Wikipedia

Portland International Airport

(Redirected from Portland Airport (Oregon))
This article is about the airport of Portland, Oregon. For the airport of Portland, Maine, see Portland International Jetport. For other uses, see Portland Airport.

Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX, FAA LID: PDX) is a joint civil–military airport and the largest airport in the U.S. state of Oregon, accounting for 90% of the state's passenger air travel and more than 95% of its air cargo.[3] It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, 6 miles (10 kilometers) by air and 12 mi (19 km) by highway northeast of downtown Portland. Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX. The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land.[1][4]

Portland International Airport
Aerial view
Summary
Airport typePublic / military
Owner/OperatorPort of Portland
ServesPortland metropolitan area
LocationPortland, Oregon, U.S.
Opened1936 (1936)
Hub forAlaska Airlines
Elevation AMSL30 ft / 9 m
Coordinates45°35′19″N 122°35′51″W / 45.58861°N 122.59750°W / 45.58861; -122.59750
Websiteflypdx.com
Maps
FAA airport diagram
FAA airport diagram
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
03/21 6,000 1,829 Asphalt
10L/28R 9,825 2,995 Asphalt
10R/28L 11,000 3,353 Concrete
Statistics (2023)
Passengers16,486,688
Aircraft operations190,150

Portland International Airport has direct flights to cities throughout the United States and in several other countries, including Canada, Mexico, Germany, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Iceland. The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines.[5] It also has a maintenance facility for Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air. General aviation services are provided at PDX by Atlantic Aviation.[6] The Oregon Air National Guard has a base on the southwest portion of the airport property grounds, and is also the host unit of the 142nd Fighter Wing (142 FW), which operates the F-15 Eagle. Local transportation includes the MAX Red Line light rail, which takes passengers between PDX and downtown Portland, as well as farther west to Beaverton. There is also Interstate 205, which connects to southwestern Washington (north from PDX) along with many suburbs of Portland (south from PDX).

History

Portland's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport,[7] northwest of downtown Portland on the Willamette River. The Port of Portland purchased 256 acres (104 ha) and construction began in 1926. Charles Lindbergh flew in and dedicated the new airfield in 1927.

By 1935 it was becoming apparent to the Port of Portland that the airport was becoming obsolete.[7] The small airfield couldn't easily be expanded, nor could it accommodate the larger aircraft and passenger loads expected to become common to Portland. Plans immediately were conceived to relocate the outdated airfield to a larger site. The Swan Island area is now used by the Port of Portland as an industrial park.[8]

Construction and early operations

The Portland City Council purchased the present PDX site in 1936. It was 700 acres (280 ha) bordered by the Columbia River in the north and the Columbia Slough in the south. The city council issued US$300,000 and asked the Port of Portland to sponsor a US$1.3 million Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to develop the site into a "super airport". The project provided badly needed Great Depression-era jobs.[9] Construction of the airport steadily employed over 1,000 men, and was described by historian Neil Barker as "Portland's most significant public works improvement during the New Deal era".[10] The WPA and Port of Portland faced difficulties in preparing the site for construction because the low-lying area was frequently covered by flood waters from the Columbia River. Workers covered the area with over 4 million cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand to help drain it of water, and constructed a series of dikes to control flooding. Two runways capable of serving the modern aircraft of the time were operational by 1941.[10] The airport was designated "Portland–Columbia Airport" to distinguish it from then-operating Swan Island Airport. During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces.

