From Manila Bay to Daly City: Filipinos in San Francisco". Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture. City Lights Books. pp. 273–286. ISBN 978-0-87286-335-4.
- ^ Estella Habal (28 June 2007). San Francisco's International Hotel: Mobilizing the Filipino American Community in the Anti-Eviction Movement. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-447-2.
- ^ "The Philippines in San Francisco". Philippine Consulate General in San Francisco. Philippines. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- ^ Rosario, Claudine del; Gonzalez III, Joaquin L. (2006). "Apathy to Activism through Filipino American Churches" (PDF). Asia Pacific: Perspectives. VI (1). University of San Francisco: 21–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Gonzalez, Joaquin Lucero (2009). Filipino American faith in action: immigration, religion, and civic engagement. NYU Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8147-3197-0.
- ^ Steven A. Holmes (11 May 2001). "A Diverse City Exists Equal but Separate". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
Sarah Rohrs (12 May 2013). "Decades-long Filipino struggles resulted in strong roots in Vallejo". Times-Herald. Vallejo, California. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
Joaquin Jay Gonzalez (1 February 2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8147-3297-7.
"Vallejo Demographics". Vallejo Chamber of Commerce. 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
Benito Vergara (2009). Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. Temple University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-59213-664-3.
Mel Orpilla (2005). Filipinos in Vallejo. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-2969-1.
James E. Kern (2004). Vallejo. Arcadia Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7385-2909-7.
Sam Roberts (22 October 2013). Who We Are Now: The Changing Face of America in the 21st Century. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-4668-5522-9. - ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Terrezas, Alexis (19 March 2011). "After 100 years, Daly City reflects on history of diversity". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Fagan, Kevin (22 March 2012). "Asian population swells in Bay Area, state, nation". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Benito Vergara (2009). Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City. Temple University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-59213-664-3. - ^ Yu, Brandon (16 August 2018). "Undiscovered SF aims to shed light on the area's thriving Filipino American community". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Baker, Lee D. (2004). Life in America: identity and everyday experience. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-4051-0564-4. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (9 May 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8135-5326-9.San Diego is home to the nation's second largest Filipino community and continues to be a favorable destination for new Filipino immigrants.
Rubén G. Rumbaut; Alejandro Portes; Yen Le Espiritu; Diane L. Wolf (2001). "The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego". Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America. University of California Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-520-23012-5. - ^ a b Alejandro Portes; Rubén G. Rumbaut (5 September 2014). "Moving: Patterns of Immigrant Settlement and Spatial Mobility". Immigrant America: A Portrait. University of California Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-520-95915-6.
A tradition of service as subordinate personnel in the U.S. Navy accounts for sizable Filipino concentrations in Pacific fleet ports, in particular San Diego. By 2011, Filipinos who obtained legal permanent residency were settling primary in Los Angeles, followed by New York – a new but growing destination – and then by San Francisco and San Diego.
- ^ Kittle, Robert A. (18 May 2017). Franciscan Frontiersmen: How Three Adventurers Charted the West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8061-5839-6.
On 10 May, the cabin boy died, along with a Philippine sailor named Matheo Francisco.
Campbell, R. J.; Beals, Herbert K.; Savours, Ann; McConnell, Anita; Bridges, Roy (15 May 2017). Four Travel Journals / The Americas, Antarctica and Africa / 1775–1874. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-317-13365-0.Once the San Carlos reached San Diego, Vila recorded by names and dates the deaths of three additional crewmen: Fernandez de Medina, Philpppine seaman (died 5 May); Manuel Sanchez, cabin Boy (died 10 May); and Matheo Francisco, Philippine seaman (died 10 May). These three presumably were buried ashore at San Diego.
Pourade, Richard F. (1960). "Expeditions by Sea". The History of San Diego: v.1 The Explorers, 1492–1774. San Diego: Copley Newspapers. - ^ "Filipinos for San Diego". Los Angeles Herald. XXXI (43). 13 November 1903. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). Filipinos in San Diego. Arcadia Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2. - ^ Castillo, Adelaida (Summer 1976). "Filipino Migrants in San Diego 1900-1946". The Journal of San Diego History. 22 (3). San Diego Historical Society. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Rowe, Peter (27 July 2015). "Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 11 October 2016. - ^ a b Yen Espiritu; Ruth Abad (17 June 2010). "I Was Used to the American Way of Life". Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-4399-0557-9.
- ^ Guevarra, Jr., Rudy P. (2008). ""Skid Row": Filipinos, Race and Social Construction of Space in San Diego" (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. 54 (1). San Diego Historical Society: 26–28. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). Filipinos in San Diego. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2.
Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (9 May 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8135-5326-9.
Kevin R. Johnson (2003). Mixed Race America and the Law: A Reader. NYU Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8147-4257-0.
Vicki L. Ruiz; Virginia Sánchez Korrol (3 May 2006). Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. p. 342. ISBN 0-253-11169-2.
Maria P. P. Root (20 May 1997). Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE Publications. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0. - ^ William B. Sanders (1994). Gangbangs and Drive-Bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Transaction Publishers. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-202-36621-0.
Juanita Tamayo Lott (1 January 2006). Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7425-4651-6. - ^ Yen Espiritu; Leo Sicat (17 June 2010). "I Sacrificed My Five-Year College Education to Become a Steward". Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4399-0557-9.
- ^ a b "Filipino alone or in any combination". Census 2000 Summary File 2 (SF 2) 100-Percent Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Filipino alone or in any combination". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ a b Yen Espiritu (17 June 2010). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4399-0557-9.
