List of career achievements by Mark Cavendish
(Redirected from Career accomplishments of Mark Cavendish)
Mark Cavendish is a Manx professional racing cyclist for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team.[1] Originally a track cyclist in the madison, points race, and scratch race, he has also competed on the road since 2006.
Cavendish is a cycling sprinter, and is a prolific winner of individual stages in stage races. Cavendish has won 34 Tour de France stages, making him joint first on the all-time list together with Eddy Merckx. With 54 Grand Tour stage victories he is third on the all-time list, and his 162 professional victories – as of 1 May 2024 – rank him joint second of all time.[2]
Career highlights edit
- 2005
- Won the first of his Madison UCI Track Cycling World Championships titles.[3]
- 2006
- Won the Scratch Race at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, bringing the Isle of Man's third ever gold medal at the Games.
- 2007
- He equalled Alessandro Petacchi's record of 11 professional wins in a début season.[4]
- 2009
- Became the second British rider—after Tom Simpson—to win one of the five monuments of cycling with victory in the 2009 Milan – San Remo.[5]
- Became first British rider to wear the general classification leader's pink jersey at the Giro d'Italia.[6]
- Passed Barry Hoban's record of 8 for most Tour de France stage wins by a British rider[7] and Chris Boardman's record of 41 for most professional victories by a British rider.[8]
- 2010
- Became the second British rider—after Robert Millar—to win a stage in all three of the Grand Tours with victory at stage 12 of the 2010 Vuelta a España. He went on to win the points classification in the Vuelta a Espana, his first points classification victory in a Grand Tour.[9]
- 2011
- Tied Piet Oellibrandt for the most wins in the Scheldeprijs one day semi-classic, with a third victory at the Antwerp race.[10]
- At the 2011 Tour de France he became the first British rider to win the Tour de France points classification.[11]
- Became the second British rider—after Tom Simpson—to win the UCI Road Race World Championship.
- 2012
- Became the first rider to win the final Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France four years in a row (2009–2012).
- Became the first rainbow jersey holder to win the final stage of the Tour de France.[12]
- Became the most successful sprinter in Tour de France history with his 23rd stage victory giving him more mass start stage victories in the Tour than any other rider.[13]
- 2013
- Claimed the second overall classification win of his career at the Tour of Qatar, with four consecutive stage victories out of six.[14]
- Achieved 100 professional wins with victory on stage 12 of the 2013 Giro d'Italia.[15]
- Completed his set of Grand Tour points classifications with his points classification win at the Giro d'Italia, becoming the 5th rider in history to do so.[16]
- 2015
- Claimed the third overall victory of his career at the 2015 Dubai Tour, winning two of the four stages.[17]
- 2016
- Claimed the fourth overall victory of his career at the Tour of Qatar, winning one of the five stages.[18]
- Completed his set of overall classification lead jerseys in Grand Tours upon winning the opening stage of the Tour de France.[19]
- Claimed first Olympic medal, winning the silver medal in the Rio 2016 Omnium.