The "super airport" had a terminal on the north side, off Marine Drive, and five runways (NE-SW, NW-SE, and an E-W runway forming an asterisk). This configuration was adequate until a new terminal and a longer, 8,800-foot (2,700 m) east–west runway were constructed in 1952. View airport diagrams: 1955 and 1965

In 1948 the entire airport grounds were flooded during the Vanport Flood, forcing scheduled airline services to reroute to nearby Troutdale Airport. The grounds were under water for several months.[citation needed]

New terminal (1950s)

Portland's first jets were Pan Am 707-321s about October 1959.[citation needed] A new terminal opened in 1959, which for the most part serves as the present facility.[11] The new terminal is located to the east of the original runways, and north of the then-new 8,800 ft (2,700 m) runway. Construction of a second east–west runway to the north made this a midfield terminal. At this point, all but the NE-SW (3/21) runway in the original "X" were abandoned and turned into taxiways. 3/21 was extended for use as a cross-wind runway. "International" was added to the airport's official designation after the 1950s-era improvements.

 
A Western Airlines Boeing 737 at the airport in 1973

The first international nonstop was Western's 720B to Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1967.[citation needed] Plans made in 1968 to add a third runway by means of filling in parts of the Columbia River were met with vocal public opposition and scrapped. The airport switched from screening passengers at individual gates to screening all visitors at concourse entrances in 1973 as new FAA regulations went into effect.[12] By 1974, the airport was served by Braniff, Cascade, Continental, Eastern, Hughes Airwest, Northwest Orient, Pan Am, United and Western, and the Seattle route was served by seven airlines with aircraft as large as Boeing 747s.[13] In 1974, the south runway was extended to 11,000 feet (3,400 m) to service the newest jumbo jets. The terminal building was renovated and expanded in 1977.[11]

United was the dominant carrier at PDX during the regulated era and through the 1980s.[14] Air Oregon started short-haul service from Portland following deregulation in 1978, and by 1979 had routes to seven other cities in Oregon.[15] In April 1983, United Airlines began a flight from Chicago to Tokyo's Narita Airport that stopped in Seattle–Tacoma six days a week and in Portland once a week. The company operated the service with Boeing 747s.[16][17] Meanwhile, Delta Air Lines wanted to add Tokyo to its network, but it lacked aircraft that could fly there nonstop from its Atlanta base. Consequently, the company established a "Pacific gateway" in Portland, a small hub for routes to Asia.[18][19][20] Delta began service from Portland to Tokyo in March 1987.[18][21]

By the 1980s, the terminal building began an extensive renovation in order to update PDX to meet future needs. The ticketing and baggage claim areas were renovated and expanded, and a new Concourse D for Alaska Airlines was added in 1986.[22] Concourse E was first to be reconstructed in 1992, and featured PDX's first moving sidewalks.[11] The Oregon Marketplace, a small shopping mall, was added in the former waiting areas behind the ticket counters.[citation needed] The early 1990s saw a food court and extension added to Concourse C, and the opening of the new Concourse D in 1994.[11] This marked the first concessions inside secured areas, allowing passengers to purchase items without having to be re-screened.[citation needed] An expanded parking garage, new control tower, and canopy over the curbside were finished in the late 1990s. Although hailed by architectural critics, the canopy blocked views of Mount Hood from the curbside. On July 31, 1997, during construction, the garage addition collapsed due to inadequate bolts holding girders together and inadequate securing of structural members, killing three steelworkers.[23]

Delta added domestic flights to Portland to feed the Asia routes.[24] In 1995, the carrier offered nonstop service to Tokyo, Seoul, Nagoya, and Taipei, with the Taipei flight continuing on to Bangkok.[25] It also flew to eight domestic cities, such as Atlanta, New York, and San Francisco.[26] However, Delta faced obstacles to the success of its operation in Portland. These included the 1997 Asian financial crisis and complaints about the treatment of Asian passengers at the immigration facility in Portland, which led to the nickname "Deportland."[20][27] Moreover, airlines were introducing more flights from the United States to Asia, allowing travelers to bypass the Portland hub.[27] Delta reduced the number of Asian destinations to two, Tokyo and Nagoya. It finally closed the hub in March 2001 due to financial losses. The move left the airport without transpacific air service.[19][28][29]

 
The old check-in counters before 2024

The present H-shape of the PDX terminal, designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership,[30] was completed on September 10, 2001, when the new A, B and C concourses, as well as the light rail line, were finished. Probably the most stunning portion of PDX's interior, the new concourses reflect a Northwest theme, focusing heavily on the nearby Columbia River. A huge celebration was to be held the following weekend, but the September 11 attacks interceded. The new concourses, designed to be public spaces, were closed to non-passengers.

