Wikipedia

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

(Redirected from Anil Bokil)

On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series. It also announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes in exchange for the demonetised banknotes.[2] Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that this decision would curtail the shadow economy, increase cashless transactions and reduce the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[3][4][5]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation
Queues outside a bank to exchange demonetised banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016
Date8 November 2016 (8 years ago) (2016-11-08)
Time20:15 IST (14:45 UTC)
Deaths82[1]

The announcement of demonetisation was followed by prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed, which created significant disruption throughout the economy.[6][7][8] People seeking to exchange their banknotes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[9][10]

According to a 2018 report from the Reserve Bank of India ₹15.3 lakh crore (15.3 trillion rupees on the short scale) of the ₹15.41 lakh crore in demonetised bank notes, or approximately 99.3%, were deposited in banks, leading analysts to state that the effort had failed to remove black money from the economy.[11][12] The BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 stock indices fell over 6% on the day after the announcement.[13] The move reduced the country's industrial production and its GDP growth rate.[14] It is estimated that 1.5 million jobs were lost.[15] The move also saw a significant increase in digital and cashless transactions throughout the country.[16]

Initially, the move received support from some central bankers as well as from some international commentators. The move was also criticised as poorly planned and unfair, and was met with protests, litigation, and strikes against the government in several places across India. Debates also took place concerning the move in both houses of Parliament.[17][18][19]

The consensus is that demonetisation was not the right move to target black money, and was unsuccessful.[20][21] Moreover, it was based on an incorrect understanding of what constitutes black money.[22]

Background

edit

The Indian government had demonetised banknotes on two prior occasions—once in 1946 and once in 1978—and in both cases, the goal was to combat tax evasion via "black money" held outside the formal economic system.[23] In 1978, the Janata Party coalition government demonetised banknotes of ₹1,000, ₹5,000 and ₹10,000, again in the hopes of curbing counterfeit money and black money.[24]

In 2012, the Central Board of Direct Taxes recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or shadow economy, which is largely held in the form of benami properties, bullion and jewelry."[25][26] According to data from income tax probes, black money holders kept only 6% or less of their wealth as cash, suggesting that targeting this cash would not be a successful strategy.[27]

Demonetisation process

edit
 
 
Demonetised ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series

Preparation and announcement

edit

The plan to demonetise the ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes was initiated between six and ten months before it was a report by the State Bank of India (SBI) analysed possible strategies and effects of demonetisation.[28] In May 2016, the Reserve Bank of India had started preparing for new banknotes and confirmed the design of ₹2,000 banknotes in August 2016. The printing of new banknotes started in October when the news stories of forthcoming new banknotes appeared in the media.[29][30][31] On 27 October 2016, the Hindi daily Dainik Jagran published a report quoting RBI sources speaking of the forthcoming of ₹2,000 banknotes alongside withdrawal of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.[32][33] On 21 October 2016, The Hindu Business Line had also covered a story on demands to withdraw the banknotes to prevent hoarding of black money.[34]

The Board of the Reserve Bank of India met on Nov 8th, 2016, 5:30 PM to consider a letter from the Ministry of Finance regarding demonetization. "Two key reasons for the proposal cited in the government letter were: (1) between 2011 and 2016, the supply of 500- and 1,000-rupee bills had grown by 76 and 108 percent, respectively, while India's economy had only grown by 30 percent during this period; and (2) cash typically facilitated "black money." The board was further told that the measure was also intended to encourage greater financial inclusion and to incentivize greater digitization of the economy. The board approved the proposal, but not before making a few trenchant comments. It noted that the measure may not have the desired effect on black money because most people do not hold undeclared wealth in cash. It further worried about the negative effects on growth that were likely to occur in the short run. Possibly the most damning observation was that the primary fact on which the government had based its proposal—that the supply of 500- and 1,000-rupee bills had far outstripped the growth rate of the economy—was simply wrong. The board pointed out the embarrassing fact that the government had compared GDP growth in real terms with the growth of currency supply in nominal terms. In fact, nominal GDP growth had summed to over 80 percent between 2011 and 2016 and hence was in line with the growth of the currency bills to be demonetized."[35][36][37]

The Union cabinet was apprised of the plan on 8 November 2016 in a meeting in the evening convened by Prime Minister Modi.[38] Soon after the meeting, Modi announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live national televised address at 20:15 IST.[39][40] He declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in exchange for the demonetised banknotes.[41]

Information leak rumours

edit

In an interview of prominent businessmen 'allegedly' claimed after the announcement of demonetisation that they had received prior tip-offs and rumours warning of the move and after seeing leaked photos of new ₹2,000 notes "knew what was coming", allowing them to preserve their money by converting it into smaller denominations.[42] A Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) member from Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that wealthy businessmen were informed about the demonetisation before it occurred. He later denied making the comments.[43][44]

Cash exchange and withdrawal

edit
 
People gathered at an ATM of Axis Bank on 16 November 2016 in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised banknotes in bank.

The Reserve Bank of India stipulated that the demonetised banknotes could be deposited with banks over a period of fifty days until 30 December 2016. The banknotes could also be exchanged for legal tender over the counter at all banks. The limit for such exchange was ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November, was increased to ₹4,500 from 14 to 17 November, and reduced to ₹2,000 from 18 to 25 November.[45][46][47] The exchange of banknotes was stopped completely on 25 November, although the government had previously stated that the volume of exchange would be increased after that date.[48] International airports also facilitated an exchange of banknotes for foreign tourists and out-bound travellers, amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 per person.[49] Fuel pumps, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums were allowed to accept the demonetised banknotes until 2 December 2016.[50]

Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November.[2] This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November 2016.[45][46] Limits on cash withdrawals from Current accounts/ Cash credit accounts/ Overdraft accounts were withdrawn later. RBI increased the withdrawal limit from Savings Bank account to ₹50,000 from the earlier ₹24,000 on 20 February 2017 and then on 13 March 2017, it removed all withdrawal limits from savings bank accounts.[51]

A daily limit on withdrawals from ATMs was also imposed varying from ₹2,000 per day until 14 November,[52] and ₹2,500 per day until 31 December.[45][46] This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per day from 1 January,[53] and again to ₹10,000 from 16 January 2017.[51] From 17 November, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses. Farmers were permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week against crop loans.[47][54]

Ordinance and Acts

edit

The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 was issued on 28 December 2016, ending the liability of the government for the demonetised banknotes. The ordinance also imposed fines on people found carrying out transactions with them after 8 November 2016, or holding more than ten of them after 30 December 2016. It provided for the exchange of the banknotes after 30 December for people who had been outside India between 9 November and 30 December.[55][56] The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Act, 2017 was notified on 1 March 2017, replacing the ordinance.[57]

Objectives and outcomes

edit

The government said that the main objective of the exercise was curbing black money, which included income which had not been reported and thus was untaxed; money gained through corruption, illegal goods sales and illegal activities such as human trafficking; and counterfeit currency. Other stated objectives included expanding the tax base and increasing the number of taxpayers; reducing the number of transactions carried out by cash; reducing the finances available to terrorists and radical groups such as the Naxalite Maoists; and integrating the formal and informal economies.[58][59][60]

Shifting of goalposts

edit

The government was described as 'shifting the goalposts'[61][62][63] with respect to the goals of the demonetisation exercise. The initial stated goal was to curb black money, corruption, and terrorism, but as it became apparent that almost all the cash was being exchanged,[64] the goals were expanded to include making India a cashless economy, neutralisation of money held by Maoists, terrorists and human traffickers, among others.[65]

Black money

edit

The government estimated that ₹5 trillion, or approximately 20%, of the demonetised banknotes would be permanently removed from circulation.[66] However, according to a 2018 report from the RBI, 99.3% of the demonetised banknotes, or ₹15.3 trillion of the ₹15.41 trillion that had been demonetised, were deposited with the banking system. The banknotes that were not deposited were worth ₹107.2 billion.[67] Commentators concluded that the government had failed in its aim of purging black money from the economy.[11]

Evasion

edit
 
A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.