- 2021
- Cavendish claimed his 50th Grand Tour stage victory, winning stage 6 of the 2021 Tour de France.[20]
- Cavendish equalled Eddy Merckx's record for the most number of Tour de France stage wins.[21]
Major results edit
Track edit
- 2001
- National Junior Championships
- 2nd Points race
- 3rd Scratch
- 2004
- National Championships
- 1st
Team pursuit - 2nd Madison (with Ed Clancy)
- 1st
- Madison, UIV Talent Cup
- 1st Bremen (with Geraint Thomas)
- 1st Munich (with Matt Brammeier)
- 1st Madison, Revolution Series (with Ed Clancy)
- 2005
- 1st
Madison, UCI World Championships (with Rob Hayles) - 1st
Points race, UEC European Championships - National Championships
- 1st Team pursuit
- 2nd Scratch
- 1st
- UCI World Cup Classics
- 2nd Team pursuit, Sydney
- 2nd Team pursuit, Manchester
- 3rd Madison, Sydney (with Tom White)
- 3rd Madison, Manchester (with Rob Hayles)
- 2006
- 1st
Scratch, Commonwealth Games - 3rd Madison, UCI World Cup Classics, Sydney (with Geraint Thomas)
- 2007
- 1st Scratch, Revolution Series 16
- 2nd Madison, UCI World Cup Classics, Beijing (with Bradley Wiggins)
- 2008
- 1st Madison, UCI World Championships (with Bradley Wiggins)
- 1st Madison, National Championships (with Peter Kennaugh)
- 2011
- 1st Scratch, Revolution Series 34
- 2014
- 1st Six Days of Zürich (with Iljo Keisse)
- 2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Iljo Keisse)
- 2015
- 1st Madison, Revolution Series, Derby (with Bradley Wiggins)
- 2016
- 1st
Madison, UCI World Championships (with Bradley Wiggins) - 1st Six Days of Ghent (with Bradley Wiggins)
- 1st Omnium, Panevėžys Cup
- 2nd
Omnium, Olympic Games - 2nd Six Days of London (with Bradley Wiggins)
- 2017
- 2nd Six Days of London (with Peter Kennaugh)
- 2019
- 2nd Six Days of London (with Owain Doull)
Road edit
- 2003
- 2nd Road race, National Junior Championships
- 2004 – Team Persil
- 1st Stage 1 Girvan 3 Day
- 2005 – Team Sparkasse
- 1st Stage 5 Tour de Berlin
- 8th Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt
- 2006 – Team Sparkasse, T-Mobile Team (1 pro win)
- 1st
Points classification, Tour of Britain - 1st Stage 3 Course de la Solidarité Olympique
- 1st Stage 4 Thüringen Rundfahrt der U23
- 2nd Overall Tour de Berlin
- 1st Stages 3b & 4
- 4th Sparkassen Giro Bochum
- 7th Road race, Commonwealth Games
- 2007 — T-Mobile Team (11)
- 1st Scheldeprijs
- Four Days of Dunkirk
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 3 & 6
- 1st
- Tour of Britain
- 1st Points classification
- 1st
Sprints classification - 1st Prologue & Stage 1
- 1st
- Danmark Rundt
- 1st
Points classification - 1st Stage 6
- 1st
- Eneco Tour
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stage 2
- 1st
- Volta a Catalunya
- 1st Stages 2 & 6
- 1st Stage 4 Ster Elektrotoer
- 2nd Overall Circuit Franco-Belge
- 1st Young rider classification
- 1st Stage 3
- 1st
- 6th Philadelphia International Championship
- 2008 — Team High Road (17)
- 1st Scheldeprijs
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 5, 8, 12 & 13
- Giro d'Italia
- 1st Stages 4 & 13
- Tour of Missouri
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1, 2 & 6
- 1st
- Tour of Ireland
- 1st Stages 1, 2 & 3
- Three Days of De Panne
- 1st Stages 2 & 3a
- 1st Prologue Tour de Romandie
- 1st Stage 5 Ster Elektrotoer
- 5th Road race, National Championships
- 2009 — Team Columbia–High Road (23)
- 1st Milan–San Remo
- 1st Sparkassen Giro Bochum
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 2, 3, 10, 11, 19 & 21
- Held after Stages 2–6, 10 & 11
- Giro d'Italia
- 1st Stages 1 (TTT), 9, 11 & 13
- Held
& after Stages 1 & 2
- Tour of California
- 1st Sprints classification
- 1st Stages 4 & 5
- 1st
- Three Days of De Panne
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 2 & 3a
- 1st
- Tour de Suisse
- 1st Stages 3 & 6
- Tour of Missouri
- 1st Stages 1 & 2
- 1st Stage 7 Tirreno–Adriatico
- 1st Stage 2 Tour of Ireland
- 4th Amstel Curaçao Race
- 8th UCI World Ranking
- 9th Overall Tour of Qatar
- 1st Stages 4 & 6
- 2010 — Team HTC–Columbia (11)
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 5, 6, 11, 18 & 20
- Vuelta a España
