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Europe edit

State House Head Since Claim Succession Abolition Ref(s)
  Albania Zogu Prince Leka of Albania 30 November 2011 Grandson of King Zog I (1928–1939). Hereditary de facto 1939
de jure 1944
  Armenia Charles-Antoine Lamoral of Ligne-La Trémoïlle 9 July 2005 Ligne Direct descendant of King Janus of Cyprus (1398–1432).[eu 1] Hereditary 1375 [1]
Vittorio Emanuele 18 March 1983 Savoy
  Austria-Hungary Karl von Habsburg[eu 2] 4 July 2011[eu 3] Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 4] Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).[eu 5] Hereditary 1918 [2]
  Bulgaria Simeon II 15 September 1946[eu 6] Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 7] Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946). Hereditary 1946
  Courland (Latvia) Ernst-Johann 28 February 1982 Biron Descendant of Duke Ernst Johann von Biron (1737–1740 and 1763–1769). Hereditary 1795
  Finland Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse 23 May 2013 Hesse Great-grandson of King Frederik-Kaarle (1918). Hereditary 1918 [citation needed]
  Georgia David Bagration 16 January 2008 Mukhrani[as 1] Descendant of King Konstantine II (1478–1505). Hereditary 1801
Nugzar Bagration 13 August 1984 Gruzinsky[as 1] Descendant of King Giorgi XII (1798–1800).
  Greece Constantine II 1 June 1973[eu 8] Glücksburg[eu 9] Last reigning King (1964–1973). Hereditary 1973
  Montenegro Nikola 24 March 1986 Petrović-Njegoš Great-grandson of King Nikola I (1910–1918). Hereditary 1918
  Navarre[eu 10] Pedro 28 March 2017 Bourbon-Two Sicilies[eu 11] 10th-great-grandson of King Louis II (1610–1620). Hereditary 1620
  Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Rüdiger 6 October 2012 Wettin[eu 12] 4th-great-grandnephew of King Fryderyk August I (1807-1815). Hereditary 1815
Alexander 23 July 2012 Saxe-Gessaphe
  Portugal Duarte Pio 24 December 1976 Braganza[eu 13] Great-grandson of King Miguel I (1828–1834). Hereditary 1910
  Romania Margareta[eu 14] 5 December 2017 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 15] Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947). Hereditary 1947 [3]
Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern 27 January 2006 Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940).
Karl Friedrich 5 December 2017 Great-grand-nephew of King Ferdinand I (1914–1927).[eu 16]
  Russia Maria Vladimirovna 21 April 1992 Romanov[eu 17] Great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).[eu 18] Hereditary 1917
Karl Emich of Leiningen 1 June 2013 Great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881).
Andrew Romanov 31 December 2016 Great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855).[eu 18]
  Serbia Predrag Jakovljevic July 2015 Obrenović Descendant of the brother of Prince Miloš (1815–1860). Hereditary 1903 [4]
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970 Karađorđević Great-grandson of King Peter I (1903–1918), of the Karađorđević line of kings. Hereditary 1918
  Spain (Carlist) Sixto Enrique (tradicionalista) 7 May 1977 Borbón-Parma 6th-great-grandson of King Philip V (1700–1724, 1724–1746) in the legitimate male-line. Hereditary 1830
Carlos Javier (carlismo socialista) 18 August 2010 Borbón-Parma 7th-great-grandson of King Philip V (1700–1724, 1724–1746) in the legitimate male-line. Hereditary 1830
Dominic (carloctavista) 22 October 1987 Habsburgo-Borbón 4th-great-grandson of King Charles IV (1788–1808). Hereditary 1830
Pedro 5 October 2015 Borbón-Dos Sicilias 6th-great-grandson of King Charles III (1759–1788) in the legitimate male-line.[eu 19] Hereditary 1830
  Yugoslavia Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970 Karađorđević Son of King Peter II (1934–1941). Hereditary de facto 1941
de jure 1945
  Ukraine Borys Tukhai-bei 2014 Skoropadsky Grandson of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi (1918). Hereditary 1918 [5]

Germany edit

The German Empire was a federation of a score of smaller monarchies, all of which are now abolished under modern republican Germany, although a handful of monarchs never abdicated their titles. As a result, there are a large number of claimants to various German thrones. Since the dissolution of the German empire, however, a number of former royal dynasties have become extinct in the male line, and are therefore not included in the list below. Mecklenburg–Schwerin became extinct in 2001, Saxe-Altenburg in 1991, and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 1971.

In all cases the succession is hereditary.

State Pretender Since House Claim Abolition Ref(s)
Empire
  Germany Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994 Hohenzollern Great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918). Hereditary 1918 [6][7]
Kingdoms
  Bavaria Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996 Wittelsbach Great-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918). Hereditary 1918
  Hanover Ernst August 9 December 1987 Hanover[eu 20] Great-great-grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866). Hereditary 1866 [8]
  Prussia Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994 Hohenzollern Great-great-grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918). Hereditary 1918 [6]
  Saxony Rüdiger 6 October 2012 Wettin[eu 12] Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918). Hereditary 1918
Alexander 23 July 2012 Saxe-Gessaphe Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).
  Westphalia Charles Napoléon 3 May 1997 Bonaparte Great-great-grandson of King Jérôme Bonaparte (1807–1813). Hereditary 1813
  Württemberg Charles 17 April 1975 Württemberg Grandnephew of King Wilhelm II (1891–1918). Hereditary 1918
Grand Duchies
  Baden Maximilian 27 October 1963 Zähringen Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852). Hereditary 1918
  Hesse and by Rhine Donatus 23 May 2013 Hesse 11th cousin twice removed of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918). Hereditary 1918
  Mecklenburg-Strelitz Borwin 26 January 1996 Mecklenburg[eu 21] Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860). Hereditary 1918
  Oldenburg Christian 20 September 2014 Holstein-Gottorp[eu 22] Great-grandson of Grand Duke Friedrich August II (1900–1918). Hereditary 1918
  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Michael 14 October 1988 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[eu 7] Grandson of Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918). Hereditary 1918
Electorate
  Hesse-Kassel Donatus 23 May 2013 Hesse 5th great-grandson of Landgrave Friedrich II (1760–1785). Hereditary 1866 v
Duchies
  Anhalt Julius Eduard 9 October 1963 Ascania Son of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918). Hereditary 1918
  Arenberg Léopold 15 August 2011 Arenberg Descendant of Duke Prosper Louis Hereditary 1810
  Brunswick Ernst August 9 December 1987 Hanover[eu 20] Grandson of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1913–1918). Hereditary 1918 [citation needed][8]
  Nassau Henri 7 October 2000 Bourbon-Parma branch Great-great-grandson of Duke Adolf I (1839–1866). Hereditary 1866 [9]
  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Andreas 23 January 1998 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 7] Grandson of Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918). Hereditary 1918 [10]
  Saxe-Meiningen Konrad 4 October 1984 Saxe-Meiningen[eu 7] Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914). Hereditary 1918
  Schleswig-Holstein Christoph 30 September 1980 Glücksburg[eu 9] Great-great-grandnephew of Duke Frederik VII (1808–1863). Hereditary 1866
Principalities
  Hohenzollern[eu 23] Karl Friedrich 16 September 2010 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 24] Great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849). Hereditary 1850 [citation needed][11]
  Isenburg Alexander 5 May 2018 Isenburg Descendant of Prince Carl (1803–1815). Hereditary 1815 [12]
  Leyen Philipp Erwein 1971 Leyen Great-great-great-great-grandson of Prince Philip Franz (1806–1814). Hereditary 1814
  Lippe Stephan 20 August 2015 Lippe Grandson of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918). Hereditary 1918 [citation needed]
Friedrich Wilhelm 15 June 1990 Grandnephew of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).
  Reuss[eu 25] Heinrich XIV 20 June 2012 Reuss Relative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).[eu 26] Hereditary 1918 [citation needed]
  Salm Carl-Philipp 15 January 1988 Salm-Salm Descendant of Prince Konstantin (1778–1815). Hereditary 1810 [13]
  Schaumburg-Lippe Alexander 28 August 2003 Lippe Grandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918). Hereditary 1918 [citation needed][14]
  Schwarzenberg Karl 25 October 1979 Schwarzenberg Descendant of Prince Johann I (1782–1789). Hereditary 1789 [15]
  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Great-grandson of Prince Friedrich Günther (1807–1867). Hereditary 1918 [16][17]
  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Relative of Prince Günther Victor (1909–1918). 1918 [16][17]
  Waldeck and Pyrmont Wittekind 30 November 1967 Waldeck Grandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918). Hereditary 1918 [18]
Wied-Neuwied Maximilian 12 March 2015 Wied-Neuwied 6th-great-grandson of Prince Friedrich Karl (1741–1809). Hereditary 1806
County
Solms-Wildenfels Friedrich Magnus 1945 Solms-Wildenfels Descendant of Frederick Magnus II (1801–1806). Hereditary 1806