There were reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions by conducting multiple transactions at different bank branches, and by sending hired people, employees, and followers in groups to exchange large amounts of demonetised banknotes at banks.[68][69] In Gujarat, Delhi and many other major cities, sales of gold increased post-demonetisation, surging the price as much as ₹45,000 (US$540) from the ruling price of ₹31,900 (US$380) per 10 grams (0.35 oz).[70][71] The Enforcement Directorate raided several forex establishments making backdated entries.[72] Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks,[73] jewellers,[74] sellers of mobile phones,[75] and several other businesses.[76]

The cash deposited into hundis (cash collection boxes in temples and gurudwaras) are exempted from inquiry by the tax department; this is sometimes to launder money.[77][78] After the demonetisation, there was a spike in donations in the form of the demonetised banknotes in temples.[79][80][81] People booked large numbers of railway tickets to dispose of unaccounted cash. This came to the notice of the Indian Railways authorities, who imposed restrictions to check evasion.[82][83]

Counterfeit banknotes

edit
Number of counterfeit banknotes detected in banks (April – March)[84][85]
Denomination 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20
₹1 2 3 4 3 4
₹2 and ₹5 2 80 1 - 22
₹10 134 523 287 345 844
₹20 96 324 437 818 510
₹50 6,453 9,222 23,447 36,875 47,454
₹100 221,447 177,195 239,182 2,21,218 1,68,739
₹200 NA NA 79 12,728 31,969
₹500 (old) 261,695 317,567 127,918 971 11
₹500 (new) NA 199 9,892 21,865 30,054
₹1000 143,099 256,324 103,611 717 72
₹2000 NA 638 17,929 21,847 17,020
Total 632,926 762,027 522,783 3,17,384 2,96,695

After demonetisation, there was an increase in the number of counterfeit ₹100 and ₹50 banknotes. The number of counterfeit ₹500 and ₹1,000 (demonetised version) banknotes saw an increase in 2016–17 and subsequently a decline in 2017–18. But in 2017–18, there was an increase in counterfeit ₹500 and ₹2,000 (new version) banknotes than the previous year.[84] There has been no significant change in the number of counterfeit banknotes detected. In 2017–18, the number of detected counterfeit banknotes was close to the number before demonetisation.[86] Additionally, after demonetisation, only 0.0035% of the ₹1,000 banknotes were found to be counterfeit.[87] The number of counterfeit banknotes of ₹500 and ₹2,000 (new version) detected continue to increase while overall number declined in 2018-9 and 2019–20.[85]

Tax collection

edit
Tax-to-GDP ratio (%)[86]

The number of income tax returns filing increased from 43.3 million to 52.9 million between the financial year of 2016 and 2017, which was not a significant increase compared to the increase between 2015 and 2016. The tax compliance had increased with a number of income tax returns filing increased but the majority of them were from salaried and non-business class. The income tax collections increased in the financial year of 2017 due to Income Disclosure Scheme 2016. If adjusted for it, the increase in tax collection was modest. The tax-to-GDP ratio has increased due to expanding tax base.[88][86] An analysis of the economic data shows that there has been no substantial increase in the number of new tax payers or direct tax collection due to demonetisation.[89][88][90] Indirect tax/GDP ratio also remained on the trend path and had no visible impact.[35]

The use of demonetised banknotes was allowed for the payment of municipal and local civic body taxes, leading to a jump in their revenue collections. For example, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation reported collecting about ₹1.6 billion in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes within the first four days of demonetisation.[91]

Digital payments

edit

The push for digital payments was one of the stated intentions of demonetisation.[92][93][94][95] There was an immediate and sharp jump in digital payments in November–December 2016 owing to shortages of cash. The debit card point of sales transactions was twice the size of value suggested by trends before demonetisation. The value of credit cards increased but no sharp growth was seen. The mobile wallet transactions picked up immediately after demonetisation, followed by a dip in mid-2017 due to easing cash shortages. There was again sharp rise thereafter. By April 2018, the volume of the digital payments had doubled.[92] After return of the cash, the growth in digital payment had been modest.[86][92]

The currency-to-GDP ratio was 12.1% in 2015–16. It declined to 8.8% in 2016–17 due to demonetisation but increased again to 10.9% in 2017–18.[84] The currency-to-GDP ratio was only marginally lower compared to levels before demonetisation.[86]

Banknotes in circulation

edit
Cash in circulation[96]

On 28 October 2016, the total banknotes in circulation in India were valued at ₹17.77 trillion; what proportion of this derived from ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes was unknown. In its annual report of March 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) stated that total banknotes in circulation valued ₹16.42 trillion, of which nearly 86% (around ₹14.18 trillion) derived from ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90.26 billion (9026.6 crore) banknotes in circulation were ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.[97]

Before demonetisation (November 2016), there were banknotes worth ₹17.97 trillion in the market. The demonetised banknotes constituted 86.4% of it.[67] The banknotes in circulation had reached to the level before demonetisation in March 2018.[86] By March 2018, there were banknotes worth ₹18.03 trillion in the market; an increase of 9.9%. New banknotes of ₹2,000 and ₹500 constitute 80.6% of it. Thus, small domination banknotes increased by only 5.8%.[67] The volume of banknotes in the market increased by 2.1%.[84] The banknotes in circulation had further increased to ₹19.5 trillion in September 2018[98] and ₹21.41 trillion in March 2019, 19.14% higher than the level before demonetisation.[99] Five years after demonetisation, the currency in circulation was at a record high of ₹29.17 trillion on 29 October 2021.[100][101]

Terrorism and internal security

edit

Initially following demonetization, activities and attacks by the Maoist Naxalite radical groups decreased, which was attributed to lack of finance following demonetisation. The surrender rate had reached its highest.[102][103][104][105][106] The activities returned within few months.[107][108] There was a decrease in the terror activities in Jammu and Kashmir.[109][110]

Other effects

edit
 
Cashless ATM as on 1 December

Shortage of cash

edit
 
Queue at an ATM for ₹100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and people faced difficulties in depositing or exchanging the demonetised banknotes due to long queues outside banks and ATMs across India.[111][112][113] The ATMs were short of cash for months after demonetisation.[114][115][116]

During the demonetisation, police and tax officials across India seized ₹6.1 billion in unaccounted money, including ₹1.1 billion in new banknotes.[117] Reports in the media noted that although the general public faced a severe cash shortage, some individuals were able to amass tens of millions of rupees in new banknotes; they thus described the demonetisation exercise as being futile.[118][119][120]