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1 (TTT), 12, 13 & 18
- Held after Stages 1 & 2
- Held after Stage 1
- 1st
- 1st Stage 2 Volta a Catalunya
- 1st Stage 2 Tour de Romandie
- 1st Stage 1 Tour of California
- 2nd Clásica de Almería
- 3rd Coppa Bernocchi
- 7th Road race, Commonwealth Games
- 2011 — HTC–Highroad (12)
- 1st Road race, UCI World Championships
- 1st Scheldeprijs
- 1st London–Surrey Cycle Classic
- Tour de France
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 5, 7, 11, 15 & 21
- 1st
- Giro d'Italia
- 1st Stage 1 (TTT), 10 & 12
- Held after Stage 2
- Tour of Britain
- 1st Stages 1 & 8b
- 1st Stage 6 Tour of Oman
- 2012 — Team Sky (15)
- 1st
Overall Ster ZLM Toer - 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 2, 18 & 20
- Giro d'Italia
- 1st Stages 2, 5 & 13
- Held after Stages 2 & 11–19
- 1st Azzurri d'Italia classification
- 1st Most combative rider classification
- Tour of Britain
- 1st Stages 3, 4 & 8
- 1st Stage 2 Tirreno–Adriatico
- 1st Stage 6 Danmark Rundt
- 6th Overall Tour of Qatar
- 1st Stages 3 & 5
- 2013 — Omega Pharma–Quick-Step (19)
- 1st Road race, National Championships
- 1st
Overall Tour of Qatar
- 1st
Points classification - 1st Stages 3, 4, 5 & 6
- 1st
- Giro d'Italia
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1, 6, 12, 13 & 21
- Held after Stage 1
- 1st Azzurri d'Italia classification
- 1st Most combative rider classification
- 1st
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 5 & 13
Combativity award Stage 13
- Tour of Britain
- 1st Stages 4, 7 & 8
- 1st Stage 1 Tour de San Luis
- 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tirreno–Adriatico
- 2nd Scheldeprijs
- 3rd Overall Ster ZLM Toer
- 6th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen
- 7th Overall Danmark Rundt
- 1st Stage 6
- 9th Milan–San Remo
- 10th Overall Three Days of De Panne
- 1st Stage 2
- 2014 — Omega Pharma–Quick-Step (11)
- Tour of Turkey
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1, 2, 4 & 8
- 1st
- Tour du Poitou-Charentes
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1 & 2
- 1st
- Tour of California
- 1st Stages 1 & 8
- Tirreno–Adriatico
- 1st Stages 1 (TTT) & 6
- 1st Stage 5 Volta ao Algarve
- 1st Stage 4 Tour de Suisse
- 5th Milan–San Remo
- 5th Vattenfall Cyclassics
- 2015 — Etixx–Quick-Step (14)
- 1st
Overall Dubai Tour
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1 & 4
- 1st
- 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
- 1st Clásica de Almería
- Tour of California
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1, 2, 5 & 8
- 1st
- Tour of Turkey
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 1, 2 & 7
- 1st
- 1st Stage 7 Tour de France
- 1st Stage 7 Tour de San Luis
- 2nd Road race, National Championships
- 2016 — Team Dimension Data (10)
- 1st Overall UCI Asia Tour
- 1st Overall Tour of Qatar
- 1st Stage 1
- Tour de France
- 1st Stages 1, 3, 6 & 14
- Held after Stage 1
- Held after Stages 1, 3 & 6–9
- Abu Dhabi Tour
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 2 & 4
- 1st
- 1st Stage 2 Tour of Croatia
- 1st Stage 8 Tour of California
- 2nd
Road race, UCI World Championships - 2nd Road race, National Championships
- 2nd Scheldeprijs
- 6th Overall Giro della Toscana
- 6th Paris–Tours
- 2017 – Team Dimension Data (1)
- Abu Dhabi Tour
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stage 1
- 1st
- 6th Grand Prix d'Isbergues
- 8th Overall Dubai Tour
- 2018 – Team Dimension Data (1)
- 1st Stage 3 Dubai Tour
- 2021 – Deceuninck–Quick-Step (10)
- 1st Münsterland Giro
- Tour de France
- 1st Points classification
- 1st Stages 4, 6, 10 & 13
- 1st
- Tour of Turkey
- 1st Stages 2, 3, 4 & 8
- 1st Stage 5 Tour of Belgium
- 2nd Grote Prijs Jean-Pierre Monseré
- 2nd Elfstedenronde
- 3rd Scheldeprijs
- 2022 – Quick-Step Alpha Vinyl Team (5)
- 1st Road race, National Championships
- 1st Milano–Torino
- 1st Stage 3 Giro d'Italia
- 1st Stage 2 UAE Tour
- 1st Stage 2 Tour of Oman
- 2nd Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen
- 3rd Heistse Pijl
- 2023 – Astana Qazaqstan Team (1)
- 1st Stage 21 Giro d'Italia
- 3rd Scheldeprijs
- 9th Overall ZLM Tour