- ^ Setsu Shigematsu; Keith L. Camacho; Theresa Cenidoza Suarez (2010). Militarized Currents: Toward a Decolonized Future in Asia and the Pacific. University of Minnesota Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4529-1518-0.
- ^ a b Linda Trinh Võ (2004). Mobilizing an Asian American Community. Temple University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-59213-262-1.
- ^ Cana, Eliza (3 December 2015). "Chula Vista Scholar to the Philippines". The Sun. Southwestern College. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Chula Vista has quietly become the Philippines 2.0. With nearly 31,344 Pinoy living in the city, according to the American Community Survey in the Census.
- ^ "A Community of Contrasts" (PDF). Union of Pan Asian Communities. Asian Americans Advancing Justice, Los Angeles. 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Kragen, Pam (21 December 2016). "San Diego chefs pushing Filipino cuisine to new heights". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
San Diego County is home to nearly 200,000 Filipinos, one of the largest concentrations in America.
- ^ William B. Sanders (1994). Gangbangs and Drive-Bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. Transaction Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-202-36621-0.
Pam Stevens (11 April 2011). Mira Mesa. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4396-4066-1.
Mark Gottdiener; Ray Hutchison (2006). The New Urban Sociology. Westview Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8133-4318-1.
Kevin L. Nadal PhD (2010). Filipino American Psychology: A Collection of Personal Narratives. AuthorHouse. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4520-0189-0.
Golden, Caron (Winter–Fall 2011). "Local Bounty: Best Picks at the Mira Mesa Farmers Market". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2014. - ^ "Assembly Concurrent Resolution No.157" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Malou Amparo (5 June 2012). "The First Filipino-American Highway in the U.S." Bakitwhy. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). Filipinos in San Diego. Arcadia Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2. - ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in San Diego County, CA". United STates Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d United States. Bureau of the Census (1923). Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920 ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11.
- ^ United States. Bureau of the Census (1933). Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930: Abstract of the Fifteenth Census of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 961.
- ^ "Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 200". Census 2000 Summary File 2 (SF 2) 100-Percent Data. United States Census Bureau. 2000. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ a b Belinda A. Aquino; Federico V. Magdalena (2010). "A Brief History of Filipinos in Hawaii". Center for Philippine Studies. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Rosemarie Bernardo (7 June 2002). "Filipino Americans have rich isle history: The state will mark their centennial with a celebration in 2006". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
In Hawaii, Filipinos are the third-largest population among Asians and Pacific Islanders to Japanese Americans and Hawaiians, respectively.
- ^ Angela Brittingham; G. Patricia de La Cruz (June 2004). "Ancestry:2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2004. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "RP officials celebrate opening of community center in Hawaii". Marianas Variety. Associated Press. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Rosemarie Bernardo (6 June 2002). "A center of their own". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ Jennifer Sinco Kelleher (21 May 2011). "Census shows Hispanics grow presence in Hawaii". The Maui News. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Richard Lim (5 August 2011). "Hawaii 2010 Census" (PDF). State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. State of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2014. - ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Hawaii". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Department of Commerce. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ Natividad, Ivan (9 October 2023). "Why are there so many people from the Philippines in Hawaii? Colonialism". Berkeley News. Berkeley, CA. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ a b Yam, Kimmy; Venkatraman, Sakshi (7 September 2023). "Filipinos in Lahaina say they've been overlooked in wildfire response". New York City: NBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Fujii-Oride, Noelle (11 May 2022). "Here's Which Ethnic Groups Make the Most Money in Hawai'i". Hawaii Business Magazine. Honolulu, Hawaii: PacificBasin Communications. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ Joshua J. Quint; Miriam E. Van Dyke; Hailey Maeda; J. Keʻalohilani Worthington; May Rose Dela Cruz; Joseph Keaweʻaimoku Kaholokula; Chantelle Eseta Matagi; Catherine M. Pirkle; Emily K. Roberson; Tetine Sentell; Lisa Watkins-Victorino; Courtni A. Andrews; Katherine E. Center; Renee M. Calanan; Kristie E.N. Clarke; Delight E. Satter; Ana Penman-Aguilar; Erin M. Parker; Sarah Kemble (17 September 2021). "Disaggregating Data to Measure Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes and Guide Community Response – Hawaii, March 1, 2020 – February 28, 2021". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (37): 1267–1273. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a1. PMC 8445382. PMID 34529634.
- ^ Sinco Kelleher, Jennifer; Caina Calvan, Bobby (10 September 2023). "Lahaina's fire-stricken Filipino residents are key to tourism and local culture. Will they stay?". Associated Press News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
List, Medeleine (28 September 2023). "Lahaina's Filipino Community Mourns The Loss of 9 Family Members". Civil Beat. Honolulu, Hawaii. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
Lee-Brago, Pia (16 August 2023). "Filipinos affected by Hawaii wildfires unlikely to request repatriation". The Philippine Star. Metro Manila, Philippines. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
Cruz Churma, Rose; Quinabo, Edwin (8 October 2023). "New Assistance Available for Maui Fire Victims, Hawaii's Filipino Community Rally to Offer Support". Hawaii Filipino Chronicle. Retrieved 25 October 2023. - ^ a b c d e f "Filipino Texans" (PDF). Gallery of Texas Cultures. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2012. Alt URL Archived 5 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rajwani-Dharsi, Naheed (18 May 2023). "North Texas' Asian population keeps growing". Axios Dallas. Axios. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
Chen, Edward C. M.; Harwell, Debbie Z. (March 2016). "Asian Americans: Expanding Our Horizens" (PDF). Houston History. Wilson Houston History Collaborative. Retrieved 9 October 2023. - ^ Brady, Marilyn Dell (2004). The Asian Texans. Texas A&M University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781585443123.
