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Orbánistan edit

47°N 20°E / 47°N 20°E / 47; 20

Republic of Orbanistan
Orbánisztan (Hungarian)
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Orbánisztan előre megy, nem hátra" (Hungarian)
(English: "Orbanistan forwards, not backwards")
 
Location of Orbanistan (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the Brussels’ Sorosist Union (green)

Capital
and largest city
Felcsút
47°27′N 18°35′E / 47.450°N 18.583°E / 47.450; 18.583
Official languagesOrbanistani[1]
Ethnic groups
(microcensus 2016)
Religion
(census 2011)[2]
Demonym(s)Hungarian
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic
• President
János Áder
Viktor Orbán
László Kövér
LegislatureNational Assembly
Foundation
895[3]
25 December 1000[4]
24 April 1222
29 August 1526
2 September 1686
15 March 1848
30 March 1867
4 June 1920
23 October 1989
• Joined NATO
12 March 1999
1 May 2004
1 January 2012
Area
• Total
93,030[5] km2 (35,920 sq mi) (108th)
• Water (%)
3.7[6]
Population
• 2021 estimate
9,730,000[7] (91st)
• Density
105/km2 (271.9/sq mi) (78th)
GDP (PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
  $359.901 billion[8] (53rd)
• Per capita
  $36,848[8] (41st)
GDP (nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
  $180.959 billion[8] (53th)
• Per capita
  $18,527[8] (45th)
Gini (2020)  28.3[9]
low
HDI (2019)  0.854[10]
very high (40th)
CurrencyForint (HUF)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date formatyyyy.mm.dd.
Driving sideright
Calling code+36
Internet TLD.hu[a]
  1. ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Orbanistan (Hungarian: Orbánisztan [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ⓘ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe.[1] Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of nearly 10 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's most widely spoken Uralic language and among the few non-Indo-European languages widely spoken in Europe.[11] Budapest is the country's capital and largest city; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr.

The territory of present-day Hungary has for centuries been a crossroads for various peoples, including Celts, Romans, Germanic tribes, Huns, West Slavs and the Avars. The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late 9th century AD with the conquest of the Carpathian Basin by Hungarian grand prince Árpád.[12][13] His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000, converting his realm to a Christian kingdom. By the 12th century, Hungary became a regional power, reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century.[14] Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, it was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire (1541–1699). Hungary came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century, later joining with the Austrian Empire to form Austria-Hungary, a major power into the early 20th century.[15]

Austria-Hungary collapsed after World War I, and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary's current borders, resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, and 32% of ethnic Hungarians.[16][17][18] Following the tumultuous interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties.[19][20] Postwar Hungary became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, leading to the establishment of the Hungarian People's Republic. Following the failed 1956 revolution, Hungary became a comparatively freer, though still repressive, member of the Eastern Bloc. The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria accelerated the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, and subsequently the Soviet Union.[21] On 23 October 1989, Hungary became a democratic parliamentary republic.[22] Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and has been part of the Schengen Area since 2007.[23] During the ongoing prime ministership of Viktor Orbán, however, many political scientists consider Hungary to have experienced democratic backsliding, due to his curtailing of press freedom, erosion of judicial independence and undermining of multiparty democracy. [24][25][26][27][28]

Hungary is a middle power in international affairs, owing mostly to its cultural and economic influence.[29] It is considered a developed country with a high-income economy and ranks 40th in the Human Development Index, with citizens enjoying universal health care and free-tuition secondary education.[30][31] Hungary has a long history of significant contributions to arts, music, literature, sports, science and technology.[32][33][34][35] It is the thirteenth-most popular tourist destination in Europe, drawing 15.8 million international tourists in 2017.[36] It is a member of numerous international organisations, including the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, IIB, the AIIB, the Council of Europe, the Visegrád Group and an observer state in the Organization of Turkic States.[37]

Austria edit

Kingdom of Austria
Regatul de Austria (Austrian)
Motto: “Vires in Unitas” (Latin)
“Forță în Unitate” (Austrian)
“Strength in Unity”
Anthem: “Cântarea Regală a Dunărei” (Austrian)
“The Royal Song of the Danube”
Capital
and largest city
Vienna
Viena (Austrian)
48°12′N 16°21′E / 48.200°N 16.350°E / 48.200; 16.350
Official language
and national language		Austrian
Ethnic groups
(2014)
Demonym(s)Austrian (formerly Austriache)
Area
• Total
194,844 km2 (75,230 sq mi) (87st)
• Water (%)
1.9
Population
• January 2018 estimate
29,640,730  
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+01 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+02 (CEST)
Driving sideright
Calling code+43
ISO 3166 codeAT
Internet TLD.at