Italy edit

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

State Pretender Since House Claim Succession Abolition Ref(s)
  Italy Amedeo 18 March 1983 Savoy Great-great-grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878). Hereditary 1946 [19][20]
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples[eu 27] 15 December 1969 Heir apparent and son of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
  Mantua Maurizio 18 September 1943 Gonzaga Descendant of Marquis Federico I (1478–1484). Hereditary 1708 [22]
  Modena Lorenzo 7 February 1996 Austria-Este[eu 4] Great-grandnephew of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francesco V (1846–1859). Hereditary 1859 [citation needed]
  Naples (Bonapartist) Joachim 20 July 1944 Murat 4th-great-grandson of King Gioacchino I (1808–1815). Hereditary 1816 [23]
  Parma Carlos 18 August 2010 Bourbon-Parma[eu 11] Great-grandson of Duke Roberto I (1854–1859). Hereditary 1859 [24][25]
  Piombino Niccolò 8 February 1988 Boncompagni-Ludovisi[eu 28] Descendant of Prince Antonio I (1778–1805). Hereditary 1805 [26]
  Tuscany Sigismondo[eu 29] 18 June 1993 Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 4] Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinando IV (1859). Hereditary 1859 [27]
  Two Sicilies Pedro of Calabria 5 October 2015 Bourbon[eu 30] Descendants of King Ferdinando II (1830–1859). Hereditary 1861
Carlo of Castro 20 March 2008

Lithuania edit

Following the country's independence from Russia in 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to establish a monarchy, and invited Prince Wilhelm, the Duke of Urach[eu 31], to take the throne as king. Wilhelm accepted the nomination in July 1918, and adopted the regnal name Mindaugas II. During the subsequent German Revolution, however, the Council withdrew its decision in November 1918, and Wilhelm was never crowned. His grandson Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach, is the head of the family since 9 February 1991. His marriage in 1992 was morganatic and so in 2009 his brother, Prince Inigo of Urach, visited Lithuania and announced that if offered the throne he would be ready to assume it.[28]

State Pretender Since House Claim Succession Abolition Ref(s)
  Lithuania Wilhelm Albert 9 February 1991 Württemberg Grandson of King Wilhelm Karl (1918–1928). Hereditary 1918


Cite error: There are <ref group=eu> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=eu}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ Hadjilyra, Alexander-Michael (2009). The Armenians of Cyprus. New York: Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 12.
  2. ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (2003). Uncrowned emperor: the life and times of Otto von Habsburg. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-85285-439-3.
  3. ^ "Biografie" (in Romanian). General Secretariat of His Majesty King Michael I. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  4. ^ The Royal House of Obrenovic. "Members Of The Royal Family". he Royal House of Obrenovic. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  5. ^ Olena Kahanets. "Skoropadsky successor returns to Ukraine". The Day newspaper.
  6. ^ a b Blankart, Michaela, ed. (2009). "George Frederick The Prince of Prussia". Translated by Delaney, Richard. House of Hohenzollern. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  7. ^ Velde, François (1998). "The Hohenzollern Succession Dispute". Heraldica. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  8. ^ a b Heinrich, Prinz von Hannover (2002). "Ernst August, Prinz von Hannover, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg" (in German). MatrixMedia Verlag. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  9. ^ Leistra, Netty. "The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg". Netty's Royalty Page. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  10. ^ Männl, Anja. "Andreas Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha" (in German). Herzogliche Hauptverwaltung Coburg. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  11. ^ Schloss Sigmaringen. "The Family Tree". Prince of Hohenzollern Group. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  12. ^ "Das Fürstenhaus". Fürstenhaus Isenburg (in German). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  13. ^ "Family tree of Carl Philipp Josef Petrus zu Salm-Salm". Geneanet. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  14. ^ Perl, Alexander. "Biografie Fürst Alexander" (in German). Schloss Bückeburg. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  15. ^ Clifford, Tom (21 April 2010). "Schwarzenberg talks election". The Prague Post. Prague: Prague Post Online. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  16. ^ a b The House of Schwarzburg on Heraldica.org
  17. ^ a b James, John Almanach de Gotha, Volume I, 2013.
  18. ^ Mergel, Wolfgang; Wagener, Ekkehard; Obst, Carsten (2001). "Genealogie: Wittekind, Fürst zu Waldeck-Pyrmont" (in German). Waldecker Münzen. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  19. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Royal House of Italy". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  20. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Genealogy of the Royal House of Italy". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  21. ^ de Montjouvent, Philippe. Le Comte de Paris et sa Descendance. Editions du Chaney, 1998, Charenton, France. pp. 34–347. French. ISBN 2-913211-00-3.
  22. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Genealogy of the Princes Gonzaga, heirs of the sovereign Marquisate of Mantua". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  23. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Genealogy of the Princes Murat". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  24. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Genealogy of the Branch of Bourbon-Parma". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  25. ^ Agosti, Guido. "La Dinastia". Reale e Ducale Casa di Borbone Parma. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  26. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Genealogy of the Princes Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Princes of Piombino". Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  27. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "Dinastia Gran Ducale di Toscana" (in Italian). Almanach de la Cour. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  28. ^ "Direct descendant to the throne of Lithuania, grandson of Mindaugas II, visits Lithuania". Lietuva. Government of Lithuania. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2011.


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