- ^ a b c Brady, Marilyn Dell (2004). The Asian Texans. Texas A&M University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781585443123.
- ^ Kilpinen, Jon (January 2014). "04.05 Percent Filipino, 2010". United States Map Gallery.
V. Nepal; C. Beiyi; M. Chindlers; B.J. Gor; W. Bryant; D. Banerjee (2015). State of Asian American & Pacific Islander Health in Houston/Harris County & Surrounding Areas (PDF) (Report). Dr. Umair A. Shah. Houston Health Department. p. 12. Retrieved 9 October 2023. - ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Total population 137,713
- ^ Dorothy Laigo Cordova (2009). Filipinos in Puget Sound. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-7134-8.
- ^ Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
- ^ Rick Baldoz (28 February 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. NYU Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8147-0921-4.
- ^ Jon Sterngass (1 January 2009). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
- ^ Larry L. Naylor (1 January 1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-89789-479-1.
- ^ a b c Shepard, George (July 1974). "Population Profiles, Vol. 5: Demographic and Socioeconomic Profiles of the American Indian, Black, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Spanish Heritage, and White Populations of Washington State in 1970" (PDF). Education Resources Information Center. Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
- ^ Dorothy Laigo Cordova (2009). Filipinos in Puget Sound. Arcadia Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7385-7134-8.
- ^ Kim Potowski (5 August 2010). Language Diversity in the USA. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-139-49126-6.
- ^ Dymphna Calica-La Putt (8 December 2011). "Tagalog ballots to make voting more convenient for Las Vegas Fil-Ams". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jon Mele. "U.S. 2010 Census: Filipinos in the U.S. Increased by 38%; Nevada has fastest growing population". Filipino Press. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Tovin Lapan (12 May 2012). "As population surges, first Filipino-American organization launched in Nevada". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 5 December 2014. - ^ Steve Timko (24 October 2014). "Changing Face of America: Filipinos on the rise in Nevada". Reno Gazette-Journal. Gannett. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ Michael Wayne Bowers (2006). The Sagebrush State: Nevada's History, Government, and Politics. University of Nevada Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-87417-682-7.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Jerry L. Simich; Thomas C. Wright (2005). The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. University of Nevada Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-87417-616-2.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jason Margolis (2 April 2012). "Could Filipinos in Las Vegas Wield Political Power?". Public Radio International. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Much of that growth was fueled by Filipino immigrants – some 124,000 Filipinos now call Nevada home, mostly in the Las Vegas area.
- ^ Hoa, Sally (1 May 2015). "Pacquiao a hero in Filipino communities ready to celebrate". Associated Press News. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
Nearly 5 percent of Nevadans – more than 138,000 people – identify as Filipino, making the sparsely populated state home to the fifth-largest contingent in the country, according to Census data.
- ^ Pattillo, Alicia (14 May 2021). "Filipinos are largest AAPI group in Las Vegas". KTNV. Las Vegas. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
The Las Vegas Asian Chamber of Commerce says more than 200,000 Filipinos make up the AAPI community.
- ^ Jerry L. Simich; Thomas C. Wright (2005). The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. University of Nevada Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-87417-616-2.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Art D. Clarito; Heather Lawler; Gary B. Palmer (2005). "The Filipinos". In Jerry L. Simich; Thomas C. Wright (eds.). The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces. University of Nevada Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-87417-616-2.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Las Vegas Filipino-Americans on Typhoon Recovery". KNPR. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
Approximately 140,000 Filipinos live in Las Vegas, many of whom have friends and family affected by the storm.
Tom Ragan (9 November 2013). "Filipino-Americans in Las Vegas hear from loved ones back home". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2014.About 140,000 Filipino-Americans live in Las Vegas, and many of them have family and friends in the western-Pacific archipelago.
Bev Llorente (14 November 2013). "FilAms in Nevada Worry About Kin in Visayas". ABS-CBN North American News Bureau. Retrieved 6 December 2013.More than 140,000 Filipino-Americans live in southern Nevada.
- ^ Jerry Izenberg (14 November 2014). "Manny Pacquiao's trainer: Chris Algieri doesn't hit hard enough to 'break an egg'". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
There are more than 90,000 Filipino nationals living in Greater Las Vegas.
- ^ Ghimire, Saruna; Cheong, Prescott; Sagadraca, Lawrence; Chien, Lung-Chang; Sy, Francisco S. (27 November 2018). "A Health Needs Assessment of the Filipino American Community in the Greater Las Vegas Area". Health Equity. 2 (1): 334–438. doi:10.1089/heq.2018.0042. PMC 6263856. PMID 30506015.
In total, Filipino Americans represent almost 3.5% of the entire population of Las Vegas and over half of the Asian American population.
- ^ General Population Characteristics: Florida (PDF) (Report). United States Census Bureau. 1992. p. 22. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ "Florida". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ Rakow, Erica (24 December 2013). "Local group holding Fundraiser for Philippines". WJXT. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Stefan Rayer (2013). "Asians in Florida". Bureau of Economic and Business Research. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014. - ^ a b Deirdre Conner (18 June 2009). "Festival highlights Jacksonville's Filipino culture". Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ a b "The Filipino American Community" (PDF). College of Business and Public Administration Economic Forecasting Project. Old Dominion University. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014. Alt URL Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Koval, John Patrick; Larry Bennett; Michael I. J. Bennett; Fassil Demissie; Roberta Garner; Kiljoong Kim (2006). The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-59213-088-7.