Lufthansa started direct flights to Frankfurt in March 2003. The route was operated by Airbus A340s.[31][32] In June 2004, Northwest Airlines introduced nonstop service to its hub at Tokyo-Narita aboard a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. In order to funnel passengers from other American cities onto the flight, Northwest made use of its partnerships with four other carriers instead of adding its own domestic routes to Portland. This strategy was less costly than Delta's.[33][34]

In August 2005, the concourse connector was opened.[35] This is a long hallway on the secure side of the airport that connects the A, B and C concourses to the D and E concourses on the other side of the airport. If there is a long line at the checkpoint at one end of the airport, passengers may use the other checkpoint and walk through the connector to their desired concourse.[36] The connector closed permanently on January 5, 2021, to make room for terminal expansion.[37]

The airport's carpet, installed in 1987, was designed to stylize the criss-crossing north and south runways. Beginning in 2014, a new design replaced the original pattern. In response, many residents created products to celebrate the carpet as a local icon.[38][39]

In December 2016, The Port of Portland renovated the security checkpoints and immigration facilities as part of its PDXNext project. This included the relocation, and wider of the exit lanes by the security checkpoints and upgraded security on both sides of the terminal.[40]

Terminal expansion (2020s)

 
Interior of the main terminal after it reopened in August 2024

In the latter half of 2016, the Port of Portland and several airlines at PDX approved a project intended to balance the use of the terminal and concourses at Portland International Airport. The subsequent project extended Concourse E by 750 feet (230 m) and added 6 new gates to the facility. After the project, Southwest Airlines relocated its operations from Concourse C to the newly expanded Concourse E, alongside United Airlines. With the relocation of Southwest Airlines to Concourse E, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways became the primary users of Concourses B and C. Construction on this project began in the spring of 2017 and opened to passengers on July 15, 2020.[41][42][43]

Concourse A was demolished in November 2019 due to the age and space of the structure and was replaced by an expanded Concourse B. The extension featured 4 jet bridges, 6 ground loading zones, and improved concession stands. All Horizon operations that operated out of Concourse A was temporarily moved to Concourse C until the expanded Concourse B was completed. The new concourse opened on December 8, 2021.[44][42][45]

In March 2020, the main terminal began a 5-year expansion process to generate more open space in the pre-security area and an expansion of 150 feet toward the west. The Concourse Connector was closed in January 2021 and the Clocktower Plaza closed 3 months later to make room for the expansion. During construction, the remains of the concourse connector was reused for passengers to bypass the construction zone to get to concourses C and D. Construction of phase one of the new main terminal was expected to be complete by May 2024.[46][47] One month before its scheduled opening, however, the opening date for the new terminal was delayed by 3 months due to construction incidents on site.[48] Phase one of the new terminal opened to the public August 14, 2024.[49] As of September 2024, total construction is expected to wrap up in early 2026.

Facilities

 
The check-in counters at PDX

The airport has one passenger terminal composed of four concourses, which are designated B, C, D, and E. There are 60 gates in total.[50] The international section of Concourse D was renamed the Governor Victor G. Atiyeh International Concourse to honor the former Oregon governor, who was also known as "Trader Vic" for launching international tourism and trade initiatives during his gubernatorial term.

