Wikipedia

User:Pfly/Sandbox2b

< User:Pfly

Maritime fur trade and related events by year, nation, etc. Focus on California to Alaska, plus other areas where related, incl. Hawaii, China, New England, Pacific Ocean generally; overland trade where related; native peoples; companies, naval, etc.

By year

edit

1542

edit

1565

edit
  • Spain: Manila galleon system begins, linking Mexico and the Philippines. Continues until 1815. Galleons sailing to Mexico typically make landfall on central/northern coast of California.

1579

edit

1584

edit
  • Spain: Spanish captain Francisco Gali approached the NW Coast at 57°30' north latitude. First Spanish crossing from Asia to America (part of the start of the Manila Galleon route.[2]

1587

edit

1595

edit
  • Spain: San Agustín from Manila sails down California coast, Cape Mendocino, Point Reyes.[1]

1602

edit

1639

edit
  • Russia: Russians reach Pacific at Okhotsk.

1693

edit

1732

edit
  • Russia: Mikhail Gvozdev, in Sviatoi Arkhangel Gavriil (Saint Archangel Gabriel), commands expedition to northwest Alaska; first Russian sighting of Alaska.[3][4]

1741

edit
  • Russia: Bering Expedition explores Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska: Sviatoi Piotr, also spelled Sv. Petr (St. Peter), under Vitus Bering (with naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller), and Sviatoi Pavel (St. Paul), under Aleksei Chirikov sail from Petropavlovsk. Both ships packet boats, brig-rigged, with crews of 77 and 76 men. Separated in a storm after 20 June 1741. Bering lands briefly at Kayak Island near Mount Saint Elias on 16 July 1741, then sails for home, on the way finding Kodiak Island and some Aleutian Islands. Forced to take refuge on Bering Island where Bering dies. The surviving crew makes a boat and gets home in 1742.[5][6]
  • Russia: Bering Expedition: Sviatoi Pavel (St. Paul), under Aleksei Chirikov: After being separated from Vitus Bering, on 15 July 1741 Chirikov sees and starts to explore coast of Baker Island off Prince of Wales Island, then returns northward along Baranof Island and Sitka Sound. Sends two longboats to explore but neither returns. On 27 July 1741, Chirikov sails west, sighting Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Adak Island. Arrives at Petropavlovsk on 12 October 1741.[5]

1742

edit
  • Russia: Aleksei Chirikov commands a search party for Vitus Bering and the St. Peter. During trip locates Attu Island.

1743

edit
  • Russia: Russian soldier Emilian Bassof, also spelled Emel'yan Basov, forms partnership with a Moscow merchant and makes four profitable voyages to Bering Island over a few years; one of which brought back 1600 sea otters, 2000 fur seals, and 2000 blue arctic foxes. Various Russian ventures follow.[7]
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under E. Sannikov with crew of 20, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1744; value of hunt 64,000 rubles[8]

1745

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under E. Sannikov with crew of 32, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1746; value of hunt 112,000 rubles[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Evdokim, under M.V. Nevodchikov with crew of 45, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1747; value of hunt 19,200 rubles.[8]

1746

edit

1747

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under D. Nakvasin with crew of 38, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island area. Returns in 1748; value of hunt 50,020 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann, under E. Sannikov with crew of 40, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1748; value of hunt 23,024 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Simeon i Anna (or Sv. Simeon i Ioann), under I. Butin and G. Chudinov, with crew of 46, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island area. Returns in 1749; value of hunt 52,590 rubles.[8]

1748

edit
  • Russia: Shitik Perkun i Zanat wrecked on Bering Island. Shitik Sv. Kapiton built from the wreckage.[6]
  • Russia: Sv. Perkun i Zanat (or Perkun i Zant), under I. Bakhov, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1749; value of hunt about 4,500 rubles.[8]

1749

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under D. Nakvasin with crew of 34, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island area. Returns in 1750; value of hunt 39,376 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Boris i Gleb (or Perkun i Zant), under I. Bakhov with crew of 23, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island and Near Islands area. Returns in 1750; value of hunt about 9,127 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under S. Shevyrin, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1750; value of hunt 3,127 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann, under E. Sannikov with crew of 40, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island and Near Islands area. Returns in 1752; value of hunt about 80,000-110,000 rubles.[8]

1750

edit
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Petr wrecked on Attu Island. One person died.[6]
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Simeon i Anna, under A. Vorob'ev with crew of 34, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Wrecked on Medny Island. Shitik Sv. Ieremiya built from the wreckage. Returns in 1752; value of hunt 61,520 rubles.[6][8]
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under D. Nakvasin with crew of 25, makes hunting voyage to Attu Island area. Returns in 1752.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under S. Shevyrin, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1753; value of hunt 105,730 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann, under G. Nizovtsev with crew of 30, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1754; value of hunt 65,429 rubles.[8]

1751

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Boris i Gleb, under I. Butin, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island and Near Islands area. Returns in 1752; value of hunt 105,730 rubles.[8]

1752

edit
  • Russia: Various Russian ventures continnue. "In 1752 a single ship brought back to Kanchatka 1772 sea otters, 750 blue foxes, and 840 fur seals, while another expedition, wrecked like Bering on an unknown island, constructed a small craft from the salvage and returned safely to its home port with 820 sea otters, 1900 blue foxes, and 7000 fur seals.[9]
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Ieremiya wrecked on Adak Island. Shitik Sv. Petr i Pavel built from the wreckage.[6]
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Boris i Gleb, under L. Basalaev ("Balalaev") and A. Druzhinin, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Wrecked on Bering Island. Shitik Sv. Avraam built from the wreckage. Returns in 1757; value of hunt about 3,500 rubles.[6][8]

1753

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Ieremiya, under P. Bashmakov with crew of 33, makes hunting voyage to Aleutian Islands to Umnak Island. Returns in 1755; value of hunt about 65,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann, under V. Obukhov and F. Zhukov with crew of 34, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island and Attu Island area. Returns in 1755; value of hunt 95,690 rubles.[8]

1754

edit
  • Russia: Galiot Sv. Petr sent on a hunting voyage. First galiot built in Okhotsk. Built in 1753 and owned by merchant Ivan Krasil'nikov. In November 1755 wrecked on Medny Island. Crew rescued by other vessels after a harsh winter.[6]
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under M. Okonishnikov with 27 crew, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1758; value of hunt 14,438 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under R. Durnev with 32 crew, makes hunting voyage to Attu Island and Agattu Island area. Returns in 1757; value of hunt 187,268 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Fish, fishing boat, Sv. Ioann, under M. Nevodchikov, makes hunting voyage evidentally to Near Islands area. Returns in 1757; value of hunt 254,900 rubles. Uncertainties with vessel: Perhaps went in 1756 to Kuril Islands and wrecked in 1758 en route to Okhotsk.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Kapiton, under D. Nakvasin, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island area. Returns in 1755.[8]