- ^ a b c Kent A. Ono; Barbara M. Posadas (15 April 2008). "Mestiza Girlhood: Interracial Families in Chicago's Filipino American Community since 1925*". A Companion to Asian American Studies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 226–234. ISBN 978-1-4051-3709-6.
- ^ a b c Cutler, Irving (2006). Chicago, metropolis of the mid-continent. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8093-2702-7.
- ^ Elliott Robert Barkan; Barbara M. Posados; Roland L. Guyotte (17 January 2013). "Filipinos and Filipino Americans, 1940-Present". Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1410. ISBN 978-1-59884-220-3.
- ^ a b Dr. Barbara Posadas; Estrella Alamar; Justo Alamar; Willi Buhay; Romeo Munoz (2010). "Asian American Community Profiles" (PDF). Asian Americans Advancing Justice-Chicago. Asian American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Elliott Robert Barkan; Jon Cruz (1 January 1999). "Filipinos". A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-313-29961-2.
- ^ a b Elliott Barkan; Hasia R. Diner; Alan Kraut; Barbara M. Posadas; Roland L. Guyotte (1 December 2007). "Filipino Families in the Land of Lincoln". From Arrival to Incorporation: Migrants to the U. S. in a Global Era. NYU Press. pp. 143–162. ISBN 978-0-8147-9120-2.
- ^ a b Koval, John Patrick; Larry Bennett; Michael I. J. Bennett; Fassil Demissie; Roberta Garner; Kiljoong Kim (2006). The new Chicago: a social and cultural analysis. Philadelphia: Temple University press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-59213-088-7.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ John P. Koval; Yvonne M. Lau (2006). "Re-Visioning Filipino American Communities: Evoloving Identities, Issues, and Organizations". The New Chicago: A Social and Cultural Analysis. Temple University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-59213-772-5.
- ^ "Geography – New York Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ Larry L. Naylor (1 January 1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-89789-479-1.
The overall socioeconomic status of Filipino-Americans as indicated by their educational achievement, occupational distribution, and income levels may obscure significant disparities within the population. Filipinos in New York and New Jersey have a much higher socioeconomic status than that of other coutnerparts in Hawaii (Liu et al. 1988:509). More than two-thirds of Filipino immigrants in New York and New Jersey came in 1973 and 1979 and 50% who arrived in 1985 were health and other highly trained professionals, especially medical doctors and nurses, in the Philippines. In contrast, Hawaii Filipinos remain very much a working-class group with only limited upward social mobility, especially into managerial and professional positions since the beginning of the 1970s (Okamura 1990).
- ^ a b Sam Roberts (22 October 2013). "Our Changing Complexion". Who We Are Now: The Changing Face of America in the 21st Century. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1-4668-5522-9.
- ^ Joseph Berger (27 January 2008). "Filipino Nurses, Healers in Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013. Department of Homeland Security. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2012". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012. Department of Homeland Security. 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2011". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011. Department of Homeland Security. 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2010". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010. Department of Homeland Security. 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2009". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009. Department of Homeland Security. 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Legal Permanent Resident Flow by Leading Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2005". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2005. Department of Homeland Security. 2005. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Jollibee Brings the Buzz to Queens" (PDF). SANLAHI. June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
Woodside is the heart of Queens' very own Little Manila. It is known for its concentration of Filipinos. Of the 85,000 residents of Woodside, about 13,000 are of Filipino background.
Marquez, Liaa (19 January 2011). "Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough". GMA News. Retrieved 3 December 2014.Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city.
Nicole Lyn Pesce (26 June 2011). "Your nabe: Little Manila in Woodside Queens; Surge of Filipino residents call Roosevelt Ave. home". New York Daily News. Retrieved 29 October 2014. - ^ a b "Guide to Little Manila – Destination Jersey City". Jersey City Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ a b Heather Dumlao (9 June 2009). "Bergenfield, New Jersey: "Little Manila" of Bergen County". BakitWhy. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth T. Jackson; Lisa Keller; Nancy Flood (1 December 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. pp. 2105–2106. ISBN 978-0-300-18257-6.
"Demographic Characteristics – New York City" (PDF). Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning. City of New York. October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ Pyong Gap Min (2006). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. Sage Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5.
- ^ "Census Profile: New York City's Filipino American Population" (PDF). Asian American Federation of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ a b c "Profile of New York City's Filipino Americans: 2013 Edition" (PDF). Asian American Federation of New York. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Filipino – 38,163 – 1.7
- ^ Sam Roberts (23 September 2014). A History of New York in 101 Objects. Simon and Schuster. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-4767-2880-3.
- ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-19-939702-0.
Campanella, Thomas J. (10 September 2019). Brooklyn: The Once and Future City. Princeton University Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-691-19456-1.
Jamero, Peter (29 June 2019). "Salvatore Baldomar, Filipino-Italian Seafarer". Positively Filipino. Retrieved 6 December 2019. - ^ a b c d Marquez, Liaa (19 January 2011). "Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough". GMA News and Public Affairs. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city.