The Port of Portland requires all airport shops and restaurants to practice fair retail pricing—businesses are not allowed to charge more than at off-airport locations.[51] Unique amenities include a microcinema run by the Hollywood Theatre; it shows free short films by Portland-based filmmakers that are primarily focused on the culture of the Pacific Northwest.[52][53][54][55] The terminal also houses a distillery.[56][57] In the pre-security area, there are several local food carts.[58] In addition, the lower terminal roadway near the TriMet MAX Red Line station has a work station and assembly for repairing bicycles. The Oregon Welcome Center also has a "Tool check-out".[59][60]

Jet fuel is supplied via the Portland Jet Line, an 8 inches (200 mm) Kinder Morgan fuel pipeline running from the Northwest Industrial area of Portland's Willbridge Terminal to the airport. Willbridge contains 40 tanks, connected to the 14 inches (360 mm) Olympic pipeline and 8 inches (200 mm) Eugene pipeline, BNSF rail, truck, and ships.[61][62][63]

Airlines and destinations

AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Air Canada Express Vancouver [64]
Air Canada Rouge Seasonal: Toronto–Pearson [64]
Alaska Airlines Albuquerque, Anchorage, Atlanta,[65] Austin, Billings, Boise, Boston, Burbank, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Fresno, Honolulu, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Medford, Missoula, Nashville,[66] Newark, New York–JFK, Oakland, Ontario, Orange County, Orlando, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa, Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Tucson, Washington–National
Seasonal: Bozeman, Cancun, Fort Lauderdale, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Lihue, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New Orleans (begins January 6, 2025),[67] Palm Springs, Puerto Vallarta, Redmond/Bend,[68] San José del Cabo, Tampa		 [69]
Allegiant Air Phoenix–Mesa Gateway, Provo
Seasonal: Appleton, Des Moines, Grand Rapids, Idaho Falls		 [70]
American Airlines Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, Phoenix–Sky Harbor
Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare, Philadelphia 		[70]
American Eagle Los Angeles [71]
Boutique Air Pendleton [72]
British Airways London–Heathrow [73]
Condor Seasonal: Frankfurt [74]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma
[75]
Delta Connection Seattle/Tacoma [76]
Frontier Airlines Dallas–Fort Worth, Denver, Las Vegas, Los Angeles (begins December 17, 2024),[77] Ontario, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Salt Lake City, San Francisco[78]
Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu, Kahului [79]
Icelandair Seasonal: Reykjavík–Keflavík [80]
JetBlue Seasonal: Boston [81]
KLM Amsterdam [82]
Southwest Airlines Baltimore (resumes June 5, 2025),[83] Burbank, Chicago–Midway, Denver, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Oakland, Ontario, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose (CA)
Seasonal: Dallas–Love, Kansas City, St. Louis 		[84]
Spirit Airlines Baltimore,[85] Las Vegas, Los Angeles,[86] San Diego[87] [88]
Sun Country Airlines Minneapolis/St. Paul [89]
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles [90]
United Express Denver, San Francisco [91]
Volaris Guadalajara [92]
WestJet Encore Seasonal: Calgary [93]

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
AirNet Express Denver–Centennial, Oakland
AirPac Airlines[94] Redmond/Bend, Seattle–Boeing
Amazon Air Baltimore, Chicago/Rockford, Cincinnati, Fairbanks, Fort Worth/Alliance, Hartford, Houston–Intercontinental, Lakeland (FL), Ontario, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Stockton, Tampa, Wilmington (OH)
Ameriflight Brookings, Corvallis, Crescent City, Eugene, Florence, Grants Pass, Hermiston, Klamath Falls, La Grande, Medford, Newport, North Bend/Coos Bay, Portland/Hillsboro, Redmond/Bend, Salem
Cathay Cargo[95] Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, New York–JFK
DHL Aviation Los Angeles, Seattle/Tacoma, Vancouver
FedEx Express Austin, Boise, Fort Worth/Alliance, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Memphis, Newark, Oakland, Ontario, Orange County, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Seattle/Tacoma
FedEx Feeder Corvallis, Eugene, Klamath Falls, Medford, Newport, North Bend/Coos Bay, Redmond/Bend, Roseburg, Salem
Kalitta Air Los Angeles, Seattle/Tacoma, Vancouver
Martinaire Eugene
UPS Airlines Albuquerque, Anchorage, Boston, Billings, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Chicago–O'Hare, Chicago/Rockford, Dallas/Fort Worth, Des Moines, Fargo, Fresno, Harrisburg, Hartford, Kansas City, Little Rock, Louisville, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Oakland, Omaha, Ontario, Orange County, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento–Mather, Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, Seattle–Boeing, Spokane, St. Louis, Vancouver, Wichita
Western Air Express Boise, Salt Lake City, Seattle–Boeing, Spokane
Western Global Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Tokyo–Narita