1756

edit
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Petr i Pavel, under Petr Bashmakovwith 35 crew, starts first voyage to Aleutian Islands (Andreanof Islands and Rat Islands) for furs. Vessel owned by the merchant Ivan Rybinskii of Moscow and Stephan Tyrin of Yaroslavl. First voyage, 1756–1758, was a success; value of hunt 50,355 rubles. Second voyage in 1759, third in 1762.[6][8]
  • Russia: Sv. Andreyan i Natal'ya, under A. Tolstykh with 40 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1759; value of hunt 317,541 rubles.[8]

1757

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Kapiton, under I. Studentsov with 40 crew, makes hunting voyage to Rat Islands area. Returns in 1761; value of hunt 17,230 rubles.[8]

1758

edit
  • Russia: 1758–1762: Stepan Glotov, on Sv. Iulian (St. Julian) with 42 crew, "opens Aleutians to Russian fur trade"; mainly Medny Island and Fox Islands area; expedition to Commander Islands; 1759, discovers Umnak (Fox Islands, Aleutians), spends 3 years there. Also discovers Unimak Island, Unalaska Island. Value of hunt 130,450 rubles. Reports a wrecked two-masted foreign ship on Chikhmil Island (unknown Aleutian Island, in Fox Islands or Rat Islands); possibly Japanese, but could be Dutch, Portuguese, English, or Spanish.[10][2][8]
  • Russia: Sv. Vladimir, under S. Shevyrin and D. Pankov with 45 crew, makes hunting voyage to Andreanof Islands and Rat Islands area. Returns in 1763; value of hunt 78,304 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under L. Nasedkin with 37 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands and Rat Islands area. Returns in 1762; value of hunt 58,170 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Kapiton wrecked on Avada Island. A new ship was built from the wreckage, then lost in the Near Islands.[6]

1759

edit
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Petr i Pavel, under Petr Bashmakov with 34 crew, starts second voyage to Aleutian Islands (mainly Near Islands area) for furs (see 1756 & 1762). Second voyage, 1759–1761, was a major success, returning with furs earning 150,270 rubles.[6][8]
  • Russia: Sv. Zakharii i Elizaveta, under A. Ya. Cherepanov with 46 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1762; value of hunt 101,420 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Predtecha, under R. Durnev with 41 crew, makes hunting voyage to Attu Island area. Returns in 1763; value of hunt 104,218 rubles.[8]

1760

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Gavriil, under G.G. Pushkarev with 66 crew, makes hunting voyage to Alaska Peninsula and Fox Islands area. Returns in 1762; value of hunt 52,570 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Ustyuzhskii and Sv. Prokopii i Ioann, under A. Vorob'ev with 44 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands and Rat Islands area. Returns in 1763; value of hunt 31,817 or 5,409 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Andreyan i Natal'ya, under A. Tolstykh with 54 crew, makes hunting voyage to Andreanof Islands area. Returns in 1764; value of hunt 120,000 rubles.[8]

1761

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann, under D. Medvedev with 38 crew, makes hunting voyage to Umnak Island area. Returns in 1763.[8]

1762

edit
  • Russia: Peter III of Russia dies, overthrown by Catherine. Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia.
  • Russia: Aleut Fox Islands Revolt: A coordinated Aleut attack on four Russian vessels and several shore parties; over 300 Russians killed. Revolt suppressed by Stepan Glotov.
  • Russia: Sv. Andreyan i Natal'ya (AKA Andreian i Natal'ia, Andreian and Natalia, Adrian and Natalia), under Stepan Glotov, makes hunting voyage to the Aleutian Islands (mainly Fox Islands and Kodiak Island areas). Discovers Kodiak Island. Returns in 1766; value of hunt 122,806 (or 68,000) rubles. Vessel owned by by Andreian Tolstykh.[11][8]
  • Russia: Shitik Sv. Petr i Pavel, under Petr Bashmakov, third voyage to Aleutian Islands (Near Islands area) for furs (see 1756 & 1759). Returns in later 1762; value of hunt 17,040 rubles. Vessel wrecked in the Near Islands.[6][8]
  • Russia: Sv. Zakharii i Elizaveta, under A. Druzhinin with 42 crew, makes hunting voyage to Unalaska Island area. Returns in 1763.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under L. Nasedkin with 41 crew, makes hunting voyage to Unimak Island or Alaska Peninsula area. Returns in 1763.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Zhivonachal'naya Troitsa, under I.I. Korovin with 44 crew, makes hunting voyage to Unalaska Island and Umnak Island area. Returns in 1763; value of hunt 10,524 rubles.[8]

1764

edit
  • Russia: Vessel Petr i Pavel, under Ivan Maksimovich Solov'ev, with Evstratii Delarov on board, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands area. Attacks on the Umnak-Unalaska Aleut alliance, in revenge for 1762 Fox Islands Revolt. Returns in 1766; value of hunt 42,280 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Ustyuzhskii (or Sv. Prokopii i Ioann), under V. Shoshin with 47 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands and Fox Islands area. Returns in 1766; value of hunt about 99,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Avraam, under G. Nizovtsev and V. Sof'in with about 45 crew, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1768; value of hunt 32,547 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Troitsa wrecked on Umnak Island. Note: Bot was a Russian term for single-decked, single-masted merchant boat developed in Europe, with a displacement of up to about 50 tons, armed with up to 8 small guns, and used to transport large loads.[6]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Andreyan i Natal'ya wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]

1765

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Vladimir, under A. Sapozhnikov with 47 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1769; value of hunt 83,387 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Petr, under A. Tolstykh with 61 crew, makes hunting voyage to unknown location.[8]

1766

edit
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Petr, under Selenginsk merchant Andreyan Tolstykh wrecked on Kamchatka shore. Built in 1764 by merchants Lapin, Shilov, Tyrin, and Orekhov, who also built similar vessel Sv. Pavel. First voyage of vessel, sailing from Okhotsk. Tolstykh and most of his of 61 crew died, only 2 promyshlenniki survived. Most disasterous marine catastrophe, in terms of number of victims, during the opening up of the North Pacific.[6]
  • Russia: Sv. Apostol Pavel, under A. Ocheredin with 64 crew, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands area. Returns in 1770; value of hunt about 68,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Prokopii i Ioann (Sv. Ioann Ustyuzhskii) wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]
  • Russia: Brigantine Sv. Ekaterina wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]
  • Russia: Galiot Sv. Pavel wrecked at Shiashkotan; 31 people lost.[6]