- ^ Nicole Lyn Pesce (26 June 2011). "Your nabe: Little Manila in Woodside Queens; Surge of Filipino residents call Roosevelt Ave. home". New York Daily News. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Vera Haller (28 May 2014). "Woodside, Queens: An Affordable, Convenient Triangle". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
"LBC's 1st N.Y. branch now open for business". Filipino Reporter. New York City. 6 September 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Meg Cotner (4 December 2012). Food Lovers' Guide to Queens: The Best Restaurants, Markets & Local Culinary Offerings. Globe Pequot Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7627-8118-8.[permanent dead link] - ^ "History of the #7 Line". Queens West Villager. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Tamar Lewin (20 November 1988). "Long Island City, Woodside, Flushing: Stops Along the Way – No. 7 Line – The Orient Express". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Greg Donaldson (16 December 2002). "Gang Busters". New York Magazine. New York City. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ Ellen Freudenheim (10 September 2013). Queens: What to Do, Where to Go (and How Not to Get Lost) in New York's Undiscovered Borough. St. Martin's Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4668-5238-9.
Jamaica is the epicenter of New Yorks' Filipino community
Thomas F. Berner (1 November 1999). The Brooklyn Navy Yard. Arcadia Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7385-5695-6.By the 1930s, New York City's Filipino community was located near BNY, probably because at this time, most mess hall stewards in the navy were Filipino.
Sarah Lohman (3 September 2013). "Yelling for an Egg: Filipino Food in Brooklyn". tenement.org. Lower East Side Tenement Museum. Retrieved 24 December 2014. - ^ "Greenstreet". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. City of New York. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Philippine Heritage Sites" (PDF). Philippine Consulate General New York. January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
1987 Congressional Record, Vol. 133, Page E15636 (11, Jue 1987)Br/>Ackerman, Gary L. (11 June 1987). "The Dedcation of Benigno Aquino Triangle" (PDF). Government Printing Office. Retrieved 9 February 2024.Mr. Speaker, I would like to bring to the attention of my colleagues an important event which will take place this Saturday, June 13th in Hollis, Queens County, NY. On that date, the intersection of Hillside Avenue with 184th Place and 185th Street will be dedicated as "Benigno Aquino Traingle."
- ^ "Street corner in Queens, NY to be named 'Little Manila'". Inquirer.net. Burlingame, CA. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Andres, Czarinna (13 June 2022). "Filipinos in Queens Celebrate Unveiling of 'Little Manila Avenue' in Woodside". Sunnyside Post. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
"Little Manila Avenue in New York City now officially recognized". GMA. Quezon City, Philippines. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Shin, Caroline (7 April 2023). "The Restaurant That Paved the Way for Little Manila". Eater NY. Vox Media. Retrieved 12 October 2023. - ^ a b Wu, Sen-Yuan (17 February 2012). "New Jersey's Asian Population by Asian Group: 2010" (PDF). NJ Department of Labor and Workforce Development. State of New Jersey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography – New Jersey Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Filipino – 1,050 – 2.4
- ^ a b Mary Diduch; Christopher Maag (10 November 2013). "North Jersey Filipinos marshal aid for typhoon relief". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Filipino – 1,005 – 2.5
- ^ "Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000". Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data. United States Census Bureau. 2000. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Filipino – 1,046 – 6.4
"Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000" (PDF). Census 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
"Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000" (PDF). Census 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. - ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ "2nd Filipino American Festival in Bergenfield ready to go". Asian Journal – The Filipino Community Newspaper since 1991. 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
Joseph Berger (24 November 2003). "From Philippines, With Scrubs; How One Ethnic Group Came to Dominate the Nursing Field". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Chao, Mary (25 December 2021). "St. John's in Bergenfield celebrates 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines". North Jersey. Woodland Park, New Jersey. Retrieved 22 January 2022. - ^ "Helping to build our diverse community!". Philippine-American Community of Bergen County (PACBC). Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ "Filipino-American Association of Fair Lawn – "Committed to Community"". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ "Filipino American Tennis Association". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Filipino – 16,213 – 6.5
Heather Haddon (10 June 2012). "Sweet Spaghetti, And a Bit of Pride". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.Total Population 17,268
- ^ a b "Jersey City's Filipino community makes Census push". The Jersey Journal. Jersey City. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ "Jersey City, N.J. Supplemental Table For Census Profile: New York City's Filipino American Population" (PDF). Census Information Center. Asian American Federation of New York. July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ 1970 Census of Population: Subject reports. Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos in the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 1973.
