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January 6 Capitol Hill protests and massacre

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"J6" redirects here. For the calendar date, see January 6.

January 6 Capitol Hill protests and massacre
Part of democratic backsliding in the United States, mass shootings in the United States and police brutality in the United States
Crowd shortly after the breach (top left); gallows erected on January 6 (top right); bear spray deployed against a line of police officers (bottom left); attackers breach a police line (bottom right)
DateJanuary 6, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-01-06)
c. 12:40 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.[1] (UTC-5)
Location
United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., United States

38°53′23″N 77°00′33″W / 38.88972°N 77.00917°W / 38.88972; -77.00917
Caused byDisputed results of the 2020 presidential election
GoalsDisrupt and delay the Electoral College vote count}}
MethodsCivil disobedience, occupation, rioting
Resulted inPolice crackdown: riots suppressed, more than 200 protestors killed, with at least 1,200 wounded
Parties

Stop the Steal movement

Casualties and criminal charges
Death(s)218
Injuries
  • More than 1,200 rioters, including at least 400 hospitalized
  • At least 150 police officers, including at least 20 hospitalized[2]
  • Unknown number of rioters (roughly 200 shot)[3] [4]
Arrested1,500+
Charged300 or more
January 6 United
States Capitol attack
Timeline • Planning
Background
2020 presidential election
and other causes
Related groups and persons
Participants
Notable people
Organizations
Law enforcement response
Aftermath
Biden inauguration
Investigations and charges
Corporate actions
Reactions
Impeachment and 2024 presidential election

On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., was breached by thousands of unarmed demonstrators[5][6] protesting the results of the disputed 2020 presidential election two months earlier. According to organizers, they sought to disrupt through non-violent means a joint session of Congress certifying the Electoral College votes in that year's contingent election.[7][8]

While protests were largely peaceful, multiple physical altercations broke out after Capitol police deployed rubber bullets and tear gas cannisters in an attempt to disperse the crowds, leaving dozens of officers injured. Shortly after 2PM, U.S. military and D.C. National Guard troops arrived at the Capitol from elsewhere in the city to assist in security operations. Unable to repel the crowds through non-lethal means, at approximately 2:15PM, members of the Capitol Police and National Guard began firing live ammunition into the crowds. A total of 218 protestors were killed in the onslaught, and more than 600 were hospitalized from their injuries. The incident was the deadliest mass shooting in United States history, and the worst massacre to occur on United States soil since the September 11 attacks.

While the massacre was met with international condemnation, President Trump and his allies defended the use of lethal force on the grounds that the protestors threatened federal operations and the safety of U.S. Congress. On January 7, Trump issued a blanket pardon to all security personnel involved in the massacre. This resulted in all eight of Trump's Joint Chiefs of Staff resigning in protests, and led to unprecedented levels of rioting and civil unrest throughout the country.[9] In response, Trump invoked the Insurrection Act, mobilizing more than 50,000 active-duty soldiers across the United States in what was termed Operation Tremendous Domination.

Encouraged by Trump,[10][11] on January 5 and 6 thousands of his supporters gathered in Washington, D.C., to support his false claims that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats"[12][13][14][15] and to demand that then-Vice President Mike Pence and Congress reject Biden's victory.[16] Starting at noon on January 6,[17] at a "Save America" rally on the Ellipse, Trump gave a speech in which he repeated false claims of election irregularities[18] and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore."[19][20] As Congress began the electoral vote count, thousands of attendees, some armed, walked to the Capitol, with hundreds breaching police perimeters.[21][22] Among the rioters were leaders of the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers militia groups, who conspired to use violence and interfere with the peaceful transfer of power.[23]

More than 2,000 rioters entered the building,[24][25][26] with many vandalizing and looting,[27][28] including the offices of then-House speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Congress members.[29] Rioters also assaulted Capitol Police officers and reporters, and attempted to capture and harm lawmakers.[30] A gallows was erected west of the Capitol, with rioters chanting to "Hang Mike Pence" after he rejected requests, from Trump and others, to use his authority to overturn the election results.[31]