Transport

edit

The All India Motor Transport Congress claimed that about 800,000 truck drivers and conductors were affected with the shortage of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded on major highways across India.[121] Major toll plazas in Gujarat and on the Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the demonetised banknotes.[122] The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across the country until 2 December as well as acceptance of demonetised ₹500 banknotes as a toll from 2 to 15 December.[123]

Stock market

edit

As a combined effect of demonetisation and the US presidential election, the stock market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, BSE SENSEX crashed nearly 1,689 points and NIFTY 50 plunged by over 541 points.[13] By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the BSE SENSEX index was lower by 565 points and the NIFTY 50 index was below 8100 intraday.[124] There were marginal effects on the stock market during November–December 2016.[125] A data study (July 2016 – February 2017) of 54 companies across 13 sectors listed with the NSE showed that companies in cement, cotton and rubber sectors showed an increase in total trades while companies in automotive, clothing, foods, paper, real estate, retail, steel, sugar, tea and textiles sectors showed a decrease in total trades after demonetisation.[126] Demonetisation had a negative impact on stock market returns evidenced from NIFTY 50 and other NIFTY sectoral indices.[127]

Industrial output

edit

There was a reduction in industrial output as industries were hit by the cash shortage.[128] The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) fell to 46.7 in November 2016 from 54.5 in October 2016, recording its sharpest reduction in three years.[129] A reading above 50 indicates growth and a reading below shows contraction. This indicates a slowdown in both manufacturing and services industries.[130] The PMI report also showed that the reduction in inflation in November 2016 was due to a shortage in money supply.[129]

The growth in eight core sectors such as cement, steel and refinery products, which constitute 38% of the Index of industrial production (IIP), was only to 4.9 percent in November 2016, as compared with 6.6 percent a month prior.[130][131]

Agriculture

edit

Demonetisation adversely affected transactions in the agriculture sector, which are heavily dependent on cash.[132] Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers had insufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of rabi crops usually sown around mid-November.[133] Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in Gujarat, Amritsar and Muzaffarnagar against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the Reserve Bank of India on district cooperative central banks which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.[134][135][136]

The shortage of cash led to plunge in demand which in turn led to a crash in the prices of crops. Farmers were unable to recover even the costs of transportation from their fields to the market from the low prices offered.[137][138] Some farmers dumped their produce in protest against the government.[139][140]

Demonetisation resulted in the relative erosion of agricultural wages and weak bargaining power of farmers for their produce.[141]

Real GDP growth rate

edit
Real GDP growth rate – Quarterly (%)[142][143][144][145]
Real GDP growth rate – Year-on-Year (%)[146]
Real GDP growth rate[142][143][144][145] (base year 2011–12)
Financial Year Quarter Quarterly Yearly
2015–16 Q1 (April–June) 7% 8%[146]
Q2 (July–September) 7.4%
Q3 (October–December) 7.2%
Q4 (January–March) 9.1%
2016–17 Q1 (April–June) 7.9% 7.1%[146]
Q2 (July–September) 7.5%
Q3 (October–December) 7%
Q4 (January–March) 6.1%
2017–18 Q1 (April–June) 5.7% 6.5%
Q2 (July–September) 6.3%
Q3 (October–December) 7.2%
Q4 (January–March) 7.6%
2018–19 Q1 (April–June) 7.7%
Q2 (July–September) 8.2%
Q3 (October–December)
Q4 (January–March)


Global analysts cut their forecasts of India's real GDP growth rate for the financial year 2016–17 by 0.5 to 3% due to demonetisation.[147][148] India's GDP in 2016 is estimated to be US$2.25 trillion, hence, each 1 per cent reduction in growth rate represents a shortfall of US$22.5 billion (₹1.54 trillion) for the Indian economy.[149] According to Societe Generale, quarterly GDP growth rates would drop below 7% for an entire year at a stretch for the first time since June 2011.[150]

The Q4'16–17 rate was 6.1% as against a forecast of 7.1% by economists.[151] The rate for the financial year 2016–17 was 7.1%, a reduction from the 8% in 2015–16.[152] This drop was attributed to demonetisation by economists.[153]

The GDP growth rate for Q1'17–18 dropped to 5.7%, compared to 7.9% a year prior,[154] the lowest since March 2014. This drop was attributed to demonetisation as well as inventory drawdown by companies due to the forthcoming implementation of the Goods and Service Tax.[155][142] The GDP started to recover from 2017–18 and clocked 8.2% growth in 2018–19.[143][145][156] The Hindustan Times in November 2021 reviewed GDP trends in the years following the demonetization, and concluded that due to unpredented GDP contraction amid the COVID-19 pandemic and strong base effects, “the waters are now far too muddied to make any scientific assessment about demonetisation’s impact” on GDP.[157]

Employment

edit
Employed workforce[158][159]
Monthly unemployment rate[160][161]

Demonetisation caused a loss of jobs and a decline in wages, particularly in the unorganised and informal sector and as well as in small enterprises.[162][163][164] Migrant workers were adversely affected by demonetisation.[165][166]

According to the report prepared by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the number of employed people was 401 million in January–April 2016, 403 million during May–August 2016, and 406.5 million in September–December 2016. After demonetisation in November 2016, the number fell to 405 million in January–April 2017. So there was fall of 1.5 million in number of people employed.[159] CMIE also reported that the number of persons employed was 406.7 million in 2016–17 which fell by 0.1% to 406.2 million in 2017–18. So the employment had stagnated which resulted in employment rate decline. The employment rate fell from 42.59% in 2016–17 to 41.45% in 2016–17. The unemployment rate also declined from 7.51% in 2016–17 to 4.66% in 2017–18 because of the shrinking employed force. The number of the employed force fell from 439.7 million in 2016–17 to 426.1 million in 2017–18. CMIE attributed the impact to demonetisation as well as implementation of Goods and Services Tax in July 2017.[158][160]

It is estimated that 1.5 million jobs were lost, according to The Guardian.[15]

Cost to banks

edit

Before demonetisation, the RBI had spent ₹34.21 billion to print banknotes in 2015–2016 (July to June). The cost of printing new banknotes rose to ₹79.65 billion in 2016–17 and ₹49.12 billion in 2017–18.[67] This resulted in a decline in the dividend paid to the government from ₹658.76 billion in 2015–16 to ₹306.59 billion in 2016–17 and ₹500 billion in 2017–18.[67][167][168] It was estimated that this decrease in income for the government could cause the fiscal deficit for the financial year 2016–17 to increase from the targeted 3.2% to 3.4%.[169] The Indian Air Force was paid ₹294.1 million to move banknotes after demonetisation.[170]

The banks incurred the cost in collection, storage, and movement of banknotes across the country, as well as the cost of re-calibrating ATMs for the new banknotes (as they differed in size from the old ones).[171]

Welfare schemes

edit

Demonetisation negatively impacted the Midday Meal Scheme due to the shortage of funds.[172][173][174]

Deaths due to demonetisation

edit

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their demonetised banknotes.[175][176][177] Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of demonetised banknotes by hospitals.[178][179][180] In one month after the demonetisation was announced, 82 people died according to a detailed list compiled by Catch News.[1] By the end of December 2016, political opposition leaders claimed that over 100 people had died due to demonetisation.[181][182][183] In March 2017, the government stated that they received no official report on deaths connected to demonetisation.[184] Later in December 2018, the then Finance Minister Arun Jaitley reported in parliament that four people, three bank personnel and one customer of the State Bank of India, died during demonetisation.[185]

edit

M. Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the Indian National League, filed a public interest litigation (PIL) to scrap the decision of demonetisation. The High Court dismissed the PIL, stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.[186] Similar PILs were also filed in the Supreme Court of India.[187] In November 2017, the Supreme Court of India referred all cases which have similarity to demonetisation to constitutional bench to review the legality of the demonetisation, implementation irregularities and violation of people's rights by limits on cash withdrawals.[188]