- 2024 – Astana Qazaqstan Team (1)
- 1st Stage 4 Tour Colombia
Classic results timeline edit
| Monument | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milan–San Remo | — | — | 1 | 89 | 52 | DNF | 9 | 5 | 46 | 110 | 101 | DNF | — | — | — | — | 150 |
| Tour of Flanders | — | — | — | DNF | 110 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | DNF | — | — | — |
| Paris–Roubaix | — | — | — | — | DNF | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — | — | NH | — | — | — |
| Liège–Bastogne–Liège | Has not contested during his career | ||||||||||||||||
| Giro di Lombardia | |||||||||||||||||
| Classic | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | NH | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Milano–Torino | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 33 |
| Gent–Wevelgem | — | 17 | 59 | — | 60 | 58 | 18 | — | DNF | — | — | — | — | 74 | — | — | — |
| Scheldeprijs | 1 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | 2 | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | 143 | 3 | — | 3 |
| Hamburg Cyclassics | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 66 | — | — | — | — | NH | NH | — | — |
| Münsterland Giro | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28 | — | — | 1 | — | — | |
| Paris–Tours | — | — | — | — | 42 | — | — | — | — | 6 | — | — | DNF | — | — | — | — |
Major championships results timeline edit
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Olympic Games
|
Not held | — | Not held | 29 | Not held | — | Not held | — | Not held | ||||||||||
 World Championships
|
— | — | DNF | — | — | DNF | 1 | DNF | DNF | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | DNF | — | — |
 National Championships
|
15 | — | — | 5 | 6 | — | — | — | 1 | DNS | 2 | 2 | 21 | DNF | 22 | NH | DNF | 1 | — |
| — | Did not compete |
|---|---|
| DNF | Did not finish |
| DNS | Did not start |
| NH | Not held |
Grand Tour record edit
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giro d'Italia | — | 132 | DNF-13 | — | DNF-13 | 145 | 127 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 145 | 120 |
| Stages won | — | 2 | 3 | — | 2 | 3 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| Points classification | — | 4 | — | — | — | 2 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 4 |
| Tour de France | DNF-8 | DNF-14 | 131 | 154 | 130 | 142 | 148 | DNS-2 | 142 | DNS-17 | DNS-5 | HD-11 | — | — | 139 | — | DNF-8 |
| Stages won | 0 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 4 | — | 0 |
| Points classification | — | — | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Vuelta a España | — | — | — | 144 | DNF-4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Stages won | — | — | — | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Points classification | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1 | Winner |
| 2–3 | Top three-finish |
| 4–10 | Top ten-finish |
| 11– | Other finish |
| DNE | Did not enter |
| DNF-x | Did not finish (retired on stage x) |
| DNS-x | Did not start (not started on stage x) |
| HD | Finished outside time limit (occurred on stage x) |
| DSQ | Disqualified |
| N/A | Race/classification not held |
| NR | Not ranked in this classification |
Critériums edit
- 2004
- 1st Tour of Britain Support Circuit
- 2005
- 1st National Criterium Championships
- 1st Großer Silber–Pils Preis
- 1st Kleve
- 2nd Westerwald
- 2nd Bad Oeynhausen
- 2006
- 2nd Sparkassen Giro Bochum (Derny)
- 2007
- 2nd Wetteren (Derny)
- 2008
- 1st RaboRonde Heerlen
- 1st Ronde van Made
- 1st Nacht van Peer
- 1st Herentals
- 2nd Aalst
- 3rd Profronde van Stiphout
- 2009
- 1st Draai van de Kaai
- 1st Profronde van Almelo
- 1st Aalst
- 1st Nacht van Peer
- 1st Sparkassen Giro Bochum (Derny)
- 1st Antwerpen (Derny)
- 2010
- 1st Welser Sparkassen Innenstadt
- 1st Linz
- 2011
- 1st Profronde van Stiphout
- 1st Profronde van Wateringen
- 1st Wolvertem (Eddy Merckx)
- 1st RaboRonde Heerlen
- 2012
- 1st Ninove
- 1st Lacq–Audejos
- 1st Profronde van Surhuisterveen
- 1st Oslo
- 2nd Bavikhove
- 2017
- 1st Saitama Criterium
- 2021
- 1st Criterium Roeselare
- 2023
- 2nd Tour de France Singapore
Awards edit