- ^ Martin, Julia H.; Spar, Michael A. (June 1982). "Population Change in Virginia, 1970–1980" (PDF). The University of Virginia News Letter. 58 (10). University of Virginia. ISSN 0042-0271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ David Nicholson (31 January 1993). "Life in America Can Be A Dream Come True For Immigrants From Asia". Daily Press. Hampton Roads. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ "Virginia". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Sonja Barisic (29 June 2002). "Southeastern Virginia home to large group of Filipinos". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Kathy Hieatt (12 November 2013). "Disaster hits home for region's Filipino community". The Virginia Pilot. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
More than half – about 17,000 – live in Virginia Beach
- ^ Ashley Sabin (3 August 2011). "Line Dancing Showcases Filipino Culture in Hampton Roads". School of Mass Communications. Virginia Commonwealth University. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
In Hampton Roads alone there are roughly 32,000 Filipinos and in Virginia Beach between 17,000 and 22,000 Filipinos within the community.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ a b Carol Morello; Dan Keating (26 May 2011). "D.C. region's Asian population is up 60 percent since 2000, census data show". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ Mary Tablante (19 February 2013). "Untold Filipino History in Annapolis". Capital News Service. Philip Merrill College of Journalism, University of Maryland. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ Joseph Pimentel (25 January 2013). "Maryland archaeologists chronicle Fil-Am history in Annapolis". Asian Journal. pp. A5–A6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ Kathrina Aben; Dave Ottalini (22 January 2013). ""Invisible" Filipino History in Annapolis Documented by UMD Researchers". UMD Right Now. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Total Population: Filipino alone or in any combination". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Maryland". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Department of Commerce. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ "Asian Americans in Washington, D.C." (PDF). Mayor's Office on Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs. The District of Columbia. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Tamara Treichel (6 December 2013). "DC Area's Growing Filipino Population Rallies Around Social Causes". Asian Fortune. Washington, DC. Retrieved 18 December 2014. - ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in District of Columbia". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Department of Commerce. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ Campbell, Bruce L. (May 1987). The Filipino Community of Guam (1945–1975) (Paper). University of Hawaiʻi. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pobutsky, Ann M.; Neri, Enrico I. (2018). "Patterns of Filipino Migration to Guam: United States Military Colonialism and its Aftermath". Philippine Studies. 66 (1): 77–94. doi:10.1353/phs.2018.0004. S2CID 149246554. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Pobutsky, Ann M.; Neri, Enrico I. (March–June 2014). "Cultural Integration and Separation: The Pre-historical and Historical Links between Guam and the Philippines, or Where Did All the Filipinos Go?". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (1/2): 1–15. JSTOR 44512009. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Rogers, R.F. (2011). Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam, Revised Edition. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8248-3334-3. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ a b c United States. Bureau of the Census (1933). Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930: Abstract of the Fifteenth Census of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 964–968.
- ^ The Foreign Born Population on Guam: 1990 (PDF) (Report). Government of Guam. February 1998. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via Department of Interior.
- ^ James Ainsworth; Daniel C. Narey (7 May 2013). Sociology of Education: An A-to-Z Guide. SAGE Publications. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-4522-7614-4.
Martinez, Lacee A.C. (13 July 2017). "The Ties That Bind". The Guamanian Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Hapal, Don Kevin (17 August 2017). "FAST FACTS: How many and where are the Filipinos in Guam?". Rappler. Philippines. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Quismundo, Tarra (30 November 2017). "'At home' in Guam: Why more Pinoys are traveling to US territory". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Philippines. Retrieved 6 March 2018. - ^ "2020 Island Areas Censuses Data on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics Now Available for Guam". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ a b Reverie, Lucid (2004). "Asian Americans". Alaska History & Cultural Studies. Alaska Humanities Forum. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^ Chua, Paolo (15 August 2019). "The Fascinating Story of the First Filipinos in Alaska". Esquire. Philippines: Esquire Philippines. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
{{cite magazine}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Tai, Crystal (5 May 2019). "There are Filipinos in Alaska – they're called Alaskeros, and they've been there for more than 200 years". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 11 October 2023. - ^ Frank, Sarah (2005). Filipinos in America. Lerner Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8225-4873-7.
Sterngass, Jon (2007). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0. Retrieved 4 September 2014. - ^ Badloz, Rick (28 February 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. Nation of newcomers: immigrant history as American history. NYU Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8147-0921-4.
- ^ Lawless, Robert (2005). "Philippine Diaspora". In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
- ^ Katherine Ringsmuth (18 June 2013). "MUG-UP: The Role of the Mess Hall in Cannery Life". alaskahistoricalsociety.org/. Alaska Historical Society. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ Sandberg, Eric; Hunsinger, Eddie (February 2014). "Alaska's Asian and Pacific Islanders" (PDF). Alaska. 34 (2). Alaska Department of Labor: 4–11. ISSN 0160-3345. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ "Filipinos Now Alaska's Largest Asian Group". Balitang America. Redwood City, California: ABS-CBN. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Department of Commerce. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
Krumrey, Yvonne (11 April 2022). "Filipinos in Alaska have 'desire to participate' in Philippine election, honorary consul says". KTOO. Juneau, Alaska. Retrieved 24 October 2023. - ^ Perlich, Pamela S.; Eccles, David S. (October 2002). Utah Minorities: The Story Told by 150 Years of Census Data (PDF) (Report). Kent Miles. University of Utah. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ Jared Bray (30 July 2011). "2010 Census: Utah's Filipino population explodes by 108%". KSL. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ Hampton, Maricar CP (8 October 2011). "Filipinos grow, weave into mainstream Utah". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Burlingame, California. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
Carol Edison (1994). "Southeast Asians in Utah". In Powell, Allan Kent (ed.). Utah History Encyclopedia. University of Utah. ISBN 9780874804256 – via Utah Education Network. - ^ "Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in Utah". Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census. United States Department of Commerce. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
Bateman, Mallory; Prior, Heidi (21 September 2023). "Blog: New Detailed Race and Ethnic Group Insights from 2020 Census". Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute. University of Utah. Retrieved 24 October 2023. - ^ Hartley, Eugene F. (1 November 1917). Census of the Virgin Islands of the United States (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States" (PDF). census.gov. United States Department of Commerce. 1941. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
Millegan, Lloyd S. (November 1942). "Census of the Philippines: 1939". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 2 (1): 77–79. doi:10.2307/2049281. JSTOR 2049281. Retrieved 21 December 2023. - ^ "Census of the Philippines (1939 and 1948)" [Tracking no: #PSA-633498508444]. Philippine Statistics Authority. Freedom of Information Philippines. 30 June 2022. Summary and General Report; Table 17.-Male Population, By Age and Citizenship, By Province: 1939. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
Japan 19,335; China 90,007; United States 5,129; Spain 2,503
- ^ "Section 29: Outlyin Areas" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States. United States Census Bureau. 2001. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "U.S. Territories in the Pacific". PSR State Pages. National Network of Libraries of Medicine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands". Office of Insular Affairs. United States Department of the Interior. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2018.Filipino: 35.3%
"Philippine Airlines adds new flights to Saipan". The Guam Daily Post. Travel Daily Asia. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Camahco, Keith L.; Guerrero, Jillettee Leon (14 October 2016). National Endowment for the Humanities Site Visit (PDF) (Report). Northern Marianas Humanities Council. Retrieved 6 March 2018.Yet the indigenous Chamorros and Carolinians, who in 2010 consisted of 41% of the population, have become a minority in their own homeland with Filipinos accounting for the next largest group of 35%.