The government had initially announced that any person who was unable to deposit the demonetised banknotes by 31 December 2016 would be given an opportunity to do so until a later date.[2] However, the government allowed only Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to deposit demonetised banknotes after 31 December 2016.[189] As a result, many people were left stranded with demonetised banknotes. People petitioned the courts to allow a deposit of the demonetised banknotes.[190] In November 2017, the Supreme Court dismissed 14 petitions related to demonetisation, and asked petitioners to file pleas with a constitutional bench which would deal with cases related to demonetisation.[191]

In a 4:1 majority judgement in January 2023, the Supreme Court of India refused to strike down the demonetisation decision of 2016 on the basis of proportionality, saying that the process followed by the government to take the action was not flawed, even if the move did not achieve its objectives.[192][193][194] The dissenting judgement said that the procedure of notification of demonetisation by the government was unlawful, while agreeing with the majority decision that the government has the authority to take such a decision, regardless of the validity of the reasons for the decision.[195]

Reactions

edit

Reactions of economists

edit

Most economists across the ideological spectrum, except those considered partisan, were broadly critical of the demonetisation as an economic policy.[196]

Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, called the demonetisation a "despotic action" and said that it "undermines notes, it undermines bank accounts, it undermines the entire economy of trust."[197][198][199] Former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank Kaushik Basu, called it a "major mistake" and said that the "damage" is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.[200][201][202] Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commission of India member, called it a "hollow move" since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency.[203] Prabhat Patnaik, a former professor of economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the assumption that black money was "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" and would "caus[e] much hardship to common people."[204] Columbia University economist Jagdish Bhagwati, however, praised the demonetisation, calling it “a courageous and substantive economic reform that, despite the significant transition costs, has the potential to generate large future benefits.”[205]

Nobel laureate Richard Thaler, initially, praised the demonetisation of larger currency notes as "a policy I have long supported, First step towards cashless and good start on reducing corruption.", but was befuddled with the introduction of even bigger Rs.2000 banknote later on.[206] Economist and journalist T. N. Ninan wrote in the Business Standard that demonetisation 'looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions'.[207] Steve Forbes described the move as "sickening and immoral."[208] Forbes wrote that "[w]hat India has done is commit a massive theft of people's property without even the pretense of due process—a shocking move for a democratically elected government."[208] Nobel laureate Paul Krugman opined that it was difficult to see gains from demonetisation, while there might be significant costs to it.[209]

Economic analyst Vivek Kaul stated in a BBC article that "demonetisation had been a failure of epic proportions."[12] Jayati Ghosh, C. P. Chandrasekhar and Prabhat Patnaik wrote that demonetisation was unnecessary and unsuccessful, while it damaged the economy and adversely affected the lives and rights of the Indian people.[20]

Reactions of industrialists

edit

The decision met with mixed initial reactions. Several bankers like Arundhati Bhattacharya (Former Chairperson of State Bank of India) and Chanda Kochhar (MD & CEO of ICICI Bank) favored the demonetization in order to curb black money.[210] Businessmen Anand Mahindra (Mahindra Group), Sajjan Jindal (JSW Group), Kunal Bahl (Snapdeal and FreeCharge) also supported the move, adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.[210] Infosys founder N. R. Narayana Murthy praised the move.[211][212]

Deepak Parekh (Chairman of HDFC) had initially appreciated the decision of demonetisation, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome.[213][214] Industrialist Rajiv Bajaj criticised demonetisation, saying that not just the execution, but the concept of demonetisation was wrong in itself.[215]

Political reactions

edit

Indian National Congress spokesperson Randeep Surjewala welcomed the move but remained skeptical on the consequences that would follow.[216] Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar supported the move.[217] The demonetisation also got support from the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu.[218][219][220] Former Chief Election Commissioner of India S. Y. Quraishi said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.[221] Indian social activist Anna Hazare hailed demonetisation as a "revolutionary step".[222] Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it a "bold step".[223] Chief Ministers of several Indian states like Mamata Banerjee,[224] Arvind Kejriwal[225] and Pinarayi Vijayan[226] have criticised and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.[227]

A Parliamentary panel report in April 2017 stated that rural households and "honest taxpayers" were the worst hit by demonetisation.[228] It said that it was not just the poor that suffered, but the manufacturing sector was impacted too.[229] According to the panel, demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy, because it was carried out without prior study or research.[230][231] An Indian National Congress led opposition which includes 13 political parties, opposed the government on the issue of demonetisation in the Winter Session of the Indian Parliament.[232][233][234]

On 16 November 2016, Mamata Banerjee led a delegation comprising political parties of Trinamool Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, BJP ally Shiv Sena and National Conference to Rashtrapati Bhawan to protest against the demonetisation. A memorandum was submitted to the President of India Pranab Mukherjee demanding rollback of the decision.[235][9]

Prem Chand Gupta, a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal, questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor Urjit Patel sign on new note?". Praful Patel, a member of the Nationalist Congress Party, stated that "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering are unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Mayawati called the situation "a financial emergency", saying, "It looks as if Bharat has shut down." Also, Sitaram Yechury from the Communist Party of India, questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."[236]

On 17 November 2016, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal and his West Bengal counterpart Mamata Banerjee led a rally against demonetisation at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale market in New Delhi.[237]

On 24 November 2016, former prime minister Manmohan Singh said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 percent due to this move". He called the demonetisation an "organised loot, legalised plunder of the common people".[238][239]

Strikes were organised across India. Opposition parties like the Indian National Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party, Trinamool Congress,[240] DMK, JD(U), AIADMK, Nationalist Congress Party, Left, Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Samajwadi Party[241] decided to observe 'Akrosh Diwas' as, a protest campaign day on 28 November [242][243] and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people.[244] In the state of Bihar, 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties.[245] In the state of Kerala, shops and business establishments were shut, with schools and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala.[245]

Former Indian Chief Election Commissioner, O. P. Rawat stated that 'the note ban had absolutely no impact on black money', and that record amounts of money had been seized in polls held after demonetisation.[246]

International reactions

edit

By and large, initial international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.[247][248][249] The International Monetary Fund's spokesperson Gerry Rice told that it supported the efforts to fight corruption and illegal finances but cautioned about the disruptions.[247]

Chinese state media Global Times praised the move as a "fierce fight against black money and corruption."[248] Former Prime Minister of Finland and vice-president of European Commission Jyrki Katainen welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen the Indian economy.[250][251] BBC's South Asia Correspondent Justin Rowlatt in his article praised the move for its secrecy.[252] Tim Worstall wrote in Forbes that demonetisation was having positive macroeconomic effects.[253] Swedish Minister of Enterprise Mikael Damberg supported the move by calling it a bold decision.[249]