1767

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Petr i Pavel, under I.I. Korovin with 53 crew, makes hunting voyage to Andreanof Islands area. Returns in 1770; value of hunt about 290,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Andreyan i Natal'ya, under L. Vtorushin with 48 crew, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands area. Returns in 1772; value of hunt 109,943 rubles.[8]

1768

edit
  • Russia: Russian Navy research expedition of Pyotr Krenitsyn (AKA Krenitzin) and Mikhail Levashov; explores Aleutians and Alaska. Sent by Empress Catherine II. Four ships incl. brigantine Sv. Ekaterina (St. Catherine), under Krenitsyn, and hooker yacht Sv. Pavel (St. Paul), under Levashov, with the old galiot Sv. Pavel and bot Sv. Gavriil. Sailed from Okhotsk in October 1766 with 192 men. Soon after departure a storm swept Sv. Ekaterina, hooker Sv. Pavel, and Sv. Gavriil onto the shore of Kamchatka (the Sv. Ekaterina could not be recovered). The expedition continued with the rebuilt hooker Sv. Pavel, still under Levashov, and a galiot also named Sv. Ekaterina, under Krenitsyn. Later the galiot Sv. Pavel wrecked in the Kuril Islands; 31 men died and 13 survivors helped by Ainu to reach Kamchatka 7 months later.[6][12] Supposed to be kept secret but news reached Spain, triggering colonization of Alta California and voyages to Alaska.
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Predtecha, under V. Shoshin, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1772; value of hunt 18,747 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Ustyuzhskii, under ?, makes hunting voyage to Aleutian Islands area. Returns in 1772; value of hunt 111,889 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under S. Ya. Cherepanov with 45 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands and Andreanof Islands area. Returns in 1773; value of hunt 140,670 rubles.[8]

1769

edit

1770

edit
  • Spain: Mission Carmel established as "Mission San Carlos Borromeo", Monterey. Moved to mouth of Carmel Valley in 1771.
  • Russia: Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii, under D. Pankov with 51 crew, makes hunting voyage to Andreanof Islands area. Returns in 1774; value of hunt 136,050 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Apostol Pavel, under I.M. Solov'ev with 71 crew, makes hunting voyage to Sanak Island and Fox Islands area. Returns in 1775; value of hunt 137,455 (or 150,000) rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Pavel returns from its hunt in the Fox Islands with furs worth over 68,000 rubles. Vessel built in Okhotsk in 1764 by merchants Lapin, Shilov, Tyrin, and Orekhov, who also built similar vessel Sv. Pavel, both costing about 19,000 rubles (see 1766). [6]

1771

edit

1772

edit

1773

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Evpl, under Ya.I. Sapozhnikov with 47 crew, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands area. Returns in 1779; value of hunt 52,520 rubles.[8]

1774

edit
  • Spain: Frigate Santiago, under Juan Pérez, sails from San Blas on exploration voyage, intended to reach Alaska. Frigate Santiago with a crew of 89 and Fray Joan Crespí. Leaves San Blas on 25 January 1774. Sights "Cape Santa Margarita", Langara Island, Haida Gwaii, on 20 July 1774. Interacts with Haida natives but not does go ashore. Returns south, visiting Nootka Sound on 8 August 1774. Extended interactions with natives, but again does not go ashore due to weather. Arrives at Monterey on 28 August 1774, then San Blas on 5 November.[5][13][14]
  • Russia: Permanent post established at Unalaska.
  • Russia: Grigory Shelikhov enters North Pacific fur business, with backing investment by Ivan Larionovich Golikov. Shelikhov joins with the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company to acquire a vessel and in 1775 sends it on a fur hunting and trading expedition to northern Kuril Islands; make handsome profit. Shelikhov forms a series of additional partnerships over time for more hunting and trading voyages to the Kuriles and Aleutian Islands.[15]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Petr i Pavel wrecked at Kamchatka.[6] Sv. Petr i Pavel, under Putintsev, makes hunting voyage to unknown location (same vessel?).[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Prokopii, under D.I. Bocharov, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1778; value of hunt 98,840 rubles.[8]

1775

edit

1776

edit
  • Spain: Presidio of San Francisco built.
  • Spain: Mission San Francisco de Asís (AKA "Mission Dolores") established, San Francisco.
  • Spain: Mission San Juan Capistrano established, San Juan Capistrano, California. In Orange County today.
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Pavel, under Gerasim Grigor'evich Izmailov, wrecked on Kamchatka shore near the Kambalina River, 18 September 1776. Two men died. Over the winter the promyshlenniki repaired the vessel and sailed to the Aleutian Islands in July 1777.[6] Another source (also Grinëv) says: Sv. Apostol Pavel, under G.G. Izmailov, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands area. Returns in 1781; value of hunt 172,020 rubles.[8] Conflicting dates?
  • Russia: Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii, under A. Sosnin with 56 crew, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island and Amchitka Island area. Returns in 1781; value of hunt unknown.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Apostol Pavel, under G. Tret'yakov with 34 crew, makes hunting voyage to Commander Islands area. Returns in 1779; value of hunt about 74,000 rubles.[8]

1777

edit

1778

edit

1779

edit

1780

edit
  • Russia: Sv. Prokopii, under D.I. Bocharov with 62 crew, makes hunting voyage to unknown location.[8] Bot Sv. Prokopii wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]
  • Russia: Sv. Evpl, under D.A. Pankov with 60 crew, makes hunting voyage to Amlia Island and Unimak Island and Shumagin Islands and Alaska Peninsula areas. Returns in 1786; value of hunt 71,746 rubles.[8] Same vessel as: Bot Sv. Evpl wrecked at Amlia Island (see 1785)?[6]
  • Russia: Sv. Mikhail, under F.A. Mukhoplev, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands and Prince William Sound areas. Returns in 1786; value of hunt unknown.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Ryl'skii, under F. Mel'nikov with 64 crew, makes hunting voyage to Near Islands area. Returns in 1786; value of hunt about 93,000 rubles.[8]

1781

edit

1782

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Princesa (San Blas->Monterey).[1]
  • Spain: Presidio of Santa Barbara built.
  • Spain: Mission San Buenaventura established, Ventura.
  • Russia: Sv. Varfolomei i Varnava, under S. Korelin, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands and Shumagin Islands area. Returns in 1791; value of hunt 109,733 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Tri Svyatitelya, under G.G. Izmailov, makes hunting voyage to Kodiak Island area. Returns in 1786; value of hunt 56,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Nikolai, under A. Sosnin with crew of about 30, makes hunting voyage to Bering Island area. Returns in 1790; value of hunt unknown.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Arkhistratig Mikhail, under V.I. Olesov with crew of 62, makes hunting voyage to Kodiak Island, Fox Islands, and Kenai Peninsula areas. Returns in 1792; value of hunt 376,000 (or 300,000) rubles.[8]