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from PDX (June 2023 – May 2024)[96]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1   Denver, Colorado 635,000 Alaska, Frontier, Southwest, United
2   Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 601,000 Alaska, Delta
3   Las Vegas, Nevada 542,000 Alaska, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
4   Los Angeles, California 491,000 Alaska, American, Delta
5   Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona 483,000 Alaska, American, Frontier, Southwest
6   San Francisco, California 399,000 Alaska, United
7   Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 359,000 Alaska, American
8   Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 303,000 Alaska, American, United
9   Salt Lake City, Utah 285,000 Alaska, Delta
10   San Jose, California 254,000 Alaska, Southwest
Busiest international routes from PDX (April 2023 – March 2024)[97]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1   Amsterdam, Netherlands 153,386 Delta
2   Vancouver, Canada 151,192 Air Canada, Alaska
3   Guadalajara, Mexico 129,078 Volaris
4   London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 109,352 British Airways
5   Reykjavík–Keflavík, Iceland 50,085 Icelandair
6   Puerto Vallarta, Mexico 48,237 Alaska
7   San José del Cabo, Mexico 44,517 Alaska
8   Calgary, Canada 44,441 WestJet
9   Frankfurt, Germany 26,404 Condor
10   Toronto–Pearson, Canada 17,469 Air Canada Rouge

Airline market share

Largest airlines at PDX
(June 2023 – May 2024)[96]
Rank Airline Passengers Share
1 Alaska Airlines 4,151,000 26.68%
2 Southwest Airlines 2,438,000 15.67%
3 Delta Air Lines 2,067,000 13.28%
4 United Airlines 1,855,000 11.92%
5 SkyWest 1,302,000 8.37%
– Other airlines 3,746,000 24.07%

Annual traffic

Annual passenger traffic at PDX airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic at PDX, 2012–2023[98][99][100]
Year Passengers
2012 14,390,750
2013 15,029,569
2014 15,916,512
2015 16,850,952
2016 18,352,767
2017 19,080,444
2018 19,882,788
2019 19,891,365
2020 7,084,543
2021 11,806,921
2022 14,818,654
2023 16,486,688

Ground transportation

 
A MAX Red Line light-rail train at Portland Airport station

Public transit service to the airport is provided by TriMet, the metropolitan area's primary transit agency, with its MAX Red Line light rail service. The 1986-opened MAX Light Rail system was extended to the airport in 2001.[101] The Red Line originally provided service as far as downtown Portland only, but in 2003 it was extended west to Beaverton.[102] The light rail station is located only about 150 ft (50 m) from the airport's baggage claim area.[101] Prior to 2001, TriMet service to the airport consisted of bus route 72-82nd Avenue from 1970[103] to 1986, and route 12-Sandy Blvd. from 1986[104] to 2001.[105] Pacific Crest Lines also offers daily service to Union Station, Salem and Bend.

C-Tran route 67 bus connects the airport to Fisher's Landing Transit Center in east Vancouver, Washington.

By road, the terminal is accessible from exit 24 on Interstate 205.