- ^ "2020 Island Areas Censuses Data on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics Now Available for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "2000 Census of Population and Housing : American Samoa" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ a b "American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 2012" (PDF). Department of Commerce. American Samoa Government. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "2020 Island Areas Censuses Data on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics Now Available for American Samoa". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ Lewin, Aldeth (18 November 2013). "V.I. Filipinos rally to support their devastated homeland". Virgin Islands Daily News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Fale-Knight, April Rose (19 November 2013). "St. Thomas Filipinos Raise Funds for Haiyan-Struck Families". St. Thomas Source. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
"Filipinos tapped to ease teacher shortage in US Virgin Islands". Rappler. Pasig City, Philippines. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2023. - ^ "Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010". 2010 U.S. Virgin Islands Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
- ^ "Philippine Embassy Conducts Back-To-Back Consular Outhreach Missions in the Bahamas and US Virgin Islands". philippineembassy-dc.org. Embassy of the Philippines, Washington, D.C. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Filipinos tapped to ease teacher shortage in US Virgin Islands". Rappler.com. Philippines. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
"Filipino Educators, Community Celebrate 120th Philippines Independence Day". St. Croix Soure. St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
Kirkpatrick, Sara (10 October 2023). "Community welcomes 22 new Filipino teachers". Daily News. St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. Retrieved 21 December 2023. - ^ "Asian Alone or in Combination with One or More Ethnic Origins or Races, and with one or more Asian Categories for Selected Groups". 2010 Guam Summary File. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2014.[dead link]
"Asian Alone or in Combination with One or More Ethnic Origins or Races, and with one or more Asian Categories for Selected Groups". 2010 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Summary File File. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2014.[dead link] - ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2010). "PCT1 Total Population: Universe: Total Population, 2010 Census Summary File 2". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2010). "PC1 Total Population: Universe: Total Population, 2010 Census Summary File 1". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Honolulu, HI Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Geography: Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area". 2010 Census Summary File 2. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ Tyner, James A. (2007). "Filipinos: The Invisible Ethnic Community". In Miyares, Ines M.; Airress, Christopher A. (eds.). Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 264–266. ISBN 978-0-7425-3772-9.Demographics of Filipino Americans at Google Books
- ^ Carlo Osi (26 March 2009). "Filipino cuisine on US television". Mind Feeds. Inquirer Company. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
In the United States, the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultural groups often bond for organizational purposes, while Filipinos in general have not. Ethnically Filipino Americans are divided into Pampangeno, Ilocano, Cebuano, Tagalog, and so forth.
- ^ Guevarra, Jr., Rudy P. (2008). ""Skid Row": Filipinos, Race and the Social Construction of Space in San Diego" (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. 54 (1). City of San Diego. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
Lagierre, Michel S. (2000). The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-312-22612-1. Retrieved 26 April 2011. - ^ Sterngass, Jon (2006). Filipino Americans. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
- ^ Kim Potowski; Elvira C. Fonacier (5 August 2010). "Tagalog in the US". Language Diversity in the USA. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–109. ISBN 978-1-139-49126-6.
Maria P. P. Root (20 May 1997). Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE Publications. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0. - ^ "Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2009" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
- ^ U.S. Government. "U.S. economics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
John D. Buenker; Lorman Ratner; Augusto Espiritu (2005). "Filipio Americans". Multiculturalism in the United States: A Comparative Guide to Acculturation and Ethnicity. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32404-8.The 1965 act led to the professionalization of the Filipino American community. Whereas before, the Filipino population had been made up of a large laboring population alongside a small, socially distant elite stemming from the diplomatic corps or the professional class, the post-1965 landscape brought thousands of professionals from the Philippines, especially doctors, nurses, dentists, accountants, engineers, medical support personnel, and skilled workers, who helped to enlarge the middle to upper-middle-class segments of the population.
Barbara Mercedes Posadas (1 January 1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7.
Stephen Cornell; Douglas Hartmann (6 December 2006). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. SAGE Publications. pp. 246–248. ISBN 978-1-4833-5143-8. - ^ a b Melen McBride, RN (1 October 2001). "Health and Health Care of Filipino American Elders". Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics, Second Edition. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Barbara Mercedes Posadas (1 January 1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7.
Grace J. Yoo; Mai-Nhung Le; Alan Y. Oda (4 June 2012). Handbook of Asian American Health. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4614-2226-6. - ^ Barbara Mercedes Posadas (1 January 1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7.