1783

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: San Carlos (San Blas->Santa Barbara, San Diego).[1]
  • War: Peace of Paris (1783) ends American Revolutionary War; war between US, France, Spain and Britain.
  • Russia: Sv. Simeon, under D.I. Bocharov and G.G. Izmailov, makes hunting voyage to Kodiak Island and Unalaska Island areas. Returns in 1794; value of hunt 224,815 rubles.[8]

1784

edit
  • Russia: Grigory Shelikhov commands an expedition of three galiots he built near Okhotsk in 1783. In 1784 he and his men of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company (or Northeastern Company?) overpowered the Alutiiq of Kodiak Island in the Awa'uq Massacre of about 2,000 Alutiiq natives, after which the company gained full control of Kodiak Island. Then founds the first permanent Russian settlement in America: Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island. Destroyed by earthquake in 1792, main settlement moved to Pavlovskaya Gavan, today Kodiak, Alaska.[16][6]
  • Russia: Sv. Apostol Pavel (or Sv. Pavel), under S.K. Zaikov with 53 crew, makes hunting voyage to Medny Island, Kodiak Island, and Kenai Peninsula areas. Returns in 1789; value of hunt 102,108 rubles.[8]
  • Japan/Russia: Japanese junk Sinsyo Maru wrecks on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Junk with crew of 17 had sailed from Shiroko (today Suzuka, Mie?) to trade at Edo, damaged in a storm and drifted for over seven months, reaching Amisachka Island on 20 July 1784. Anchored and went ashore, meeting Aleuts and Russian promyshlenniki from another wrecked vessel owned by the Totma merchant Khodilov. That night the junk also wrecked. The Russians and Japanese remained on the island for three years, building a new vessel from the wrecked ships. In September 1787 the Russians took the nine surviving Japanese to Kamchatka. From 1782 to 1833 at least seven Japanese ships recorded as reaching the NW Coast, "but there were probably more of them".[17][2] See Daikokuya Kōdayū.

1785

edit

1786

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Captain Cook, Experiment; King George (Portlock),Queen Charlotte (Dixon); Nootka (Meares), Sea Otter (Tipping); Sea Otter (Hanna).[18]
  • Spain: Mission Santa Barbara established, Santa Barbara.
  • Spain: Frigate Princesa, under Estevan José Martínez, with Vincente Basadre y Vega (sometimes spelled "Vincente Vasadre y Vega") on board, to California. Left San Blas on 8 June 1786, arriving at Monterey on 27 August. Left Monterey on 19 October and arrived at Santa Barbara on 19 October. On 28 November left San Diego. Returned to San Blas on 18 December, having collected 1,060 sea otter skins.[20] Basadre y Vega was the royal commissioner sent to the Californias to take charge of the Spanish attempt to open the Spanish fur trade with China. Over four years he collected furs from the missionaries for shipment to Manila. The project was abandoned in 1790.[21]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Ioann Ryl'skii wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]
  • France: Lapérouse and Fleuriot de Langle, Boussole and Astrolabe, arrive in Pacific. Expedition primarily of scientific aims, but also hoped to be the start of French maritime fur trading. Left Brest in Aug 1785, arriving in Chile in early 1786. Then to Easter Island and Hawaii (first Europeans to step foot on Maui). Then to NW Coast, arriving in June 1786 near Cape Fairweather,[22] anchoring in Lituya Bay (naming it Port des Français),[23] between Cross Sound and Yakutat Bay. Surveyed Lituya Bay and traded with natives, surprised that they are obviously not the first to do so. Set up observatory on Cenotaph Island,[24] and formally took possession for France. Left Lituya Bay on 30 July 1786. Surveyed coast from Mount Saint Elias to Monterey, California. In Sept 1786 left Monterey for China, arriving at Macau by the end of 1786. Continued Pacific exploration in 1787.[25]
  • UK: Sea Otter, under James Hanna, arrives on NW Coast. This Sea Otter, a 120 ton vessel, different than the one from 1785. Left Macau in May 1786, arriving at Nootka Sound in August, finding that two other trading ships had already been there. Stayed two weeks but only got 50 pelts. Looking for other sites for trade, sailed north into Queen Charlotte Sound. Also visited Clayoquot Sound; at Ahousat befriended and exchanged names with Chief "Cleaskinah". In early Oct 1786 sailed for China, arriving at Macau on 8 Feb 1787. Cargo worth $8,000, not as successful as first voyage. Third voyage planned, but Hanna died in Macau.[19]
  • UK: James Strange commands as supercargo expedition from Bombay to NW Coast. Two vessels fitted out in Bombay; Captain Cook (formerly Betsey), 350 tons, under Henry Laurie (or Lawrie), and Experiment, 150 tons, under John Guise. Funded by Strange and David Scott, with help from the East India Company. Left Bombay on 8 Dec 1785. In early 1786 stopped at Batavia (Jakarta) for final preparations. Arrived at Nootka Sound in late June 1786. In late July, having collected "every rag of fur", left Nootka, leaving behind John Mackay, who volunteered to spend a year at Nootka establishing relationships under Maquinna's protection. Sailed to Queen Charlotte Strait (naming it) and Nahwitti area, making contact with Kwakwakaʼwakw. Then north to Prince William Sound area, briefly joined by William Tipping of one of many vessels called Sea Otter (never seen again). On 14 Sept 1786 left Prince William Sound for Canton, arriving at Macau on 15 Nov 1786 with about 600 pelts worth 24,000 Spanish dollars.[19]
  • UK: King George, under Nathaniel Portlock arrives on NW Coast. Ship of about 320 tons owned by King George's Sound Company—London merchants under Richard Cadman Etches—along with Queen Charlotte under George Dixon. Portlock and Dixon work together, with Portlock having higher authority. Left England in Sept 1785. Recuperated in Hawaii, then in June 1786 sailed for Cook Inlet, then Prince William Sound. Plan to winter in Nootka Sound, but instead went to Hawaii.[26]
  • UK: Queen Charlotte, under George Dixon arrives on NW Coast. Ship of about 200 tons owned by King George's Sound Company—London merchants under Richard Cadman Etches—along with King George under Nathaniel Portlock. Portlock and Dixon work together, with Portlock having higher authority. Left England in Sept 1785. Recuperated in Hawaii, then in June 1786 sailed for Cook Inlet. Plan to winter in Nootka Sound, but instead went to Hawaii.[27]
  • UK: The Nootka, under John Meares, 200-tons, explores Alaska coast. Along with companion ship Sea Otter, under William Tipping, owned by John Henry Cox and other merchants, who formed the Bengal Fur Company in India, with approval of East India Company. Plan to sail together in early 1786, but change in plans and sailed separately. Nootka departs Calcutta in March 1786. At Unalaska in August, then Kodiak. In Sept enters Prince William Sound. Spends 1786-87 winter stuck in Prince William Sound; 23 men die; in 1787 remaining ten saved by Queen Charlotte, under George Dixon.[28]
  • UK: The Sea Otter (one of many with that name), of about 100 tons, under William Tipping, arrives on NW Coast. Along with companion ship Nootka, under John Meares, owned by John Henry Cox and other merchants, who formed the Bengal Fur Company in India, with approval of East India Company. Plan to sail together in early 1786, but change in plans and sailed separately. Details of Tipping's voyage unclear, but encountered James Strange near Prince William Sound. Last seen sailing west toward Cook Inlet. Apparently was subsequently lost at sea.[29]
  • UK/Russia: East India Company brig Lark, under William Peters, in Pacific. Left Bengal in spring 1786. At Canton in early summer. Then to Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, arriving in Aug 1786. Peters meet Grigory Shelikhov and "some business was transacted". Then Lark sails toward Alaska but wrecks on Bering Island, only two survivors who were taken to Kamchatka on galiot Sv. Georgii Pobedonosets, owned by the Panov brothers.[30][6]