The demonetisation also came in for sharp criticism from media outside India,[254][255] with The New York Times saying that the demonetisation was "atrociously planned" and that it did not appear to have combatted black money,[256][257] while an article in The Guardian stated that "Modi has brought havoc to India".[254] The Harvard Business Review called it "a case study in poor policy and even poorer execution".[258] The frequent change in the narrative on objectives of the demonetisation to its visible impact on the poorest of the poor made other critiques calling the government's narrative as spins in view of the "pointless suffering on India's poorest."[259]

Political impact

edit

Akshay Mangala, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School, called the move "the politics of visible disruption". He noted that the people might attribute the implementation shortcomings to institutional weakness while the government could take credit for its attempt to curb the black money. He also noted that it may result in the public opinion in favour of the government which is led by the BJP if the opposition parties, led by the INC, fail to form the countervailing narrative.[260] Massachusetts Institute of Technology associated academics Abhijit Banerjee and Namrata Kala also opined the same.[196]

The BJP and its allies formed the government in six out of seven state legislative assemblies which went to the elections in 2017, including the most populous state, Uttar Pradesh.[196][261][262][263] BJP improved its performance in Uttarakhand[261][263][264] and Himachal Pradesh.[265][266] In Manipur and Goa, INC secured the plurality while BJP came second and formed the government with the help of its allies.[263][267] In Gujarat, BJP worsened its performance but retained the majority.[268][265] The BJP and its allies lost to the INC in Punjab.[263]

Long term impact

edit

In 2019, India experienced an economic slowdown which was attributed to demonetisation and several other factors.[269][270]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in digital payments.[citation needed] The general rise in digital payments and cashless transactions has been attributed to the demonetisation. Although data released by RBI in Nov 2021 showed that cash circulation in India has actually increased significantly since demonetization and demonetization has not necessarily converted cash users to digital users.[271]

As of November 2021, further increases in digital payments and bank notes in circulation have been seen.[272]

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Staff, The Wire (2 December 2016). "The Costs of Demonetisation: Death Toll Rises to 82, Eight Million Workers Remain Unpaid". The Wire (India). Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)". Reserve Bank of India. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  3. ^ "Modi urges country to become a cashless society". The Hindu. 27 November 2016.
  4. ^ "Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money". India Today. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  5. ^ "Notes out of circulation". The Times of India. 8 November 2016.
  6. ^ Saikia, Bijoy Sankar (18 November 2016). "Demonetisation may drag India behind China in GDP growth, rob fastest-growing economy tag". The Economic Times. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  7. ^ "The dire consequences of India's demonetisation initiative". The Economist. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  8. ^ "Demonetization Announcement Anniversary 2017 | Onmanorama". OnManorama. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  9. ^ a b "India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor". Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  10. ^ "Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days". huffingtonpost. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b Mundy, Simon; Kazmin, Amy; Stacey, Kiran (31 August 2017). "India demonetisation failed to purge black money". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  12. ^ a b "India rupee: Illegal cash crackdown failed – bank report". BBC News. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  13. ^ a b Rukhaiyar, Ashish (9 November 2016). "Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Thanks to Demonetisation and GST, India's GDP growth hit a 4-year low at 6.5 per cent". India Today. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Demonetisation drive that cost India 1.5m jobs fails to uncover 'black money'". the Guardian. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  16. ^ "Moving from Cash to Cashless Economy: Toward Digital India". Korea Distribution Science Association.
  17. ^ "Demonetisation debate in Parliament: Disaster, says Chidambaram; high cash economy corrupt, counters Jaitley : India, News – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  18. ^ "Demonetisation: Opposition calls for countrywide protest on November 28". The Indian Express. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  19. ^ "'Demonetisation protest sure to succeed with people's support'". The Economic Times. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  20. ^ a b Ghosh, Jayati; Chandrasekhar, C. P.; Patnaik, Prabhat (16 March 2017). Demonetisation Decoded: A Critique of India's Currency Experiment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-66401-1. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  21. ^ Kumar, Arun (20 December 2017). Demonetization and Black Economy. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-87326-41-5. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  22. ^ Ramakumar, R. (16 February 2018). Note-Bandi: Demonetisation and India's Elusive Chase for Black Money. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909272-7. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  23. ^ "Demonetisation: Three times India faced the big move". The Indian Express. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  24. ^ Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair (9 November 2016). "Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide". Live Mint. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  25. ^ "At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here's why". The Indian Express. 14 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Measures to Tackle Black Money in India and Abroad" (PDF).
  27. ^ Appu Esthose Suresh (12 November 2016). "Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  28. ^ "Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI". The Times of India. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  29. ^ "India demonetization news: Modi's black money move kept a closely guarded secret". CNBC. 9 December 2016.
  30. ^ Roychoudhury, Arup (10 November 2016). "Demonetisation: In the works for 6 months, 10 people in the loop, including Raghuram Rajan". Business Standard India. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  31. ^ "Move was in the pipeline for months". The Hindu. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  32. ^ Dube, Brajesh (27 October 2016). "अब आएगा दो हजार का नोट" (PDF). Dainik Jagran. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  33. ^ "Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back". Hindustan Times. 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  34. ^ G Naga, Sridhar; Vageesh, NS (21 October 2016). "Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  35. ^ a b Lahiri, Amartya (1 February 2020). "The Great Indian Demonetization". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 34 (1): 63, 55–74. doi:10.1257/jep.34.1.55. ISSN 0895-3309.
  36. ^ Patel, Urjit R. "The Minutes of the 561st meeting of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India" (PDF). humanrightsinitiative.org. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  37. ^ ENS Economic Bureau (12 March 2019). "Govt, RBI discussed note ban for six months; Directors warned against short-term negative effect". Indian Express. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  38. ^ Sinha, Smita (7 November 2017). "One year of note ban: The ultra-secret move that no one came to know for several months". The Economic Times.
  39. ^ Bhatt, Abhinav (8 November 2016). "Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes". NDTV India. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  40. ^ "Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains". The Hindu. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  41. ^ "Demonetisation anniversary: Full text of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's speech from 8 November, 2016 – Firstpost". First Post. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  42. ^ Sethi, Aman (6 November 2016). "Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded". The Quint. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  43. ^ "Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA". 17 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  44. ^ "Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  45. ^ a b c "Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  46. ^ a b c "Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  47. ^ a b "17 November Government press release" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  48. ^ "All note exchange stopped from today, PM Modi goes back on promise of hike after November 24". 25 November 2016.
  49. ^ "Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours". The Economic Times. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  50. ^ "With effect from the midnight of 2nd December, 2016, old Rs. 500 bank notes will not be accepted at petrol, diesel and gas outlets of Public Sector Oil and Gas Marketing Companies as well as for purchase of Air Tickets at Airports; However, supply of LPG continues to be in the exempted category for the purpose of payment through old Rs. 500 bank notes" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  51. ^ a b "RBI removes limit on cash withdrawal, banks go back to pre-demonetisation era". The Financial Express. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  52. ^ "ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations". Reserve Bank of India. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  53. ^ "Cash withdrawal from ATMs – Enhancement of daily limits". Reserve Bank of India. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  54. ^ "Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one a count". India Today. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  55. ^ "The Specified Banknotes Ordinance, 2016" (PDF).
  56. ^ "Cabinet clears ordinance to punish people holding banned notes beyond deadline". hindustantimes.com/. 28 December 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  57. ^ "Govt notifies law to make possession of old Rs500, Rs1000 notes punishable". Live Mint. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  58. ^ "Demonetisation and the fight against black money". 7 November 2017.
  59. ^ "Demonetisation Was Not Designed Only to Fight Black Money, Says Finance Minister Jaitley". 30 August 2017.
  60. ^ "Demonetisation achieved objectives quite substantially: Govt – Times of India". The Times of India. 29 August 2018.
  61. ^ Sabnavis, Madan (6 November 2017). "One year of demonetisation: Changing goal posts and limited impact". Business Standard India. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  62. ^ "RBI report on demonetisation: How Centre, BJP kept moving the goalposts". The Financial Express. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  63. ^ "'PM Modi Shifting Goalposts on Demonetisation': On 4th Anniversary Congress Asks What Was Achieved". News18. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  64. ^ "Demonetisation: As money flowed back in, how goalposts were shifted". The Indian Express. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  65. ^ "Instant Recall: How Modi Government Kept Changing Demonetisation's Goalposts". The Wire. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  66. ^ "Demonetisation: Rs 14 lakh crore in old notes are back, only Rs 75,000 crore out". The Indian Express. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  67. ^ a b c d e Dutta, Prabash K. (30 August 2018). "Demonetisation: What India gained, and lost". India Today. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  68. ^ Parmar, Beena (13 November 2016). "Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  69. ^ "Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank". The Indian Express. 15 November 2016.
  70. ^ "Gold price recovers on renewed demand". Hindustan Times. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  71. ^ Langa, Mahesh (9 November 2016). "Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  72. ^ "Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries". The Economic Times. 16 November 2016.
  73. ^ "Netas using co-op banks for backdated FDs, DDs – Times of India". The Times of India. 17 November 2016.
  74. ^ Sahgal, Ram (10 November 2016). "Jewellers issue backdated invoices to clients – The Economic Times". The Economic Times.
  75. ^ Rathi, Pranshu (29 November 2016). "Back-dated receipts used for Apple iPhone sales after demonetisation: Report". International Business Times.
  76. ^ "Tiffin service to dental implants: All tried to beat system, swap old notes". 5 December 2016.
  77. ^ "Rs 500/Rs 1000 demonetisation: Temple money from hundis not to come under scanner". 10 November 2016.
  78. ^ "13 Ways In Which Indians Will Convert Their Black Money Into White Even After Demonetisation".
  79. ^ "Demonetisation: Temples across India receive high currency notes as donations". 18 November 2016.
  80. ^ "Religious places getting over the 'demon' of note ban – Times of India". The Times of India. 18 December 2016.
  81. ^ Mohapatra, Debabrata (10 November 2016). "Rush to offer Rs 500, Rs 1000 donations at Puri Temple". The Times of India.
  82. ^ "Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets". Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  83. ^ "Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11". Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  84. ^ a b c d "How Successful was Demonetisation? Four Takeaways From the RBI's Annual Report". The Wire. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  85. ^ a b Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2019-20 (PDF). Reserve Bank of India. p. 183.
  86. ^ a b c d e f Padmanabhan, Vishnu (3 September 2018). "From GDP growth to black money, costs outweigh benefits of demonetisation". Mint. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  87. ^ "Only 1.2% of ₹1,000 notes not returned to banks: RBI report". The Hindu. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
  88. ^ a b "Has demonetisation really boosted income tax collections?". 23 May 2017.
  89. ^ "Did Demonetisation Increase Tax Base? Not Really".
  90. ^ Sharma, Tanisha (25 September 2018). "Did cash ban help raise tax base? ITRs rising, but not tax collection". The Economic Times.
  91. ^ "Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days". india.com. 15 November 2016.
  92. ^ a b c "Was the boost in digital payments after demonetization temporary?". 26 April 2018.
  93. ^ Heller, Nathan. "India Takes a Big Step Back from Cash". The New Yorker.
  94. ^ Dwivedi, Yogesh (20 December 2016). "India taking a step on the road to cashless economy". The Conversation.
  95. ^ Wade, Shepard. "A Cashless Future Is The Real Goal Of India's Demonetization Move". Forbes.
  96. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases". rbi.org.in. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  97. ^ Damodaran, Harish (9 November 2016). "Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  98. ^ "Currency in circulation slows down since May". 24 September 2018.
  99. ^ "Cash in circulation jumps 19.1 per cent from pre-demonetisation level". The Indian Express. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  100. ^ "Five Years Since Demonetisation, Value Of Cash In Circulation Up 64%". NDTV.com. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  101. ^ "Nearly 5 years since note ban: Cash with public rising, at all-time high". The Indian Express. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  102. ^ "Demonetisation leads to highest ever surrender of Maoists in a month – Times of India". The Times of India. 29 November 2016.
  103. ^ "Cops look for Maoists with old currency". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016.
  104. ^ "Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially". The Times of India. 12 November 2016.
  105. ^ "This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities In Chhattisgarh". NDTV.com.
  106. ^ "Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police". 13 November 2016.
  107. ^ "Congress says demonetisation didn't affect Maoism, says 17 Naxal attacks took place since note ban". 18 November 2017.
  108. ^ "Demonetisation caused little disruption to Maoist economy in Bastar, extortion major source of funding". 27 July 2018.
  109. ^ Jain, Bharti (13 July 2018). "Demonetisation effect: Funds tap turns dry for terror and Maoist groups". The Economic Times.
  110. ^ "Did demonetisation impact terrorism?". 23 November 2017.
  111. ^ "India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  112. ^ "Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend". Indian Express. 12 November 2016.
  113. ^ Ganapatye, Mayuresh (8 December 2016). "Demonetisation: Month later, long queues still outside banks and ATMs in Mumbai". India Today.
  114. ^ "Demonetisation pain returns: One-fourth of ATMs across India running dry again". Hindustan Times. 7 February 2017.
  115. ^ "As ATMs dry up, bankers say normalcy will return soon". The Indian Express. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  116. ^ Gopal, B. Madhu (19 April 2017). "ATMs run out of cash in many areas". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  117. ^ "17% of cash seized in raids during demonetisation were in new notes – Times of India". The Times of India. 9 July 2017.
  118. ^ "Cash crunch? Rs 242 crore in new currency seized after demonetisation". Hindustan Times. 9 December 2016.
  119. ^ "Over Rs 164 crore black money seized in new notes. Has note ban failed?". CatchNews.com.
  120. ^ "As India struggles for its next Rs 2,000, new currency seized across country can fill gunny bags". 9 December 2016.
  121. ^ "Demonetization: With no cash on hand, 4 lakh trucks stranded on highways". 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  122. ^ "Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend". Hindustan Times. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  123. ^ "Toll collection on all national highways suspended till December 2". Business Today. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  124. ^ "Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings". moneycontrol.com. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  125. ^ Chakravarty, Manas (3 January 2017). "How much has demonetisation affected the stock market?". LiveMint. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  126. ^ Mukundan, Anagha (1 June 2017). Impact of Demonetisation on Indian Stock Market. A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.24870.63042.
  127. ^ Anoop, Patil; Parab, Narayan; Reddy, Y. V (2018). "Analyzing the Impact of Demonetization on the Indian Stock Market: Sectoral Evidence using GARCH Model". Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal. 12 (2): 104–116. doi:10.14453/aabfj.v12i2.7. ISSN 1834-2000.
  128. ^ "Demonetisation hit economy: Jamir". The Hindu. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  129. ^ a b Seth, Dilasha (6 December 2016). "Slowdown due to demonetisation: PMI services shrinks in November after 17 months". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  130. ^ a b "5 Bleak Numbers That Show Demonetisation Impact On The Economy".
  131. ^ "Demonetisation impact: Three sets of numbers tell us how Modi's gamble has slowed the economy". 3 January 2017.
  132. ^ "How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets". Huffington Post India. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  133. ^ "Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban". Firstpost. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  134. ^ "Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage". Press Trust of India. 22 November 2016.
  135. ^ "Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road". The Indian Express. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  136. ^ "Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi's effigy". Hindustan Times. 19 November 2016.
  137. ^ "Farmers forced to dump their produce as note ban turns bumper crop worthless". Hindustan Times. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  138. ^ "Oh-nion: Farmers in crisis dump produce in markets instead of selling at 50 paise a kilo". India Today. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  139. ^ "Demonetisation protest: Farmers throw vegetables on road". 7 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  140. ^ "Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road". 20 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  141. ^ Kishore, Roshan (7 November 2018). "Two years after demonetisation, farmers and rural workers are unhappy". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  142. ^ a b c "GDP growth slips to 5.7% in April–June". The Hindu. 31 August 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  143. ^ a b c "GDP grows at 5-quarter high of 7.2% in Oct–Dec". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  144. ^ a b "GDP Growth Recovers to 6.3% in September Quarter". The Wire. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  145. ^ a b c Raghavan, Tca Sharad (30 November 2015). "GDP growth accelerates to 7.4 % in July–Sept. manufacturing rebounds significantly". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  146. ^ a b c "Demonetisation impact: GDP dips sharply in Jan–Mar to 6.1%; India loses fastest growing tag". Firstpost.com. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  147. ^ Livemint (24 November 2016). "Cash crunch: Analysts cut India GDP growth forecast".
  148. ^ "Demonetisation a big blow! GDP growth may dip below 6% in FY17". 26 December 2016.
  149. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. October 2016.
  150. ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy (17 January 2017). "India set for slowest growth period as demonetization dents economy". CNBC.
  151. ^ "Demonetisation effect: GDP growth slows down to 6.1% in March quarter". Businesstoday.in. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  152. ^ "Demonetisation impact: GDP dips sharply in Jan–Mar to 6.1%; India loses fastest growing tag". Firstpost.com. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  153. ^ "Demonetisation brings GDP down to 6.1 per cent: Top economists stand vindicated". In.news.yahoo.com. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  154. ^ "GDP growth rate down to 5.7% in April–June, demonetisation pain lingers | business news". Hindustan Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  155. ^ Press Trust of India (1 September 2017). "India paid hefty price for note ban, 5.7% GDP growth worrying: Kaushik Basu | Business Standard News". Business Standard India. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  156. ^ "India's GDP grows at 8.2 per cent in 2018–19 Q1". The Economic Times. 31 August 2018.
  157. ^ Roshan Kishore (8 November 2021). "Five years since demonetisation: What has changed?". The Hindustan Times.
  158. ^ a b Vyas, Mahesh (17 July 2018). "Employment stagnates in 2017–18". CMIE. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  159. ^ a b "Demonetisation effect: 1.5 million jobs lost in first 4 months of the year". Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  160. ^ a b "Unemployment". Archived from the original on 20 October 2018.
  161. ^ "India Unemployment Rate 1991-2021".
  162. ^ Yadav, Anumeha (29 January 2017). "Cashless and demonetised: Meet three Indians who once had jobs".
  163. ^ "Now, Demonetisation set to cost 400,000 jobs". 24 November 2016.
  164. ^ "Unprecedented Job Losses, Wage Decline in Unorganised Sector Post Demonetisation". The Wire.
  165. ^ Maganti, Rahul (18 November 2016). "How Demonetisation Is Affecting Migrant Labourers In Kerala". The Caravan. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  166. ^ Dave, Sohini Das & Vimukt (10 December 2016). "Demonetisation impact: Migrant workers head back home". Business Standard India. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  167. ^ "RBI dividend halves to Rs 30,659 cr: Demonetisation hero turns out to be villain for Narendra Modi govt". 11 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  168. ^ "Script gone wrong: RBI takes demonetisation hit and government gets a cut". 11 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  169. ^ "Half dividend, full fallacy: RBI implies Modi & Urjit Patel got demonetisation wrong". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  170. ^ "IAF charged Rs 29.41cr to ferry currency notes post-demonetisation".
  171. ^ "About false promises". 14 September 2018.
  172. ^ Dayashankar, K. m (2 December 2016). "Midday meal workers hit by demonetisation". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  173. ^ "Demonetisation hits mid-day meal scheme too". Deccan Herald. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2018.[permanent dead link]
  174. ^ "The Costs of Demonetisation: Farm Economy Takes a Hit, Mid-Day Meal Scheme in Peril". The Wire. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  175. ^ "Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government". India Today. 11 November 2016.
  176. ^ "Demonetisation: 96 year-old died while standing in queue". United News of India. 12 November 2016.
  177. ^ "Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes". Huffington Post India. 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  178. ^ "Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes". India.com. 12 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  179. ^ "Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help". Mumbai Mirror.
  180. ^ Sadaguru Pandit (12 November 2016). "Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai". Hindustan Times.
  181. ^ "Demonetization: Government not mourning over 100 deaths due to cash-crunch, says Opposition". 8 December 2016.
  182. ^ IANS (31 December 2016). "Mamata attacks Modi over cash withdrawal limit, demonetisation deaths". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  183. ^ "Around 105 died, but 'Twitter king' Modi didn't mention it: Lalu on demonetisation". Indo-Asian News Service. 22 December 2016.
  184. ^ "No official report on deaths due to demonetisation: Government". The New Indian Express. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  185. ^ S, Deepika (19 December 2018). "After two years of denial, govt admits death due to demonetisation". One India.
  186. ^ "Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC". The Economic Times. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  187. ^ "PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal". India Today. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  188. ^ "SC refers individual cases against demonetisation to constitution bench". 3 November 2017.
  189. ^ "RBI turns away people wanting to exchange old notes". Tribuneindia.com. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  190. ^ Nanjappa, Vicky (1 April 2017). "Unable to deposit demonetised currency in RBI, 1,000s to approach Supreme Court". Oneindia. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  191. ^ "SC disposes of petitions seeking fresh chance to deposit old notes". Indian Express. 4 November 2017.
  192. ^ Scroll Staff (2 January 2023). "Supreme Court upholds demonetisation by 4:1 majority". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  193. ^ "Demonetisation is valid, says SC in 4:1 majority judgment; Justice Nagarathna dissents". The Hindu. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  194. ^ "Supreme Court upholds demonetisation: What was the challenge about?". The Indian Express. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  195. ^ Mandhani, Apoorva (2 January 2023). "Justice Nagarathna's dissent in demonetisation case — 'well-intentioned but unlawful'". ThePrint. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  196. ^ a b c Banerjee, Abhijit; Kala, Namrata (21 June 2017). "The economic and political consequences of India's demonetisation". VoxDev. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  197. ^ "Demonetisation effects will last long". The Hindu. 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  198. ^ PTI (30 November 2016). "Amartya Sen terms demonetisation a despotic action". The Hindu.
  199. ^ "Amartya Sen criticises demonetisation drive, says Narendra Modi declared all Indians 'crook'". 26 November 2016.
  200. ^ Roychoudhury, Arup (12 November 2016). "Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu". Business Standard. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  201. ^ PTI (11 November 2016). "GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu". The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  202. ^ Basu, Kaushik (27 November 2016). "In India, Black Money Makes for Bad Policy". The New York Times.
  203. ^ Sen, Pronab (14 November 2016). "Demonetization is a hollow move".
  204. ^ Patnaik, Prabhat (9 November 2016). "Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  205. ^ "War on black money: Demonetisation is a courageous reform that will bring substantive benefits". The Indian Express. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  206. ^ "Nobel winner Richar Thaler applauded PM Narendra Modi's demonetisation; did not favour Rs 2000 note". Business Today. 10 October 2017.
  207. ^ Ninan, T. N. (2 December 2016). "T N Ninan: Four weeks later". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  208. ^ a b Forbes, Steve. "What India Has Done To Its Money Is Sickening And Immoral". Forbes.
  209. ^ "HTLS 2016: Demonetisation gains uncertain, says Nobel laureate Paul Krugman". 2 December 2016.
  210. ^ a b "Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted". The Indian Express. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  211. ^ "Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy". The Economic Times. 10 November 2016.
  212. ^ Narayana Murthy (9 November 2016). "Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke".
  213. ^ "HDFC Chairman Deepak Parekh hits out at demonetisation drive, says it derailed economy". 8 December 2016.
  214. ^ "HDFC's Deepak Parekh says economy has derailed in short term due to demonetisation". 8 December 2016.
  215. ^ "Demonetisation idea wrong, don't blame its execution: Rajiv Bajaj". 17 February 2017.
  216. ^ "Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt's shocking move". India.com. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  217. ^ "Nitish welcomes demonetisation move". The Hindu. 9 November 2016.
  218. ^ Venkateshwarlu, K. (9 November 2016). "Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?". The Hindu.
  219. ^ Reporter, B. S. (9 November 2016). "Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  220. ^ "Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move". The New Indian Express. 8 November 2016.
  221. ^ "Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms". 11 November 2016.
  222. ^ "Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare". 10 November 2016.
  223. ^ "A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee". The Hindu. 9 November 2016.
  224. ^ "One Month Of Pain And Harassment, PM Must Clarify: Mamata Banerjee". NDTV.com.
  225. ^ ANI (12 November 2016). "Demonetization is nothing but a big BJP scam: Kejriwal". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  226. ^ "Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan, ministers stage dharna outside RBI office – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". 18 November 2016.
  227. ^ Raghav Bahl (8 November 2016). "Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor". Bloomberg Quint. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  228. ^ "Honest taxpayers, rural household hardest hit due to demonetisation: Parliamentary Panel". Moneycontrol.com. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  229. ^ Jjayesh shanrilal (11 April 2017). "Demonetisation: Rural household, honest taxpayers worst due to the step, says Parliamentary committee". The Financial Express. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  230. ^ "Demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy: Panel". The New Indian Express. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  231. ^ "Committee report" (PDF).
  232. ^ "Debate on demonetisation, in winter session". DNA India.com. 15 November 2016.
  233. ^ "Opposition to target government on demonetisation". Business Standard. 15 November 2016.
  234. ^ "Parties agree to raise notes issue in session". The Economic Times. 15 November 2016.
  235. ^ "Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan". The Indian Express. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  236. ^ "As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016". The Hindu. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  237. ^ "Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt". Hindustan Times. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  238. ^ "Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban?". The Economic Times. 26 November 2016.
  239. ^ Vasudeva, Vikas; Pathak, Vikas (24 November 2016). "Parliament Proceedings – Both Houses adjourned; PM absent". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  240. ^ "Oppositions will protest". ndtv.com. 23 November 2016.
  241. ^ "Akrosh Diwas". Hindustan times. 23 November 2016.
  242. ^ "Opposition stands together". Telegraph India, Calcutta. 23 November 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016.
  243. ^ "CPI(M), 28 November as Akrosh Diwas". Indian Express. 23 November 2016.
  244. ^ "November 28, Akrosh Diwas by opposition". Hindustan Times. 23 November 2016.
  245. ^ a b "As it happened: Bharat Bandh affects some states, business as usual in others". Hindustan Times. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  246. ^ "OP Rawat: 'Note ban had absolutely no impact on black money. During polls we seized a record amount'". 2 December 2018.
  247. ^ a b "Support by IMF". Business Standard. 11 November 2016.
  248. ^ a b Aneja, Atul (14 November 2016). "State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption". The Hindu.
  249. ^ a b S, Arun (13 November 2016). "Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help". The Hindu.
  250. ^ "European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation". The Economic Times. 13 November 2016.
  251. ^ "India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union". 13 November 2016.
  252. ^ Rowlatt, Justin (14 November 2016). "Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight". bbc.com.
  253. ^ Worstall, Tim. "India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation". Forbes. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  254. ^ a b "Modi's demonetisation move a reckless bungle: Foreign media". The Times of India. 28 December 2016.
  255. ^ Singh, Gayeti (23 November 2016). ""Worst Mistake of PM Modi's Career": World Media and Economists Decry Demonetisation "Havoc" in India". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
  256. ^ "Demonetisation atrociously planned, little evidence it combatted black money: New York Times". India Today. 10 January 2017.
  257. ^ "Little evidence that demonetisation has succeeded in combating corruption: New York Times". 10 January 2017.
  258. ^ Chakravorti, Bhaskar (14 December 2016). "India's Botched War on Cash". Harvard Business Review.
  259. ^ Goswami, Ranjit (25 November 2016). "Modi's bank note ban has inflicted pointless suffering on India's poorest". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  260. ^ Mangala, Akshay (30 January 2017). "Demonetization: The Politics of Visible Disruption". Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI), University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  261. ^ a b Murty, B Vijay (11 March 2017). "Assembly elections 2017: Modi loses no money in demonetisation gamble". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  262. ^ Sukumar, R. (11 March 2017). "The BJP's UP surge: Didn't demonetisation matter?". Live Mint. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  263. ^ a b c d Peeyush, Parimal (7 November 2017). "Demonetisation a litmus test for BJP: One year on, can Modi hold his sway on the electorate?". Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  264. ^ "Assembly elections: How the BJP won Uttarakhand". Hindustan Times. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  265. ^ a b "BJP retains Gujarat, ousts Congress from Himachal Pradesh – Times of India". The Times of India. 18 December 2017.
  266. ^ "BJP juggernaut rolls on in Gujarat, tramples Congress in Himachal Pradesh". The Economic Times. 18 December 2017.
  267. ^ "Post-poll alliances were preferred by governor in Goa, Manipur and Meghalaya". The Times of India. PTI. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  268. ^ Unnikrishnan, Dinesh (19 December 2017). "BJP's Gujarat win proves GST, demonetisation aren't potent weapons; Congress needs new strategy to fight Modi". FirstPost. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  269. ^ "Growth at 5% - India's economy slows, stalling once thriving manufacturing | the Economic Times". Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  270. ^ "India's economy slows, stalling once thriving manufacturing". Associated Press. 16 September 2019.
  271. ^ "How demonetisation is helping India transact under the shadow of Covid-19 in 2020". Financial Express (India). 24 December 2020.
  272. ^ "Post demonetisation, notes in circulation on rise; so are digital payments". Business Standard. 7 November 2021.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation.
 
Wikinews has related news:
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Indian_banknote_demonetisation&oldid=1247840682"