Alan M. Kraut; David A. Gerber (6 November 2013). Ethnic Historians and the Mainstream: Shaping America's Immigration Story. Rutgers University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8135-6226-1.
Michael D. Sumner; Monique W. Morris; Mary Louise Frampton; Jessica Z. Borja (September 2008). "Proposition 209 and Public Employment in California: Trends in Workforce Diversity" (PDF). Berkeley Law. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014. - ^ Maria P. P. Root; Jonathan Y. Okamura; Amefil R. Agbayani (20 May 1997). "Pamantasan: Filipino American Higher Education". Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE Publications. pp. 183–197. ISBN 978-1-4522-4955-1.
Thanh Thuy Vo Dang (2008). Anticommunism as Cultural Praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-549-56017-3.[permanent dead link] - ^ Kevin Nadal (23 March 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
Ronald H. Bayor (31 July 2011). Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-313-35786-2. - ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States". 2007–2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates. United States Census. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ^ "Overseas Filipino Remittances". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
- ^ Venzon, Cliff (15 February 2022). "Philippines 'modern-day heroes' sent record remittances last year". Nikkei Asia. Japan. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Survey of Business Owners – Asian-Owned Firms: 2007". Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Table 7. Summary Statistics for Asian-Owned Firms by Detailed Group (Percent Changes): 2002 to 2007" (PDF). Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Filipino-Owned Firms" (PDF). Survey of Business Owners. United States Census Bureau. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "The Asian-American Labor Force in the Recovery". United States Department of Labor. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ Nakano, Satoshi (June 2004). "The Filipino World War II veterans equity movement and the Filipino American community" (PDF). Seventh Annual International Philippine Studies. Center for Pacific And American Studies: 53–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2015. Alt URL
Pyong Gap Min; Carl L. Bankston, III (2006). "Filipino American". Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. SAGE Publications. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5. - ^ Takei, Isao; Sakamoto, Arthur (2011). "Poverty Among Asian Americans in the 21st Century". Sociological Perspectives. 54 (2). Pacific Sociological Association: 251–276. doi:10.1525/sop.2011.54.2.251. ISSN 0731-1214. S2CID 147015408.
- ^ Martinez, Kathleen Melissa (2007). Finding a Home for Filipino-American Dual Citizens: Membership and the Filipino National Identity (PDF) (Master of Arts in Communication, Culture and Technology thesis). Georgetown University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Professor of Health and Mental Health Columbia University Barbara Berkman Helen Rehr/Ruth Fizdale Chair (11 January 2006). Handbook of Social Work in Health and Aging. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-19-803873-3.
- ^ "Filipino Americans and Educational Downward Mobility". Asian American Policy Review. Harvard Kennedy School Student Publication. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "IMGs by Country of Origin". 2007 AMA Masterfile. American Medical Association. June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ Sweis, Luciana E.; Guay, Albert H (February 2007). "Foreign-trained dentists licensed in the United States: Exploring their origins". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 138 (2). American Dental Association: 219–224. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0140. PMID 17272378. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ Brush, Barbara L.; Sochalski, Julie; Berger, Anne M. (May 2004). "Imported Care: Recruiting Foreign Nurses To U.S. Health Care Facilities". Health Affairs. 23 (3). Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc: 78–87. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.78. ISSN 1544-5208. PMID 15160805.
- ^ "Filipino Teachers Recruited to Meet U.S. Shortage". The Sunday Gazette. 8 September 2002. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Goldstein, Dana (2 May 2018). "Teacher Pay Is So Low in Some U.S. School Districts That They're Recruiting Overseas". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Sarmiento, Alice (5 December 2019). "Green cards for Filipino teacher the answer to U.S. shortage?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. NextDayBetter. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Mabe, Rachel (25 August 2020). "Trafficking in Teachers". Oxford American. No. 109/110. Oxford, Mississippi: The Oxford American Literary Project, Inc. Retrieved 14 November 2021. - ^ Robert Samuels (6 May 2011). "Filipino teachers in Pr. George's caught in middle of labor dispute". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Nimfa U. Rueda (4 March 2012). "'Dream come true' turns to nightmare for Filipino teachers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jablon, Robert (18 December 2012). "LA jury awards $4.5 million to Filipino teachers". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Pfeifer, Stuart (18 December 2012). "Jury awards $4.5 million to teachers recruited from Philippines". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
"Filipino teachers still awaiting $4.5M from federal lawsuit". KSLA. Shreveport, Louisiana. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Further reading
edit- Tyrone Lim; Dolly Pangan-Specht; Filipino American National Historical Society (2010). Filipinos in the Willamette Valley. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-8110-1.
- Richard Chu (1 February 2007). Profiles of Asian American Subgroups in Massachusetts: Filipino Americans in Massachusetts (Report). Institute for Asian American Studies – via University of Massachusetts Boston.
- Mabalon, Dawn Bohulano. Little Manila is in the heart: The making of the Filipina/o American community in Stockton, California ( Duke University Press, 2013). excerpt
- Posadas, Barbara M., and Roland L. Guyotte. "Unintentional immigrants: Chicago's Filipino foreign students become settlers, 1900–1941." Journal of American Ethnic History (1990): 26–48. online
- Rita M., Cacas. The Rita M. Cacas Filipino American Community Archives collection. Hornebake Library, University of Maryland. 2018-0109-MDHC.
External links
edit- "Total U.S. Filipino American Population". The Rise of Asian Americans. Pew Research Center. 2014.