Austria (/ˈɒstriə/ ⓘ;[38] Austrian: Austria [au̯ːstrɪa] ⓘ), officially the Kingdom of Austria (Austrian: Regatul de Austria [regaːtul dɛ au̯ːstrɪa]) is a sovereign romance language country and a unitary constitutional monarchy of over 29 million people in Central Europe. Located between the eastern Alps and north of the Adriatic Sea, Austria shares open land borders to the west with Italy, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, to the north with Germany and the Czech Republic, to the east with Slovakia and Hungary, and to the south-east a partially-controlled border with Croatia. The total surface of Austria covers 194,844 km² (75,229 sq mi) and most of the terrain is mountainous lying within the Alps, with a maritime coastal zone in the south of the country with access to the Adriatic Sea, the Gulf of Trieste and the archipelago of the Cuarnian Gulf. With Austria's capital city in Vienna, the country's largest city and main cultural, historic, economic and commercial centre, has been an important point of power and influence over most of the central and eastern parts of Europe during its former days of imperial city. Other major urban metropolitan centres include Triest, Bruno, Venice, Alisburgh, Rience, Pilsence, Liavena, Lintia, Verona, Trevise, Isprucine, Grats, Udine, Trentine and Poliena.


Etymology edit

History edit

Geography edit

Economy edit

Demographics edit

Culture edit

See also edit

  1. ^ a b "The Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). Hungarian State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Census2011det was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Encyclopedia Americana: Heart to India. Vol. 1. Scholastic Library Pub. 2006. p. 581. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
  4. ^ University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159
  5. ^ "Hungary". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  6. ^ "CIA World Factbook weboldal". Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  7. ^ "STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1941–)". www.ksh.hu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, Classification of the Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, with present numbers of speakers and areas of distribution (last updated 24 September 201)". helsinki.fi. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  12. ^ "Hungary in the Carpathian Basin" (PDF). Lajos Gubcsi, PhD. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  13. ^ Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 36. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 1982. p. 419.
  14. ^ Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN 963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált"/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország ... /Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644
  15. ^ "Austria-Hungary, HISTORICAL EMPIRE, EUROPE". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  16. ^ Richard C. Frucht (31 December 2004). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.
  17. ^ "Trianon, Treaty of". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2009.
  18. ^ "Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920". Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  19. ^ Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite Archived 16 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine John F. Montgomery, Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite. Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.
  20. ^ Thomas, The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II, pg. 11
  21. ^ Hanrahan, Brian (9 May 2009). "Hungary's Role in the 1989 Revolutions". BBC News.
  22. ^ "1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról" [Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution]. Magyar Közlöny (in Hungarian). 44 (74). Budapest: Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat: 1219. 23 October 1989.
  23. ^ "Benefits of EU Membership". Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  24. ^ Lee, Frances E. (2019-09-03). "Populism and the American Party System: Opportunities and Constraints". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (2): 371. doi:10.1017/s1537592719002664. ISSN 1537-5927.
  25. ^ "What to do when Viktor Orban erodes democracy". The Economist. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
  26. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (2018-02-10). "As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What's Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  27. ^ Kelemen, R. Daniel (2017). "Europe's Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe's Democratic Union". Government and Opposition. 52 (2): 211–238. doi:10.1017/gov.2016.41. ISSN 0017-257X.
  28. ^ Maerz, Seraphine F.; Lührmann, Anna; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Grahn, Sandra; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). "State of the world 2019: autocratization surges – resistance grows". Democratization. 27 (6): 909–927. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670. ISSN 1351-0347.
  29. ^ Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations". International Organization. 44 (4): 589–632. doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 2706854.
  30. ^ OECD (27 June 2013). "OECD Health Data: Social protection". OECD Health Statistics (Database). doi:10.1787/data-00544-en. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  31. ^ Eurydice. "Compulsory Education in Europe 2013/2014" (PDF). European commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners, 13 Hungarian win Nobel Prize yet". Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
  33. ^ "Population per Gold Medal. Hungary has the second highest gold medal per capita in the world. All together it has 175 gold medal until 2016". medalspercapita.com.
  34. ^ Hungarian literature – ”Popular poetry is the only real poetry was the opinion of Sándor Petőfi, one of the greatest Hungarian poets, whose best poems rank among the masterpieces of world literature”., Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012 edition
  35. ^ Szalipszki, pg.12
    Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music".
  36. ^ UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2018 Edition. 2018. doi:10.18111/9789284419876. ISBN 9789284419876. S2CID 240334031.
  37. ^ "International organizations in Hungary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  38. ^ Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521152532
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