List of sovereign states in the 1900s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1900s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1900 and 31 December 1909. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 119 widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

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Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty


 Abuja – Abuja Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Abuja
Widely recognized state.

  Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh (to 1903)
Capital: Kutaraja
Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Annexed by the Netherlands in 1903.

   Acre – Republic of Acre (to March 1900, from November to 24 December 1900, from 27 January to 11 November 1903.) Capital: Cidade do Acre (to 24 December 1900), Antimary (from 27 January 1903). De facto independent state. Annexed by Bolivia from 15 March to November 1900, from 24 December 1900 to 27 January 1903, and from 11 November 1903.

 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr (to 1900)
Capital: Agadez
Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1900.[1]

  Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Widely recognized state. the President of France and Bishop of Urgell are ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra.[2]

 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate
Capital: Angoche
Widely recognized state.

  Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole (to 25 October 1901)
Capital: Mbarara
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 25 October 1901.[3]

  Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
Widely recognized state. Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city.

  Aro – Aro Confederacy (to January 1902)
Capital: Arochukwu
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in January 1902.

  Ashanti – Ashanti Empire (to 1 January 1902)
Capital: Kumasi
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 1 January 1902.

  Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa
Widely recognized state.

    Australia – Commonwealth of Australia (from 1 January 1901)
Capital: Melbourne (de facto seat of government)
Widely recognized state from 1 January 1901.[4] Australia is a federation of six states and three territories, and is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory:
  •   Papua (External territory, from 18 March 1902)

  Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)
Widely recognized state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession and 1 condominium:


  Bali – Kingdom of Bali (to 18 April 1908)
Capital: Klungkung
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Netherlands on 18 April 1908.

  Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels
Widely recognized state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession:

 Bhutan
Capital: Punakha
  • Bhutan (to 17 December 1907)
  • Kingdom of Bhutan (from 17 December 1907)
Widely recognized state.

 Biu – Biu Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Biu
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.

  Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
Widely recognized state.

 Brakna – Brakna Emirate (to October 18, 1904)
Capital: Aleg
Widely recognized state. Annexed by France on 18 October 1904.

  Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro
Widely recognized state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[a]

  Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia
De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized state from October 5, 1908.[5]

  Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga (to 1906)
Capital: Bugembe
Widely recognized state. Abandoned in 1906.


  Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa
Widely recognized state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.

  Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (to November 22, 1904)
Capital: Champasak
Vassal of Siam until 1904. Annexed by France on November 22, 1904.

  Chile – Republic of Chile
Capital: Santiago
Widely recognized state.

  China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Peking
Widely recognized state.

 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom (to 1908)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by Portugal in 1908.

  Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá
Widely recognized state.

  Congo – Congo Free State (to November 15, 1908)
Capital: Boma
Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium. Annexed by Belgium on November 15, 1908.

   Costa Rica – First Costa Rican Republic
Capital: San José
Widely recognized state.

  Cuba – Republic of Cuba[6] (from May 20, 1902 to September 28, 1906 and from February 6, 1909)
Capital: Havana
Widely recognized state from May 20, 1902. Annexed by the United States of America from September 28, 1906 to February 6, 1909.


Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram (to 1902)
Capital: Zinder
Widely recognized state to 1902. Annexed by France in 1902.

Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti
Capital: N'Délé
Widely recognized state.

  Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur
Capital: El Fasher
Widely recognized state.

 Dendi – Dendi Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Lulami
Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1901.

  DenmarkKingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen
Widely recognized state. Denmark has 1 colony and 1 dependency and 1 territory:

  Dhala – Emirate of Dhala (to 1904)
Capital: Dhala
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1904.

  Dominican Republic – Second Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Widely recognized state.


   Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito
Widely recognized state.

  El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador
Widely recognized state.

  Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa
Widely recognized state.


  France – French Republic
Capital: Paris
Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of France:


 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi (to September 3, 1908)
Capital: Afgooye
Widely recognized state. Annexed by Italy on September 3, 1908.

  Germany – German Realm
Capital: Berlin
Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany:

  Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens
Widely recognized state.

  Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
Capital: Jongaya
Widely recognized state.

  Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City
Widely recognized state.


  Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
Capital: Ha'il
Widely recognized state.

  Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Widely recognized state.

  Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Widely recognized state.


 Igala – Igala Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Idah
Widely recognized state.

 Igara – Kingdom of Igara (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.

 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀
Widely recognized state.

  Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome
Widely recognized state. Italy had two colonies and one concession:


  Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City
Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following protectorates, dependencies and concessions:

  Johor – Johor Sultanate
Capital: Johor Bahru
Widely recognized state.


 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.

  Kano – Kano Emirate (to February 3, 1903)
Capital: Takai
Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 3, 1903.

 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Argungu
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1902.

  Korea – Greater Korean Empire (to November 17, 1905)
Capital: Hanseong
Widely recognized state. to November 17, 1905. Became a Japanese protectorate on November 17, 1905.


 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Lafia
Widely recognized state to. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.

  Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia
Widely recognized state.

  Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz
Widely recognized state.

  Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City
Widely recognized state.


 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

  Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City
Widely recognized state.

  Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco
Widely recognized state.

   Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje
Widely recognized state.

   Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes
Widely recognized state.

  Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat
De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.

 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr (to 1908)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.


  NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam
Widely recognized state. The Netherlands had sovereignty over three colonies:

  Newfoundland – Dominion of Newfoundland (from September 26, 1907)
Capital: St. John's
Widely recognized state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.

  New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand (from September 26, 1907)
Capital: Wellington
Widely recognized state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. The following are territories of New Zealand:

   Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua
Widely recognized state.

 Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai (to October 20, 1900)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on April 21, 1900.

    Norway – Kingdom of Norway (in personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905)
Capital: Christiania
Widely recognized state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905. Norway had three uninhabited possessions:

 Nri – Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu
Widely recognized state.

 Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.


 Obwera – Obwera Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.

 Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Onitsha
Widely recognized state.

  Orange Free State (to May 31, 1902)
Capital: Bloemfontein
Widely recognized state. Independent Annexed by the United Kingdom in May 31, 1902.

 Oron – Oron Nation (to 1909)
Capital: Oron
Widely recognized state to 1909. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1909.

  Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople
Widely recognized independent state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:


   Panama – Republic of Panama (from November 3, 1903)
Capital: Panama City
Widely recognized state from November 3, 1903.[7]

  Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción
Widely recognized state.

  Pattani – Sultanate of Patani[8] (to 1902)
Capital: Patani
Widely recognized state. Annexed by Siam in 1902.

   Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran
Widely recognized state.

  PeruPeruvian Republic
Capital: Lima
Widely recognized state.

  Philippines – First Philippine Republic (to March 23, 1901)
Capital: Several temporary capitals
De facto independent state to March 23, 1901.

  PortugalKingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon
Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:

 Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate (to 1901)
Capital: Potiskum
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.


  Riyadh – Emirate of Riyadh (from January 15, 1902)
Capital: Riyadh
Widely recognized state from January 15, 1902.

  Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest
Widely recognized state.

 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.

 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state to 1901.

  Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg
Widely recognized state. Russia had two protectorates, one concession and one autonomous grand duchy:


  San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino
Widely recognized state.

  Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade
Widely recognized state.

  Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara
Widely recognized state.

    Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok
Widely recognized state. Siam has one vassal state:

  Sokoto – Caliphal State in the Bilād as-Sūdān (to July 29, 1903)
Capital: Sokoto
Widely recognized state to July 29, 1903. Annexed by the United Kingdom.

  Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid
Widely recognized independent state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions:

  Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (to June 1902)
Capital: Bremersdorp
Widely recognized independent state to June 1902.

  Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (to June 7, 1905)
Capital: Stockholm, Christiania
Personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway to June 7, 1905. Union Badge removed November 1, 1905.

    Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden (in personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905)
Capital: Stockholm
Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905.[b]

  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern
Widely recognized independent state. Switzerland was a federation of 25 cantons.[c]


 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant (to 1905)
Capital: Tidjikja
Widely recognized independent state.

  Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga (to May 18, 1900)
Capital: Nuku'alofa
Widely recognized independent state.

  Transvaal – South African Republic (to May 31, 1902)
Capital: Pretoria
Widely recognized independent state.

 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza (to December 15, 1902)
Capital: Mederdra
Widely recognized independent state.


  United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London
Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:

   United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.
Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America:

 Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (to 5 February 1904)
Capital: Sa'id
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 5 February 1904.

 Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (to 23 April 1904)
Capital: Nişāb
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 23 April 1904.

  Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa (to 1903)
Capital: Mahjaba
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1903.

  Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo
Widely recognized state.


   VenezuelaUnited States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Widely recognized independent state.


 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché
Widely recognized independent state.

 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq (to 1906)
Capital: Tosora
Widely recognized independent state.

 Wukari – Wukari Federation (to 1900)
Capital: Wukari
Widely recognized independent state.

States claiming sovereignty

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  Chita – Chita Republic (from November 22, 1905 to January 22, 1906)
Capital: Chita
Unrecognized state.

  Cruzob – Chan Santa Cruz (to May 5, 1901)
Capital: Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz
De facto independent state. Reannexed to Mexico from May 5, 1901.

  Dervish State – Dervish State
Capital: Taleh
Unrecognized state.

 Gurian Republic (from 1902 to 1906)
Capital: Ozurgeti
Unrecognized state.

 Jungle Nation – Jungle Republic (to February 27, 1900)
Capital: Moyobamba
Unrecognized state.

  Khiva – Khanate of Khiva
Capital: Khiva
Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.

  Kruševo – Republic of Kruševo (from August 3 to August 13, 1903)
Capital: Kruševo
De facto independent state.

  Negros – Cantonal Republic of Negros (to August 20, 1901)
Capital: Bacolod
Unrecognized state.

 Shuliavka Republic (from December 12 to December 16, 1905)
Capital: Shuliavka
Unrecognized state.

 Shuntian Kingdom – Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun (from January 28 to January 31, 1903)
Capital: Guangzhou
Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.[10]

  Strandzha Commune (from August 18 to September 8, 1903)
Capital: Malko Tarnovo
Unrecognized state.

  Tagalog Republic (de facto independent state, from May 6, 1902 to July 14, 1906)
Capital: Morong
Unrecognized state.


Notes

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References

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  1. ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  2. ^ "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-06, retrieved 2022-02-05
  3. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  4. ^ "Australia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-20, retrieved 2021-10-26
  5. ^ "Bulgaria at the end of the 19th-century". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  6. ^ Pérez, Louis A. (1998). Cuba Between Empires: 1878–1902. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-8229-7197-9. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Panama", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-19, retrieved 2021-10-26
  8. ^ Koch, Margaret L. (1977). "Patani and the Development of A Thai State". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 50 (2 (232)): 69–88. JSTOR 41492172.
  9. ^ The United States Military Government of Porto Rico became the Insular Government of Porto Rico on April 12, 1900.
  10. ^ Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]". Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved October 27, 2021.