Accidents and incidents

  • On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed in a desolate section of the Mount Hood National Forest during descent into Portland International Airport. Of the 18 passengers and crew, there were no survivors. The probable cause of the accident was "the descent of the aircraft below its clearance limit and below that of surrounding obstructing terrain, but the Board was unable to determine the cause of such descent." The accident was the first loss of a Douglas DC-9.
  • On December 28, 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 was en route to Portland International Airport from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado. On approach to Portland International Airport, the crew lowered the landing gear which caused a loud thump, abnormal vibration, unusual yaw, and the landing gear indicator lights failed to light. The plane circled Portland while the crew investigated the problem. After about an hour, the plane exhausted its fuel supply and crashed into the suburban neighborhood of East Burnside Street and NE 158th Ave. Of the 189 passengers and crew on board, ten died and 24 more were injured. An investigation revealed that the crash was caused by "the failure of the captain to properly monitor the aircraft's fuel state". This accident's investigation led to substantially improved aviation safety by widespread adoption of crew resource management which emphasizes crew teamwork and communication instead of a command hierarchy.[106]
  • On January 20, 1983, Northwest Airlines Flight 608, a Boeing 727 with 41 passengers and crew enroute from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport to PDX was hijacked by a male hijacker. He informed a flight attendant that he had a bomb in a box and wanted to be flown to Afghanistan. The hijacker agreed to land at PDX to refuel and shortly after, negotiations began. When the hijacker was engaged, federal agents boarded the aircraft through a cockpit window. When the hijacker was confronted, he threw the box at the agents and one of the agents fired one shot and killed the hijacker. It was later discovered the box contained no explosives.[107]
  • On February 16, 2008, visibility of 1/8 mile was a possible factor in the fatal accident that took the life of the pilot, Oregon doctor Richard Otoski, a Klamath Falls dermatologist flying his Columbia 400. The accident took place just short of runway 10R at Portland International Airport. Otoski was the only person on board the aircraft, manufactured by the former Lancair Company. "Damn it... we're gonna crash" were the last words PDX controllers heard from N621ER.[108] The aircraft was apparently in the process of making another missed approach in poor visibility following the ILS when it clipped an airport perimeter fence, crashed, and soon caught fire. The aircraft had departed from Klamath Falls 90 minutes earlier.[109]
  • On January 5, 2024, Alaska Airlines Flight 1282, a 3 month-old Boeing 737 MAX 9 was en route to Ontario, California from Portland when a door plug (a structure installed to replace an optional emergency exit door located in the rear mid-cabin just behind the wings) tore off mid-flight. The flight experienced uncontrolled decompression and was forced to turn around and perform an emergency landing at PDX, resulting in three minor injuries. The incident caused Boeing to temporary ground nearly all 737 MAX 9's to investigate the maintenance of the door plug.[110]
  • On March 18, 2024, an Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-800 arriving from Washington, D.C., suffered a cracked windshield while landing. The plane landed safely with no one among the 165 people on board being injured. The airline repaired the aircraft.[111]
  • On October 20, 2024, Alaska Airlines Flight 300 struck a bird shortly after takeoff, causing the plane to make an emergency landing in Portland. There were no fatalities or injuries.[112]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b FAA Airport Form 5010 for PDX PDF, effective January 25, 2024
  2. ^ "Calendar Year Report" (PDF). Port of Portland. January 31, 2024.
  3. ^ Loy, William G. (2001). Atlas of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-87114-102-7.
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  5. ^ "Network". Newsroom | Alaska Airlines. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
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  8. ^ Bui, Hien; Kain, Michelle (February 14, 2011). "Airport History". Center for Columbia River History. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2006.
  9. ^ Robbins G., William (2002). "Subtopic : Oregon in Depression and War, 1925–1945: The Most Visible of Relief Agencies". The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
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  17. ^ "Tokyo service". The Columbian. Vancouver, WA. May 1, 1983. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
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  21. ^ "United will transfer Tokyo flight service". Statesman Journal. Salem, OR. Associated Press. January 28, 1987. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
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  27. ^ a b Rogoway, Mike (May 4, 2000). "Delta to review Portland-Japan flights". The Columbian. Vancouver, WA. ProQuest 253063483.
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