Cavendish won the international Flandrien Award twice, in 2009 and 2011.[28]
He was the winner of the 2011 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, becoming the third cyclist (at the time) to win the award, after Tom Simpson and Chris Hoy.[29]
References edit
- ^ Becket, Adam; Davidson, Tom (17 January 2023). "Mark Cavendish signs for Astana-Qazaqstan and will remain on the WorldTour for 2023". Cycling Weekly. Future plc. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "All time wins ranking". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Cav eyes Olympic Gold". Manx Radio. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ Fotheringham, Alasdair (6 October 2007). "Cavendish gets win number 11 in 2007". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish Rider Profile". Cycling Weekly. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Cavendish nabs historic Giro lead". BBC News. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish makes it five". BikeRadar. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "All time list of British Pro Winners". Cycling Weekly. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Birnie, Lionel (9 September 2010). "Cavendish completes the set of grand tour stage wins". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish wins Scheldeprijs Classic for third time". BBC Sport. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish wins historic green jersey". BBC Sport. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Cavendish on top in Paris". Team Sky. BSkyB. 22 July 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Letour Guide Historique 2012" (PDF). Letour.fr. 10 July 2012. p. 125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Ryan, Barry (8 February 2013). "Tour of Qatar: Cavendish wins final stage and overall". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish wins Giro d'Italia stage but Wiggins struggles". BBC Sport. London: BBC. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- ^ Andrew Hood (26 May 2013). "Mark Cavendish caps stellar 2013 Giro d'Italia with 5th stage win, points jersey". VeloNews. Competitor Group, Inc. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "Dubai Tour 2015: Stage 5 Results". Cyclingnews.com. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ^ "Tour of Qatar: Cavendish seals overall victory, beaten by Kristoff on final stage". Cyclingnews.com. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish claims first Tour de France yellow jersey of his career at Utah Beach". Cyclingnews.com. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
- ^ "Tour de France: History repeats as Cavendish wins stage 6 in Châteauroux". July 2021.
- ^ Whittle, Jeremy (9 July 2021). "Mark Cavendish equals Merckx's record with 34th Tour de France stage win". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish". Cycling Archives. de Wielersite. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Mark Cavendish (Great Britain)". The-Sports.org. Québec, Canada: Info Média Conseil. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish". FirstCycling.com. FirstCycling AS. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "Mark Cavendish fails to finish Milan-San Remo classic". BBC Sport. London: BBC. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ "HSBC UK ǀ National Road Race Championships 2018". British Cycling. Northumberland. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ "World Championship withdrawal 'gutting' for Mark Cavendish". Eurosport. Northumberland. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
- ^ "Het 15e Gala van de Flandrien wordt spannender dan ooit: Van Avermaet, Gilbert of toch een verrassing?". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Sports Personality of the Year 2011: Mark Cavendish wins BBC award". BBC Sport. BBC. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
External links edit
- List of career achievements by Mark Cavendish at ProCyclingStats
- Mark Cavendish at Cycling Archives
- Cycling Weekly – Profile and road racing victories of Mark Cavendish Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine