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The following events occurred in June 1963:

June 3, 1963: Pope John XXIII dies of cancer
June 26, 1963: U.S. President Kennedy tells the world "Ich bin ein Berliner"

June 1, 1963 (Saturday)

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June 2, 1963 (Sunday)

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  • Fred Lorenzen won the World 600 NASCAR race despite his car running out of gas on the final lap. Junior Johnson had been leading the race until suffering a blown tire with three laps left. Lorenzen's win brought his earnings to "just under $80,000 making him the biggest money winner in stock car racing history", even though the racing season was only half over.[4]
  • Stage I of Gemini launch vehicle 1 was erected in Martin-Baltimore's vertical test facility. Stage II would follow on June 9, and inspection was completed June 12. Subsystem Functional Verification Tests began June 10.[5]
  • Born: Anand Abhyankar, Indian Marathi actor (d. 2012); in Nagpur, Maharashtra[6]

June 3, 1963 (Monday)

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June 4, 1963 (Tuesday)

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  • The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, religious leader of Iran's Shi'ite Muslim community, was arrested in the city of Qom after speaking against the emancipation of women in the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[14] Khomeini would be imprisoned for eight months, and released in April 1964. Six months later, he would be arrested again and sent into exile in Turkey, then move the following year to Najaf, in Iraq. In 1979, Khomeini would lead the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[14][15][16]
  • U.S. President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 11110, delegating authority to the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to issue silver certificates under the Thomas Amendment to the Agricultural Adjustment Act.[17]
  • Robert Wesley Patch, a six-year-old boy from Chevy Chase, Maryland, was awarded United States Patent No. 3,091,888 for a toy truck that could be "readily assembled and disassembled by a child".[18][19]
  • Australian diver Max Cramer became the first person to dive to the wreckage of the ship Batavia, exactly 334 years after the Dutch vessel had sunk on June 4, 1629.[20]
  • At a meeting of the Gemini Abort Panel, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation recommended dropping the lower limit for aborting a mission to 35,000 feet (11,000 m). The existing abort stages were Mode 1 (use of ejection seats up to 70,000 feet (21,000 m)); Mode 2 (booster shutdown and retrosalvo rockets between 70,000 feet (21,000 m) and 522,000 feet (159,000 m)); and Mode 3, booster shutdown and normal separation from above 522,000 feet (159,000 m) until the last few seconds of powered flight.[5]
  • Died: American footballer Don Fleming, 25, Cleveland Browns safety, was electrocuted along with a co-worker on a construction site near Orlando, Florida.[21]

June 5, 1963 (Wednesday)

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June 6, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong of the People's Republic of China Communist Party sent a letter to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, stating that "The Chinese people will never accept the privileged position of one or two superpowers" with a monopoly on nuclear weapons, and then gave the go ahead for China to accelerate its own nuclear program. China would explode its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964.[30]
 
The unflown Mercury-Atlas 10 spacecraft
  • Officials of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center urged NASA to schedule a Mercury 10 mission, citing their belief that the Mercury spacecraft was capable of much longer missions than the 34-hour trip of Mercury 9 completed on May 16. Arguments that a mission of several days could be applied to the forthcoming Gemini and Apollo projects did not sway NASA.[31] Another U.S. launch of a crew would not take place until 21 months later, with Gemini 3 on March 23, 1965.
  • Andrew Kalitinsky, a spokesman for General Dynamics, told a gathering of scientists at the American Astronautical Society symposium in Denver that U.S. astronauts could be launched to the planet Mars as early as 1975.[32] Kalitinsky spoke at the symposium "The Exploration of Mars", and envisioned that "a convoy of four multi-ton spaceships" would make the journey. The talk came the day after NASA announced its plan to send two satellites to Mars in November 1964 as the first step toward a crewed mission.[33]
  • Born: Jason Isaacs, English film actor; in Liverpool[34]

June 7, 1963 (Friday)

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June 8, 1963 (Saturday)

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June 9, 1963 (Sunday)

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June 10, 1963 (Monday)

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June 10, 1963: President Kennedy delivering his commencement address

June 11, 1963 (Tuesday)

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June 11, 1963: Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
  • South Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức, 65, committed suicide by self-immolation, burning himself to death at a major intersection in Saigon to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem.[48] Associated Press photographer Malcolm Browne was the only journalist "to heed Buddhist advance notices", and his photographs brought worldwide attention the next day,[49] as well as winning him a Pulitzer Prize. "Many point to the self-immolation," one historian would later note, "as the single event that turned the U.S. government against Ngo Dinh Diem, though a series of events and personality clashes made the situation inevitable."[50]
 
June 11, 1963: Alabama Governor Wallace confronts Deputy U.S. Attorney General Katzenbach
  • Alabama Governor George C. Wallace stood in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration and blocked James Hood and Vivian Malone from enrolling as the first African American students at the university. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara ordered that the Alabama National Guard be placed under the command of the federal government and directed the 31st Infantry Division of the Guard to proceed to Tuscaloosa. Assistant U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach approached Wallace and cited the U.S. District Court order of June 5, requiring that the students be allowed to register, and Wallace replied, "We don't need a speech here," and then read aloud a statement that he did "hereby proclaim and demand and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by the central government."[51] Governor Wallace stepped aside at 3:40 that afternoon, after the Alabama National Guard commander, Brigadier General Henry V. Graham, told Wallace that the Guard would enforce the President's order,[52] and Wallace, who elected not to be arrested for contempt of federal court, stepped aside.[53] Fifteen years later, Ms. Jones revealed that she and Mr. Hood had actually been admitted to the University of Alabama the previous day, a detail confirmed by university records and by interviews with Jones, Hood and university president Frank A. Rose.[54]
  • The first lung transplant on a human being was performed at the University of Mississippi, by Dr. James Hardy.[55] The patient, identified twelve days later as John Richard Russell, a convicted murderer serving a life sentence for a 1957 killing, was given a full pardon by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, in recognition of Russell's volunteering for the operation, which Barnett said would "alleviate human misery and suffering in years to come".[56] The donor, never identified, had arrived at the hospital emergency room in the evening after having a massive heart attack, and the family permitted the donation of the left lung for transplant; Russell survived for 18 more days after the surgery.[57]
  • U.S. President Kennedy delivered his historic speech Report to the American People on Civil Rights in which he promised a civil rights bill and asked for "the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves."
  • Died:

June 12, 1963 (Wednesday)

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Evers

June 13, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • U.S. Representative Thomas F. Johnson of Maryland and former U.S. Representative Frank W. Boykin of Alabama were both convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States government and accepting bribes. Boykin would later be pardoned, while Johnson, after appealing his conviction all the way to the United States Supreme Court, would serve six months in prison.[66]
  • NASA's full attention turned toward Project Gemini, using two astronauts for each mission in the next phase of U.S. spaceflight. Rocketdyne announced its initial designs of Gemini's thrust chamber assembly for both the reentry control system and orbit attitude and maneuver system for the first four Gemini spacecraft, while McDonnell Aircraft began deciding what Project Mercury equipment and personnel could be used for the new program. The David Clark Company was awarded a contract for the Gemini spacesuit, with a fixed fee of $829,594.80 plus costs.[5]
  • Born: Greg Daniels, American screenwriter, television producer, and director; in New York City[67]

June 14, 1963 (Friday)

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June 15, 1963 (Saturday)

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June 16, 1963 (Sunday)

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Tereshkova in 1969

June 17, 1963 (Monday)

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The 128 characters of the seven-bit ASCII code

June 18, 1963 (Tuesday)

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June 19, 1963 (Wednesday)

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Mars 1
  • The Soviet Union's Mars 1 spacecraft came within 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of the planet Mars as the first man-made object to reach the Red Planet, but was unable to return any data to Earth because of a malfunction that occurred in its antenna on March 21.[85]
  • President Kennedy secretly approved a CIA program of renewed sabotage of the infrastructure of Cuba, though abiding by his pledge never to invade the Communist island nation.[86]
  • What would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was sent by President Kennedy to the United States Congress and was introduced the next day in the House Judiciary Committee by U.S. Representative Emanuel Celler. The most comprehensive civil rights legislation in United States history, the legislation would be passed after Kennedy's assassination, with President Lyndon B. Johnson signing it into law on July 2, 1964.[87]
  • The papal conclave began its meeting in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, to elect a successor to Pope John XXIII. Voting would begin the next day.[88]
  • Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, returned to Earth with cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky on Vostok 6.[89]
  • A NASA working group set standards for the testing of communication between the first two U.S. space vehicles that would be docked in orbit, the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle. Testing was set for the Launch Area Radar Range Boresight Tower on Merritt Island.[5]

June 20, 1963 (Thursday)

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June 21, 1963 (Friday)

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  • Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, was elected as the 262nd pope, succeeding the late Pope John XXIII.[97] Cardinal Montini took the regnal name Pope Paul VI, the first pontiff with that name since Paul V (who reigned from 1605 to 1621), and would lead the Roman Catholic Church until his death in 1978. Theologian Hans Küng would later write in his memoirs that "Montini got 57 votes, only two more than the two-thirds majority required," on the sixth ballot, with Cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna, Leo Joseph Suenens of Belgium and Augustin Bea of Germany having been under consideration as well.[98]
  • Leonid Brezhnev, the ceremonial President of the Presidium of the Soviet Union, was appointed to a position in the Secretariat of the Soviet Communist Party, and viewed as "the dominant contender for succession to Premier Khrushchev as party chief and possibly as head of the government".[99] The predictions proved to be correct, as Brezhnev would be named the Communist Party First Secretary upon the removal of Nikita Khrushchev on October 14, 1964.[100]

June 22, 1963 (Saturday)

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June 23, 1963 (Sunday)

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June 24, 1963 (Monday)

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  • The Telcan, the first system designed to be used at home for recording programs from a television set, was given its first demonstration. The system, shown in England in Nottingham, was seen to record programs onto a reel of videotape and then to play them back with "very fair video quality" on a 17-inch (430 mm) TV, could hold 30 minutes of programming, and had a suggested retail price of £60 ($175).[108]
  • Landslides killed all 94 people in a village near Changsungpo on South Korea's Geoje Island. Another 22 people were killed in other landslides.[109]
  • The African sultanate of Zanzibar was granted self-rule by the United Kingdom, with full independence to be given on December 10.[110]
  • Two U.S. aerospace firms, Boeing and Douglas Aircraft Company, were selected for final negotiations for study contracts of a Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) concept. NASA's MORL concept envisioned a four-person Workshop with periodic crew change and resupply, and at least one crewmember spending a year in orbit to evaluate the effect of weightlessness on long-duration space flights.[2]
  • North American Aviation began a series of five drop tests of the boilerplate test vehicle, to qualify the parachute recovery system for the full-scale test vehicle in the Paraglider Landing System Program. A series of malfunctions in the fifth and final drop test, on July 30, would result in the destruction on impact of the test vehicle and a complete failure of the recovery system.[5] Tesing of the Gemini retrorocket abort system by the Arnold Engineering Development Center showed failures in the nozzle assembly and the cone and would lead to a redesign.[5]
  • Born:
  • Died: Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa, 79, third Duke of Genoa and member of the House of Savoy

June 25, 1963 (Tuesday)

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June 26, 1963 (Wednesday)

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  • U.S. President Kennedy delivered his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in front of the Berlin Wall in West Berlin.[111] After climbing a specially built reviewing stand at the Brandenburg Gate so that he could look into East Berlin, Kennedy was driven to the West Berlin city hall, where he addressed a crowd of 150,000 people. Kennedy began his speech by saying that "2,000 years ago, the proudest boast was civis Romanus sum [Latin, "I am a Roman"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner [German, "I am a Berliner"]".[112]
  • Paul McCartney and John Lennon wrote their hit song "She Loves You", while staying at the Turk's Hotel in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Paul would later recall that when he played the recording for his father, the elder McCartney suggested (unsuccessfully) that "yeah, yeah, yeah" should be replaced with "Yes! Yes! Yes!".[113]
  • The Soviet Union's penal system was reformed to provide for "colony-settlements" (kolonii-poselenya) for prisoners who "displayed evidence of their aptitude for reintegration into society".[114]
  • The Canadian circus ship Fleurus caught fire and sank at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. All people and animals were saved except for some zebras.[115]
  • Born: Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian oil company owner and the wealthiest man in post-Soviet Russia, imprisoned 2003 to 2013 after opposing the government of Russian President Vladimir Putin, exiled since 2013; in Moscow

June 27, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • The state of Minnesota enacted the first law in the United States requiring modifications of buildings to provide accessibility for handicapped persons, with Governor Karl Rolvaag signing the bill.[116]
  • Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who had been the losing Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1960, was nominated by the winner of that election, President Kennedy, to be the new U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam.[117]
  • In a visit to Ireland, U.S. President Kennedy visited Dunganstown in County Wexford, from which his great-grandfather Patrick Kennedy had left in 1843 to emigrate to the United States. "If he hadn't left," Kennedy joked, "I'd be working at the Albatross Company", a local fertilizer factory. Kennedy was hosted by his third cousin, widow Mary Ann Ryan.[118]
  • Gemini Project Office outlined plans for the first Gemini mission, to be launched in 1964. The test Gemini spacecraft would be a complete production shell, including shingles and heatshield, and equipped with a computer, inertial measuring unit, and environmental control system in the reentry module. The launching azimuth would be changed from 90 degrees to 72.5 degrees, the same azimuth used for Project Mercury, to obtain better tracking network coverage.[5]

June 28, 1963 (Friday)

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  • Two days after U.S. President Kennedy had delivered his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech on the western side of the Berlin Wall, Soviet Premier Khrushchev gave a speech to workers at an East Berlin toolmaking factory and gave his response. According to reports, the English translation of the German translation of Khrushchev's Russian-language speech read, "I am told the President of the United States looked at the Wall with great indignation. Apparently, he didn't like it the least little bit. But I like it very much indeed. The working class of the German Democratic Republic has put up a wall and plugged the hole so that no more wolves can break in. Is that bad? It's good."[119][120]
  • McDonnell Aircraft presented a "scrub" recycle schedule to NASA, allowing for a new launch of a Gemini mission within 48 hours after the first launch was scrubbed. The Gemini Project Office wanted recycle time reduced to 24 hours, and ultimately to less than 19 hours to meet successive launch windows.[5]
  • Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, pretender to the thrones of Parma and Spain, was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France.
  • Born: Babatunde Fashola, Nigerian politician, 13th Governor of Lagos State from 2007 to 2015; in Lagos[121]
  • Died:

June 29, 1963 (Saturday)

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June 30, 1963 (Sunday)

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Aftermath of a Title Fight: Controversy Follows Pastrano's Victory". Miami News. June 3, 1963. p. 1C.
  2. ^ a b c   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -January 1963 to July 1965.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 25. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  3. ^ Nafukho, Fredrick Muyia; Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck (2016). Informal Public Transport in Practice: Matatu Entrepreneurship. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 9781317116868.
  4. ^ "Lorenzen 'Coasts' To Victory In '600' Despite Empty Tank". Miami News. June 3, 1963. p. 3C.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  6. ^ Paranjpe, Shailendra (24 December 2012). "Anand Abhyankar was an ever-smiling man". DNA. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  7. ^ "101 Aboard Plane Missing Over Alaska". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 4, 1963. p. 1.
  8. ^ Reingold, Lester A. (September 2010). "Cause Unknown: What brought down these five airplanes?". Air & Space.[dead link]
  9. ^ Halberstam, David (June 4, 1963). "67 Buddhists Hurt in Vietnam Clash". The New York Times. p. 1A.
  10. ^ Cooper, Helene (2015-02-18). "John Kirby, Pentagon Spokesman, Will Be Replaced With a Civilian". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  11. ^ Kerry, John (2016-06-03). "Remarks at Roundtable With Traveling Press". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  12. ^ "Pope Dies; World Begins Mourning". Milwaukee Journal. June 3, 1963. p. 1 – via Google News.[dead link]
  13. ^ Nazim Hikmet
  14. ^ a b "Tehran Ablaze In Wild Riots". Miami News. June 5, 1963. p. 1.
  15. ^ Baktiari, Bahman (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida. p. 45.
  16. ^ Schulze, Reinbard (2002). A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris. p. 178.
  17. ^ "Kennedy Signs Silver Bill". Spokane Daily Chronicle. AP. June 6, 1963. p. 62 – via Google News.
  18. ^ "Boy, 6, Patents a Toy". Miami News. June 1, 1963. p. 1.
  19. ^ Murphy, Jim (2011). Weird & Wacky Inventions. Skyhorse Publishing.
  20. ^ Dash, Mike (2003). Batavia's Graveyard: The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny. Random House Digital. p. 314.
  21. ^ "Former Gator Star Is Killed". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. June 5, 1963. p. 1-C. Retrieved July 12, 2021 – via Google News.
  22. ^ "Scandal: Profumo Resigns". Montreal Gazette. June 6, 1963. p. 1.
  23. ^ Bedwell, Don (May 2012). "Extremes: Supersonic Gamble". Aviation History: 14.
  24. ^ The Warren Commission Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Government Printing Office. 1964. p. 23.
  25. ^ "El Paso Will Become Capital Of U.S. Wednesday On Kennedy's Arrival— Visit Makes EP Temporary White House", by Sarah McClendon, The El Paso Times, June 5, 1963, p.1-A
  26. ^ "Judge Bars Governor From Doorway Stand". Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. June 5, 1963. p. 1.
  27. ^ Clark, John Frank (2008). The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 69.
  28. ^ "Six Players Drafted, Habs Seek Reaume". Montreal Gazette. June 6, 1963. p. 22.
  29. ^ Crutchley, Peter (3 December 2018). "The unkillable soldier". BBC News. BBC.
  30. ^ Gaddis, John Lewis (1999). Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945. Oxford University Press. p. 211.
  31. ^ a b   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  32. ^ "Super-Rockets To Lift Convoy Of Spaceships Studied— Could Be Ready For Manned Trip To Mars in 1975". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Lubbock, Texas. June 6, 1963. p. C-1.
  33. ^ "We Plan 2 Shots At Mars In '64". Miami News. June 6, 1963. p. 1.
  34. ^ Rubinstein, William D.; Jolles, Michael; Rubinstein, Hilary L. (22 February 2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 455. ISBN 978-1-4039-3910-4 – via Google Books. [dead link]
  35. ^ Christopher Sandford, Keith Richards: Satisfaction (Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004) pp53-54
  36. ^ Dorril, Stephen (2002). M16: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 688. ISBN 0743203798.
  37. ^ Sturdevant, Rick W. (Fall 2004). "Titan II — Historical Overview". High Frontier: The Journal for Space Missile Professionals: 14.
  38. ^ "Griffith Regains Crown". Oakland Tribune. June 9, 1963. p. 47.
  39. ^ Goodspeed, Hill (June 2011). "Where Naval Aviation History is Manifest". Naval History. p. 33.
  40. ^ Daniel M. Masterson, Militarism and Politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991) p197
  41. ^ "New Arrivals", The Messenger-Inquirer (Owensboro KY), June 11, 1963, p.5 ("Our Lady of Mercy Hospital... a son to Mr. and Mrs. John Depp, 518 Stockton Drive, June 9
  42. ^ "Johnny Depp - Box Office".
  43. ^ Leffler, Melvyn P. (2007). For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War. Macmillan. pp. 182–183.
  44. ^ "UCF 50 Years 1963-2013". University of Central Florida.
  45. ^ "9 Provoans, 3 Others Die, 26 Hurt in Accident on Hole-in-Rock Trip; Scout Trip Ends In Tragedy as Truck Rolls Over". The Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. June 11, 1963. p. 1.
  46. ^ "Tragedy at Escalante". Utah Highway Patrol. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009.
  47. ^ "The Equal Pay Act Turns 40". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012.
  48. ^ Gambetta, Diego (2005). Making Sense Of Suicide Missions. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
  49. ^ Hammond, William M. (1989). Public Affairs the Military and the Media, 1962-1968. Government Printing Office. p. 40.
  50. ^ Frankum, Ronald B. Jr. (2011). "Thích Quảng Đức (1897-1963)". Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. p. 448.
  51. ^ "Wallace Bars Negroes; 'Bama Guard Federalized". Miami News. June 11, 1963. p. 1.[dead link]
  52. ^ "Governor Wallace Gives Up Struggle; Negroes Enroll At University". Tuscaloosa, Alabama. June 11, 1963. p. 1.
  53. ^ Thernstrom, Stephan; Thernstrom, Abigail (1999). America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. Simon and Schuster. p. 137.
  54. ^ Prugh, Jeff (June 11, 1978). "U.S. Could Have Avoided Wallace Confrontation". Los Angeles Times. p. I-1.
  55. ^ "Transplanting Of Lung Apparently Successful". Tucson Daily Citizen. Tucson, Arizona. June 13, 1963. p. 1.
  56. ^ "Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant". Miami News. June 26, 1963. p. 3A.
  57. ^ Hardy, J. D. (1996). "Lung Transplantation - Experimental Background and Early Clinical Experience". In Cooper, David K. C.; et al. (eds.). The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs: The Present Status of Biological and Mechanical Replacement of the Heart and Lungs. Springer. p. 431.
  58. ^ Alfred-V-Kidder at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  59. ^ "Mississippi Negro Leader Slain". Miami News. June 12, 1963. p. 1.
  60. ^ Hollington, Kris (2008). Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History. Macmillan. pp. 68–72.
  61. ^ "Deltan Facing Murder Charge". Laurel Leader-Call. Laurel, Mississippi. June 24, 1963. p. 1.
  62. ^ "Jury convicts racist of 30-year old murder". Winnipeg Free Press. February 6, 1994. p. A-4.
  63. ^ "Byron De La Beckwith Dies; Killer of Medgar Evers Was 80". The New York Times. January 23, 2001.
  64. ^ Monahan, Kaspar (June 12, 1963). "Togas Swirl At Premiere Of 'Cleopatra— Movie World Watches Debut In New York City Tonight". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 58.
  65. ^ Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer.
  66. ^ Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Johnson, Thomas Francis (1909-1988)". Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. ABC-CLIO. p. 195.
  67. ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (November 6, 2015). Animation: A World History. CRC Press. ISBN 9781317519874.
  68. ^ "Another Russian Man Hurdles Through Space", Miami News, June 14, 1963, p1
  69. ^ "Who is Duane Davis, the man police just arrested in connection to Tupac's murder?". Los Angeles Times. 2023-09-29. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  70. ^ Salisbury, E. J. (1964). "Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg 1880-1963". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 10: 244–256. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1964.0015.
  71. ^ Roberts, Graham H. (2005). "Auchan's entry into Russia: prospects and research implications". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 33 (1): 50. doi:10.1108/09590550510577129.
  72. ^ "Gemini 3". Kennedy Space Center: Science, Technology, and Engineering. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  73. ^ Helen Hunt at the TCM Movie Database
  74. ^ "Russ Orbit 'Space Sister'". Milwaukee Sentinel. June 17, 1963. p. 1 – via Google News.[dead link]
  75. ^ Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer. pp. 86–88.
  76. ^ "Ben-Gurion Quits Both Israel Posts". Milwaukee Sentinel. June 17, 1963. p. 2.
  77. ^ Arnett, Eric H. (1996). Nuclear Weapons After the Comprehensive Test Ban: Implications for Modernization and Proliferation. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
  78. ^ Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 273–277. ISBN 0-19-505286-2.
  79. ^ "New Processing Machines Can Now Talk To One Another". Miami News. July 25, 1963. p. 12A.
  80. ^ Belzer, Jack, ed. (1975). "ASCII CODE". Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. CRC Press. p. 28.
  81. ^ "High Court Rules Against Bible Reading In Schools". Miami News. June 17, 1963. p. 1.
  82. ^ Seaman, Ann Rowe (2005). America's Most Hated Woman: The Life and Gruesome Death of Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Continuum International. p. 68.
  83. ^ Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 150. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8.
  84. ^ Jones, p. 277.
  85. ^ Huntress, Wesley T. (2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System. Springer. p. 113.
  86. ^ Douglass, James W. (2010). JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters. Simon and Schuster. p. 66.
  87. ^ Loevy, Robert D. (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation. SUNY Press. p. 354.
  88. ^ "Four Ballots— But No Pope". Miami News. June 20, 1963. p. 1.
  89. ^ "Space Twins Land Safely". Miami News. June 19, 1963. p. 1.
  90. ^ Larsen, Jeffrey A.; Smith, James M. (2005). "Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)". Historical Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament. Scarecrow Press. p. 107.
  91. ^ Kahn, David (1996). The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. Simon and Schuster. p. 715.
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