1787

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: King George (Portlock), Queen Charlotte (Dixon), Prince of Wales (Colnett), Princess Royal (Duncan); Imperial Eagle; Nootka (Meares).[18]
  • Spain: La Purisima Mission established, Lompoc.
  • Russia: Evstratii Delarov chief manager of Shelikhov-Golikov Company from 1787 to 1791. Establishes outpost at Karluk on Kodiak Island.
  • Russia: Aleksandrovoskaia founded in 1787 or 1788, by hunting parties under Evstratii Delarov of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company; location at modern-day Seldovia, Alaska.
  • Russia: Tri Svyatitelya, under G.G. Izmailov and D.I. Bocharov, makes hunting voyage to Kodiak Island area. Returns in 1789; value of hunt 300,000 rubles.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Izosim i Savvatii, under P. Savel'ev, makes hunting voyage to Andreanof Islands, Fox Islands, and Pribilof Islands areas. Returns in 1791; value of hunt 171,914 rubles.[8]
  • Spain: Frigate Favorita (or Nuestra Señora de los Remedios), under José de Cañizares, with packetboat or snow San Carlos (196 tons), to California. Sailed from San Blas, arrived at Monterey on 6 October 1787, then Santa Barbara on 23 October, then San Diego on 25 November, then back to San Blas. Favorita and San Carlos cargo of 1,750 sea otter skins.[20]
  • France: Lapérouse and Fleuriot de Langle, Boussole and Astrolabe, leave Macau in early 1787 for "considerable exploration of the north Pacific" (incl. Hokkaido, La Pérouse Strait, Sakhalin, Kurils). In Sept 1787 arrive at Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. There receive instructions to investigate British settlement in Australia. Sailed south, arriving at Samoa in Dec 1787, where an attack killed 12 men and wounded 20. "Drifted" to Tonga for resupply and help. Then to Australia in early 1788.[31]
  • UK: King George, under Nathaniel Portlock, and Queen Charlotte, under George Dixon, sail from Hawaii to NW Coast. In May reach Prince William Sound, find and rescue John Meares of the Nootka. Portlock and Dixon remain in Prince William Sound area acquiring furs, then separate. In Aug 1787 Portlock's King George leaves NW Coast for Hawaii, then on to Macau, arriving in Nov 1787. Then to England, arriving home in Aug 1788.[32]
  • UK: Queen Charlotte, under George Dixon, and King George, under Nathnaiel Portlock, sail from Hawaii to NW Coast. In May reach Prince William Sound, find and rescue John Meares of the Nootka. Portlock and Dixon remain in Prince William Sound area acquiring furs, then separate. Dixon's Queen Charlotte visits Nootka Sound, finding Prince of Wales under James Colnett and her consort Princess Royal under Charles Duncan. Dixon also finds Dixon Entrance and names Haida Gwaii "Queen Charlotte Island(s)". At the end of the season Dixon sails to Hawaii and Canton. Then to England, arriving home in Aug 1788.[33]
  • UK: Prince of Wales, under James Colnett (with Archibald Menzies as surgeon/naturalist), arrives on NW Coast in company with Princess Royal, Charles Duncan. Vessels owned by King George's Sound Company. Sailed from London in Sept 1786, arriving at Nootka Sound in July 1787. In early Aug 1787 cruised Haida Gwaii, gathering ~1800 sea otter skins, then to Prince William Sound. Cruised south to Vancouver Island, then to Hawaii for the winter.[34]
  • UK: Princess Royal, under Charles Duncan, arrives on NW Coast in company with Prince of Wales, James Colnett. Vessels owned by King George's Sound Company. See 1787 Prince of Wales entry for details.[35]
  • UK: The Nootka, under John Meares, stuck in Prince William Sound over 1786–87 winter; 23 men die. In May 1787 remaining ~10–20 saved by Queen Charlotte, under George Dixon. At Port Etches Meares and Nootka meet Dixon's Queen Charlotte and the King George under Nathaniel Portlock. Then Meares sails Nootka to Hawaii (stayed for about a month) and on to Macau, arriving on 20 Oct 1787.[36]
  • UK: Imperial Eagle (formerly Loudoun), under Charles Barkley (with wife Frances Barkley) arrives on NW Coast. Venture funded by John Reid, Daniel Beale, and Charles Barkley, operated under flag of Austria to evade EIC monopoly. Ship of 400 tons acquired by Barkley in England, taken to Ostend (then Austrian). Left on 24 Nov 1786. Stopped at Bahia, Brazil, in early 1787. Arrived at Hawaii in May 1787 (taking Wynee as a servant), then to Nootka Sound, arriving in June. Rescued John Mackay; trading good with Mackay's help. In July Prince of Wales (James Colnett) and Princess Royal (Charles Duncan) arrived at Nootka. Barkley soon left, sailing south, finding Clayoquot Sound, Barkley Sound, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Soon left for China, arriving at Macau near the end of 1787.[37]
  • USA: Brig Eleanora (sometimes Eleanor), under Simon Metcalfe, in China. New York brig of 190-tons. Details of voyage unclear. Apparently sailed to Macau via Cape of Good Hope, Calcutta, and Batavia, arriving in 1787. Cleared to sail to NW Coast, but nothing is known about the voyage, if it even happened. Was in Macau again in 1789, having come from New York.[38]

1788

edit

1789

edit
  • Nootka Crisis.
  • Spain: ? San Carlos (Haro).[5]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Argonaut, Iphigenia Nubiana, North West America, Princess Royal,[18] Mercury (Cox).[5]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia Rediviva, Eleanora; Fair American; Lady Washington.[18]
  • France: Outbreak of French Revolution on 14 July 1789.
  • Spain: Frigate Aranzazu, under José de Cañizares, to California. Sailed from San Blas; at Santa Barbara on 21 October and again on 9 November, then back to San Blas. Collected 234 sea otter skins at Santa Barbara.[20]
  • Spain: Malaspina Expedition, 1789–1794, begins, with Alejandro Malaspina, Descubierta, and Bustamante, Atrevida. Also artist José Cardero.
  • Spain: Princesa, under Martínez, to Nootka Sound, establish outpost; events leading to Nootka Crisis. Post abandoned in late 1789.
  • Spain: José María Narváez, in captured North West America renamed Santa Gerrudis la Magna then Santa Saturnina, investigates entrance to Strait of Juan de Fuca.
  • Russia: Billings Expedition, under Joseph Billings: Two ships launched at Okhotsk, Slava Rossii (Glory of Russia) and smaller Dobroe Namerenie (Good Intent). The Dobroe Namerenie quickly ran aground and lost. Expedition sails to Kamchatka and winters at Petropavlovsk. Builds another ship and plans to sail for America in 1790.[43]
  • Russia: Galiot Sv. Pavel wrecked at Medny Island.[6]
  • UK: John Meares, in China, forms partnership Associated Merchants Trading to the Northwest Coast of America merged with King George's Sound Company. Multiple ships to sail to NW Coast to establish a post at Nootka Sound, incl. Argonaut under James Colnett; Princess Royal under Thomas Hudson, the Iphigenia Nubiana (Douglas) and North West America (Funter). Meares himself remained in China. William Douglas, Iphigenia Nubiana made first contact with Tlingit Tongass people (Taantakwáan), Tongass Chief Tlexi’h near Cape Northumberland (south side of Duke Island) on 7 June 1789.[44]
  • UK/Spain: Nootka Crisis. North West America, under Robert Funter, seized and renamed Santa Gertrudis la Magna (later Santa Saturnina used by Narváez in 1791); Princess Royal, under Thomas Hudson, seized (Princesa Real while Spain used); and Argonaut, under James Colnett, seized. Also the Fair American, under Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe. All taken to San Blas.
  • UK: Snow Mercury (later Gustavus III or Gustaf III), under John Henry Cox, in Alaska. Snow of 152 tons, from London, owned and commanded by John Henry Cox. Stopped at Unalaska for two weeks in October and November 1789, on her way to China. Not known to have traded. Soon after reaching the Pacific name changed to Gustavus III, and sailed under Swedish colors.[5]
  • USA: Kendrick and Gray, Columbia and Washington, at Nootka Sound and elsewhere on PNW Coast. Witness/participate in Nootka Incident. Switch ships at Clayoquot Sound. Kendrick's incident with Haida Chief Koyah at Ninstints. Both Kendrick and Gray to Hawaii in late 1789. Kendrick leaves men to collect sandalwood.
  • USA: John Kendrick Jr leaves father's employ and joins Spanish Navy at Nootka Sound.
  • USA: Brig Eleanora (sometimes Eleanor), under Simon Metcalfe, in Macau. In June 1789 left for NW Coast. Almost captured by Martínez at Nootka Sound. His son Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe and the Fair American were captured. Simon sailed Eleanora to Hawaii; at Island of Hawaii had Chief Kameʻeiamoku flogged; at Maui committed the Olowalu Massacre in January 1790. Back to Island of Hawaii, where John Young got left ashore. Back in Macau/Canton in October 1790.[45]

1790

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Aranzazu (San Blas->CA ports, Juan de Fuca, Nootka); Concepción (San Blas->CA ports, Juan de Fuca).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Argonaut; [Gustavus III?].[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Eleanora; Grace; [Polly?].[18]
  • Spain: Permanent Spanish post at Nootka Sound, Santa Cruz de Nuca and Fort San Miguel. Commander Francisco de Eliza, Concepción. Also Manuel Quimper and Salvador Fidalgo.
  • UK/Spain: First Nootka Convention signed, October 28.
  • Spain: San Carlos (or Filipino), under Salvador Fidalgo, to NW Coast. Sailed from San Blas on 3 February 1790. At Nootka Sound in April. Then to Alaska, arriving at Prince William Sound on 23 May, exploring (Cordova Bay, Port Valdez), Cook Inlet (finds Russian post "Pavlovskaia", Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin Company post at mouth of Kenai River), Kodiak Island, and Nanwalek, Alaska (English Bay) (Russian post at Alexandrovsj). Returned to San Blas on 14 November after stopping in Monterey. Collected 656 sea otter skins.[20]
  • Spain: Manuel Quimper, with Gonzalo López de Haro and Juan Carrasco, Princesa Real (captured Princess Royal), explore Strait of Juan de Fuca to San Juan Islands. Unable to return to Nootka goes to San Blas instead.
  • Russia: Galiot Tri Svyatitelya wrecked on Unalaska Island. Owned by Shelikhov-Golikov Company. Sailed from Okhotsk for Kodiak Island with passenger Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, hired by Grigory Shelikhov to be company manager. Wrecked on Unalaska Island. With help from Aleuts Baranov and crew survived the winter then continued to Kodiak on native boats, arriving in 1791.[6]
  • Russia: Tri Svyatitelya, under D.I. Bocharov with 52 crew, makes hunting voyage to unknown location.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Ioann Predtecha, under D.I. Shirokii, makes hunting voyage to Fox Islands and Pribilof Islands area. Returns in 1793; value of hunt unknown.[8]
  • Russia: Sv. Georgii Pobedonosets, under G.M. Konovalov with crew of 81, makes hunting voyage to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound area. Returns in 1797; value of hunt 183,200 rubles.[8]
  • UK: Argonaut, under James Colnett, with Thomas Hudson on board (expecting to get Princess Royal back in Nootka), on NW Coast. Colnett released from prison in San Blas in summer 1790, sailed north on 9 July. At Bodega Bay sent longboat ahead under Robert Gibson. Left Bodega Bay on 13 Sept, arrived at Clayoquot Sound on 9 Oct. Anchored near Opitsaht; talked with Wickananish; acquired 300 otter skins; stayed through December. Made repairs to Argonaut while ship's jollyboat, under Hudson, searched for Gibson at Barkley Sound, then made for Nootka but struck a rock and all drowned. Gibson arrived at Clayoquot on 21 Oct. Friendly relations with natives until 31 Dec when natives attacked the ship (according to Colnett), held off with gunfire. On 1 Jan 1791 sailed to Nootka Sound.[46]
  • UK: Snow Gustavus III (AKA Mercury), under John Henry Cox, sailing under Swedish colors, on NW Coast, according to John Meares (no other evidence).[5]
  • USA: Robert Gray, Columbia, at Macau and Canton. Then to Boston by August.
  • USA: John Kendrick, Lady Washington, at Macau.
  • USA: Robert Gray, Columbia, leaves Boston on 2nd voyage. John Hoskins supercargo.
  • USA: Joseph Ingraham, Hope (1789 brigantine), leaves Boston for PNW.

1791

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: San Carlos (CA ports, Juan de Fuca, Nootka).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Argonaut; [Felice Adventurer?]; Gustavus III; [Venus?].[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Mikhail.[18]
  • France: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: La Solide.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia Rediviva, Eleanora; Fairy; Grace; Hancock; Hope; Lady Washington.[18]
  • Spain: Mission Santa Cruz established.
  • Spain: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad established, Soledad, California, near Salinas.
  • Russia: Kenai (Fort Saint Nicholas, Pavlovskaya, Redut Svataya Nikolaya) founded, on the Kenai Peninsula, [47]
  • Spain: Malaspina Expedition reaches Alaska, Prince William Sound, Yakutat Bay.
  • Spain: Exploration under Eliza, San Carlos, with Narváez, Juan Pantoja y Arriaga, Juan Carrasco, and José Antonio Verdia. Narváez explores Strait of Georgia on Santa Saturnina with Carrasco and Verdía. Carrasco on Santa Saturnina, sails to Monterey and San Blas, meeting Alejandro Malaspina at Monterey.
  • Spain: Princesa Real (Princess Royal), under Manuel Quimper, with John Kendrick Jr, being taken from San Blas to Manila, to be returned to British owners. Encounter with James Colnett in Hawaii. Argument and death threat by Colnett, smoothed over by John Kendrick Jr. Quimper sails on, reaching Manila in June 1791. Vessel in such poor condition her owners decide on a small cash payment instead.[46]
  • France: La Solide, under Étienne Marchand, on NW Coast. Ship of 300 tons, crew of 50, out of Marsailles. First to Sitka, trading with natives for furs, then to Haida Gwaii. Anchored outside Cloak Bay, August 21–27. Sighted Hancock but no contact made. Then to Barkley Sound, arriving on 7 September 1791. Then to Hawaii and Macau.[5] See Solide expedition.
  • UK: Vancouver Expedition arrives in Pacific; ship HMS Discovery (330 tons), under George Vancouver, and brig HMS Chatham (133 tons), under William Robert Broughton; also storeship Daedalus involved but sailed separatedly [?]. Left England on 1 April 1791, arrived at Cape Town on 6 June 1791, then Australia on 29 September 1791, then New Zealand on 2 November 1791. Arrived at Tahiti on 26 (Chatham) & 29 (Discovery) November 1791.
  • UK: Argonaut, under James Colnett, arrived at Nootka Sound on 1 Jan. Amicable relations with Spanish, who towed Argonaut to Moweena (Marvinas Bay); acquired 700 more otter skins. On 2 March 1791 left Nootka for Hawaii. There found Princess Royal (Princesa Real), under Manuel Quimper, with John Kendrick Jr, being taken to Manila and on to Macau to give to owners. Colnett and Quimper argue, smoothed over by John Kendrick Jr. Colnett then sailed to Canton but had trouble selling furs so made a "bold but unsuccessful" attempt to sell them in Japan. Eventually sold some at a port in northern China and took the rest back to England.[46]
  • UK: Brig or Snow Gustavus III (AKA Mercury), under Thomas Barnett (still owned by John Henry Cox), sailing under Swedish colors, on NW Coast. By December 1791 at Macau ("Dirty Butter Bay" AKA "Lark's Bay"), with Grace (Coolidge), Hancock (Crowell), and Hope (Ingraham).[5]
  • USA: John Kendrick, Lady Washington, and William Douglas, Grace (schooner), leave Macau, visit Japan, then sail separately to NW Coast.
  • USA: John Kendrick, incident with Ninstints Haida, Washington almost captured in battle. Then to Nootka and Clayoquot. Land purchases. Sails to Hawaii in September, then to Macau by December.
  • USA: US ships at Macau in late 1791: Kendrick, Washington; Ingraham, Hope; Crowell, Hancock; Coolidge, Grace; and Fairy [captain switched from ? to Ebenezer Dorr].
  • USA: Robert Gray, Columbia, 2nd voyage, arrives on PNW Coast. Winters in Clayoquot Sound.
  • USA: Robert Gray with men from Columbia and Washington build 45-ton sloop Adventure at Adventure Cove in Clayoquot Sound over the 91-92 winter.[48]
  • USA: Brig Eleanora (sometimes Eleanor), under Simon Metcalfe, sailed from Canton to Desolation Island (Kerguelen Islands, Indian Ocean), where Metcalfe pioneered an American fur sealing operating in 1791.[49]
  • USA: Josiah Roberts, Jefferson (ship), leaves Boston for PNW on 29 November 1791. Solomon Kendrick in crew. Ship of 145-tons, built at Newburyport, MA, in 1791, for NW Coast trade. Owners Josiah Roberts, Bernard Magee, and nine other Bostonians including Russell Sturgis. Collected 13,000 seal pelts off Chile coast, then to Marquesas Islands where 'Resolution is built. Both to NW Coast in 1793.[50]