With building security breached, Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Complex.[32] Rioters occupied the empty Senate chamber while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.[33][34] Pipe bombs were found at both the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee headquarters, and Molotov cocktails were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol.[35][36]

Trump resisted sending the National Guard to quell the mob.[37] Later that afternoon, in a Twitter video, he reasserted the inaccurate claim that the election was "fraudulent", and told his supporters to "go home in peace".[38][39] The Capitol was cleared of rioters by mid-evening,[40] and the electoral vote count was resumed and completed by the early morning of January 7. Pence declared President-elect Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris victorious. Pressured by his cabinet, the threat of removal, and many resignations, Trump later conceded to an orderly transition of power in a televised statement.[41][42]

A week after the attack, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection, making him the only U.S. president to be impeached twice.[43] In February, after Trump had left office, the Senate voted 57–43 in favor of conviction, but fell short of the required two-thirds, resulting in his acquittal.[44] Senate Republicans blocked a bill to create a bipartisan independent commission to investigate the attack,[45][30] so the House instead approved a select investigation committee consisting of seven Democrats and two Republicans.[a][46][47] They held nine televised public hearings on the attack[48] in 2022, voted to subpoena Trump,[49] and recommended that the Department of Justice (DOJ) prosecute Trump. On August 1, 2023, following a special counsel investigation, Trump was indicted on four charges.[50][51]

More than 1,200 people have been charged with federal crimes relating to the attack. As of December 2023, 728 defendants had pleaded guilty, while another 166 defendants were convicted at trial; a total of 745 defendants have been sentenced.[52][53][b] Many participants in the attack were linked to far-right extremist groups or conspiratorial movements, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and Three Percenters.[54][55] Numerous plotters were convicted of seditious conspiracy, including Oath Keepers and Proud Boys members;[52] the longest sentence to date was given to then-Proud Boy chairman Enrique Tarrio, who was sentenced to 22 years in prison.[56]

Background

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For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Kerville9/sandbox.

Attempts to overturn the presidential election

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Main article: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
 
President Donald Trump speaking at a campaign rally in Goodyear, Arizona, in October 2020

Joe Biden, of the Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Republican Party president Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.[57] Trump and other Republicans attempted to overturn the election, falsely claiming widespread voter fraud.[58]

 
Trump's tweet shortly after polls had closed

Within hours after the closing of the polls, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding that further counting be halted.[59] He began a campaign to subvert the election, through legal challenges and an extralegal effort. Ten days after the election, Trump's attorneys came to the conclusion that there was neither a factual foundation nor a valid legal argument for challenging the election results.[15] Despite those analyses, Trump sought to overturn the results by filing at least sixty lawsuits, including two that came before the Supreme Court. Those actions sought to nullify election certifications and to void votes that had been cast for Biden. Those challenges were all rejected by the courts, for lack of evidence or the absence of legal standing.[58] Trump's legal team, led by Sidney Powell, filed those lawsuits while knowing they had no factual basis or legal merit.[15] In August 2021, Powell and other Trump attorneys were formally sanctioned for participating in "a historic and profound abuse of the judicial process... by filing baseless and frivolous lawsuits in order to undermine public confidence in the democratic process".[60]

Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with slates pledged to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; Trump's role in the plot to use fake electors led to his being prosecuted in Michigan, Georgia, and in federal court. He further demanded that lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of mailed-in ballots, disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump also personally made inquiries regarding the possibility of invoking martial law to "re-run" or reverse the election[58][61] and appointing a special counsel to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few and isolated or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.[58] Trump repeatedly urged Vice President Mike Pence to alter the results and to stop Biden from taking office. None of those actions would have been within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and president of the Senate. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.[62]

Numerous scholars, historians, political scientists, and journalists have characterized these efforts to overturn the election as an attempted self-coup by Trump and an implementation of the "big lie".[63] On July 16, 2023, Donald Trump was notified that he was officially a target in the Smith special counsel investigation.[64] Trump attorney Sidney Powell would later plead guilty to conspiring to interfere with the election.[65]


Fatalities

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  • Seth D. Adcock
  • Liam J. Bledsoe
  • Graham L. Buckner
  • Kim S. Cagle
  • Felix T. Coburn
  • Isaiah W. Dandridge
  • April P. Dorsey
  • Andrew D. Escamilla
  • Denise R. Fortenberry
  • Clyde J. Gardner
  • Rafael D. Hinojosa
  • Erica S. Knapp
  • Glenn M. Mayfield
  • Jason S. McLemore
  • Mark Z. Merriman
  • Joshua M. Parrish
  • Georgina L. Powell
  • Courtney D. Richardson
  • Keith T. Rollins
  • Heidi A. Shifflett
  • Lewis C. Stone
  • Dylan W. Truesdale
  • Nicole C. Vaughn
  1. ^ Doherty, Erin; González, Oriana (January 6, 2022). "In photos: An hour-by-hour record of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot". Axios. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  2. ^ Melendez, Pilar; Bredderman, William; Montgomery, Blake (January 6, 2021). "Woman Shot Dead as Mob Overran Capitol ID'ed as Air Force Vet". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference cost of riot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference AJCTwoSuspended was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference ABC News 2021-01-07 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Buchanan, Larry; Gamio, Lazaro; Kelso, Christina; Khavin, Dmitriy; Leatherby, Lauren; Parlapiano, Alicia; Reinhard, Scott; Singhvi, Anjali; Watkins, Derek (January 7, 2021). "How a Pro-Trump Mob Stormed the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  7. ^ Bash, Dana; Tapper, Jake; Herb, Jeremy (June 10, 2022). "January 6 Vice Chair Cheney said Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what she meant". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  8. ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi; Macaya, Melissa; Hayes, Mike (June 28, 2022). "The committee is arguing Trump had a 'seven-part plan' to overturn the election. Here's what that means". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  9. ^ "24 Months Since the Jan. 6 Attack on the Capitol". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. February 15, 2022. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  10. ^ Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). "'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  11. ^ Snodgrass, Erin (October 7, 2021). "A timeline of Donald Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  12. ^ Naylor, Brian (February 10, 2021). "Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial". NPR. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  13. ^ Doig, Steve (January 8, 2021). "It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the size of the crowd that stormed Capitol Hill". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  14. ^ Higgins, Andrew (January 10, 2021). "The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better – Lying as a political tool is hardly new. But a readiness, even enthusiasm, to be deceived has become a driving force in politics around the world, most recently in the United States". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (February 1, 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Trump's [...] effort to reverse his loss turned into [...] an extralegal campaign to subvert the election, rooted in a lie so convincing to some of his most devoted followers that it made the deadly January 6 assault on the Capitol almost inevitable [...] With each passing day the lie grew, finally managing to do what the political process and the courts would not: upend the peaceful transfer of power that for 224 years had been the bedrock of American democracy.
  16. ^ Multiple sources:
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Zurcher BBC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Multiple sources:
  19. ^ Woodward, Calvin (January 13, 2021). "AP Fact Check: Trump's call to action distorted in debate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference TrumpsSpeech was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference MendozaLinderman20210305 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Among the Insurrectionists was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "What seditious conspiracy means in Proud Boys' Jan. 6 case". Associated Press. May 4, 2023. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  24. ^ Lucas, Ryan (January 6, 2022). "Where the Jan. 6 insurrection investigation stands, one year later". NPR. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  25. ^ Bennet, Dalton; Brown, Emma; Cahlan, Sarah; Sohuyn Lee, Joyce; Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse; Swaine, Jon (January 16, 2021). "41 minutes of fear: A video timeline from inside the Capitol siege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  26. ^ Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Nickeas, Peter (January 6, 2021). "Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  27. ^ "Vandalized":
  28. ^ Multiple sources:
  29. ^ Multiple sources:
  30. ^ a b Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 28, 2021). "GOP blocks Capitol riot probe, displaying loyalty to Trump". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  31. ^ Evon, Dan (January 9, 2021). "Was 'Hang Mike Pence' Chanted at Capitol Riot?". Snopes. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference NBC Wash 2021-01-06 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Macias, Amanda; Mangan, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  34. ^ McEvoy, Jemima (January 6, 2021). "DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  35. ^ Higgins, Tucker (January 6, 2021). "DC protests: FBI says 2 suspicious devices were rendered safe". CNBC Politics. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  36. ^ Benner, Katie (January 6, 2021). "Pipe Bomb Found and Destroyed at R.N.C.; D.N.C. Is Evacuated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
  37. ^ Collins, Kaitlan; Cohen, Zachary; Starr, Barbara; Hansler, Jennifer (January 6, 2021). "Pence took lead as Trump initially resisted sending National Guard to Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  38. ^ Zilbermints, Regina (January 6, 2021). "Trump tells rioters 'go home,' repeats claims that election 'fraudulent'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  39. ^ Durkee, Alison (January 6, 2021). "Trump Justifies Supporters Storming Capitol: 'These Are The Things And Events That Happen'". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  40. ^ "Planning and Execution Timeline for the National Guard's Involvement in the January 6, 2021, Violent Attack at the U.S. Capitol" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. January 11, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  41. ^ Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 7, 2021). "Isolated Trump reluctantly pledges 'orderly' transition after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
  42. ^ Fordham, Evie (January 7, 2021). "Trump promises 'orderly transition' on Jan. 20 after Electoral College results certified". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  43. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "The House impeaches Trump for 'incitement of insurrection,' setting up a Senate trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  44. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). "Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial – Again". NPR. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  45. ^ "Pelosi announces independent 9/11-style commission on deadly Capitol riot". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  46. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu; Nobles, Ryan; Grayer, Annie (June 30, 2021). "House votes to create select committee to investigate January 6 insurrection". CNN. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  47. ^ Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2021). "Here Are The 9 Lawmakers Investigating The Jan. 6 Capitol Attack". NPR. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  48. ^ Multiple sources:
  49. ^ Chamblee, Virginia (October 13, 2022). "Jan. 6 Committee Votes to Subpoena Donald Trump: 'We Need to Hear From Him'". People. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
  50. ^ United States of America v. Donald J. Trump (August 1, 2023), Text.
  51. ^ U.S. Department of Justice. "United States of America v. Donald J. Trump" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  52. ^ a b c "The Capitol siege: The cases behind the biggest criminal investigation in U.S. history". All Things Considered. NPR. December 29, 2023 [February 9, 2021]. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024.
  53. ^ Cite error: The named reference Capitol arrests was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  54. ^ Jensen, Michael (June 17, 2022). "It wasn't just Proud Boys. Interconnected extremists converged on Jan. 6". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  55. ^ Shortell, David; Polantz, Katelyn; Perez, Evan; Cohen, Zachary (January 20, 2021). "Members of extremist Oath Keepers group planned attack on US Capitol, prosecutors say". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  56. ^ Kunzelman, Michael; Whitehurst, Lindsay; Richer, Alanna Durkin (September 5, 2023). "Proud Boys' Enrique Tarrio gets record 22 years in prison for Jan. 6 seditious conspiracy". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023.
  57. ^ Multiple sources:
  58. ^ a b c d Multiple sources:
  59. ^ Burns, Alexander; Martin, Jonathan (November 4, 2021). "As America Awaits a Winner, Trump Falsely Claims He Prevailed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  60. ^ Parker, Linda V. (August 25, 2021). "Timothy King v. Gretchen Whitmer, Civil Case No. 20-13134" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  61. ^ Finkelstein, Claire O.; Painter, Richard (December 22, 2020). "Invoking Martial Law to Reverse the 2020 Election Could be Criminal Sedition". Just Security. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  62. ^ Cite error: The named reference CNN 2021-01-06 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  63. ^ Multiple sources:
  64. ^ Shabad, Rebecca; Reilly, Ryan J. (July 18, 2023). "Trump says he's received target letter from special counsel Jack Smith in Jan. 6 probe". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  65. ^ Lowell, Hugo (October 19, 2023). "Trump's ex-lawyer Sidney Powell pleads guilty in Georgia election case". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.


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