1792

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activa (CA ports, Juan de Fuca, Alaska); Princesa (CA ports, Juan de Fuca, Neah Bay, Nootka); Santa Gertrudes (Nootka->Monterey).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Butterworth; Fenis and St. Joseph; Gustavus III; Halcyon; Iphigenia Nubiana; Jackal; Jenny; Phoenix; Prince Lee Boo; Prince William Henry; Three Brothers; Venus.[18]
  • France: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: La Flavie.[18]
  • Portugal: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Feliz Adventurero; Florinda.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Adventure; Columbia Rediviva, Grace; Hancock; Hope; Margaret.[18]
  • Spain: Voyage around Vancouver Island by Galiano, Sutil, and Valdés, Mexicana, meeting Vancouver.
  • Spain: Aranzazu, under Jacinto Caamaño, with Juan Pantoja y Arriaga, makes detailed survey of coast between Bucareli Bay and Nootka Sound.
  • Spain: Salvador Fidalgo fort at Neah Bay; fails before finished due to conflict with Makah.
  • Spain: Bodega y Quadra buys sloop Adventure for San Blas fleet. Renamed Orcacitas.
  • Spain: Schooner Activo built in San Blas; converted to brigantine in 1793 or 94. Served San Blas Department until at least 1808.
  • UK: Daedalus, under ??, arrives at Nootka Sound in August 1792. Storeship Daedalus part of Vancouver Expedition. "Dispatched brig HMS Venus with news..."
  • UK: Vancouver Expedition, HMS Discovery, under George Vancouver, and HMS Chatham, under William Robert Broughton, sail from Tahiti to Hawaii, arriving in March 1792. Sailed to NW Coast, arriving in North California on 16 April 1792, then surveying northward. On 28 April encountered Columbia, under Robert Gray, sharing information. Entered Strait of Juan de Fuca. On 4 June 1792 at Admiralty Inlet near Possession Point, took formal possession of the region calling it New Georgia. Surveyed Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia, sometimes in cooperation with the Sutil, under Galiano, and Mexicana, under Valdés. Arrived at Nootka Sound on 28 August 1792. Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra negotiations. Quadra leaves on 21 September. Vancouver sends Lieutenant Mudge back to England on the Fenis and St. Joseph. Two Hawaiian girls transferred from the Jenny, under Captain Baker, to Discovery, for return to Hawaii. Expedition sailed south. Daedalus, under Joseph Whidbey, surveyed Grays Harbor; Chatham surveyed Columbia River; Discovery sailed to San Francisco; all three in San Francisco by the end of November. Continued south. Broughton sent to England and Peter Puget took command of Chatham. Expedition then sailed to Hawaii for the winter.
  • UK: Ship Butterworth, under William Brown, in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrives at Clayquot Sound in July 1792, after sealing in Tierra del Fuego and stopping in the Marquesas Islands. Violent conflict with natives of Clayoquot Sound in August, with Jenny, under James Baker helping, and witnessed by James Magee of Margaret. Then to Nootka Sound and Haida Gwaii. Wintered in Hawaii. Remained in Pacific through 1794.[20]
  • UK: Jackal, under Alexander Stewart, in Pacific. Sloop or schooner or cutter of perhaps 86 tons. Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrives at Clayquot Sound in July 1792, after stopping in the Marquesas Islands. Violent conflict with natives of Clayoquot Sound in August. Then to Nootka Sound and Haida Gwaii. Wintered in Hawaii. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Prince Lee Boo, under captain Richard Sharp, in Pacific. Sloop of 30-40, or 56 tons Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrives at Clayquot Sound in July 1792, after stopping in the Marquesas Islands. Violent conflict with natives of Clayoquot Sound in August. Then to Nootka Sound and Haida Gwaii. Wintered in Hawaii. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Jenny, under James Baker, on NW Coast. Ship of 78 tons; owner Sidenham (or Sydenham) Teast of Bristol; formerly a slave ship. Left Bristol in summer 1791. In spring 1792 reached Tahiti; called at Easter Island, Christmas Island, and Hawaii. Probably then sailed to NW Coast. In early Aug 1792, with Butterworth Squadron involved in violent conflict with natives of Clayoquot Sound. Then sailed north, cruising Haida Gwaii and elsewhere, collecting about 350 otter skins. Returned to Nootka on 6 Oct 1792. In mid October sailed for home, stopping at the Columbia River. In Dec 1792 when the Chatham entered Broughton found Jenny there. Captain Baker told Broughton that he had been in the Columbia River earlier in the year as well. The Jenny and Chatham left the river and crossed the Columbia Bar together, then parting ways. Broughton named Baker Bay after James Baker. In summer 1793 Jenny arrived at Bristol. In Oct 1793 left again for the NW Coast.[51]
  • UK: Brig Fenis and St. Joseph (also called São Jao y Fenix or the San José el Fénix), under a Portuguese flag and captain João de Barros Andrade, but Englishman Robert Duffin as owner, manager, supercargo, and true commander, on NW Coast. Traded for furs in Haida Gwaii. On 12 August 1792 encountered the Adventure, under Robert Haswell, near Masset. At Nootka Sound in mid-September with about 700 sea otter pelts. Captain Duffin, who had been at Nootka Sound with John Meares in 1788 and with James Colnett in 1789, participated in the negotiations between Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra. The Fenis and St. Joseph left Nootka Sound for China on 1 October 1792, carrying Vancouver's lieutenant Zachary Mudge. Encountered Columbia, under Robert Gray on 28 October, at sea, and again in Hawaii. Sailed to Macau, then Madras, now under Captain Moore.
  • UK: Snow Gustavus III (AKA Mercury), under Thomas Barnett (still owned by John Henry Cox), sailing under Swedish colors, possibly on NW Coast, according to Robert Haswell's Second Log.[5]
  • UK: Bark Phoenix, under Hugh Moore, with second mate Joseph O'Cain, on NW Coast. Bark based in Bengal; owners in Bengal; crew mostly Hawaiians and Lascars. Sailed from Bengal to NW Coast via Canton and Manila. Cruised NW Coast from the Nootka area northward; exact movements not known. Acquired a "large quantity of furs". Encountered Columbia Rediviva on 28 July 1792, according to Robert Haswell. On the way to Canton stopped in Prince William Sound and met Alexander Baranov. Moore and Baranov establish good relations, and Baranov acquires useful information about the state of the NW Coast fur trade. In 1794 Baranov had a ship built in Alaska and named it Phoenix in honor of Moore's vessel. Moore's Phoenix continues through 1795.[20][52]
  • UK: Prince William Henry, under Mr. Ewing (Master in Royal Navy), on NW Coast for a commercial venture with consort Three Brothers and another unknown vessel. Left England in Dec 1791. Touched at Hawaii before arriving at Haida Gwaii in late May 1792. Entered Nootka Sound on 11 Oct 1792, leaving a day or two later with Three Brothers for Monterey. Left men to build a small schooner from pieces brought from England, along with another vessel brought in pieces aboard Three Brothers. Both finished over the winter (according to the Amelia neither schooner turned out useful and Mr. Ewing sought to have Salvador Fidalgo buy them in 1793). Wintered in Hawaii. Active on NW Coast in 1793.[53]
  • UK: Three Brothers, under William Alder (Lieutenant in Royal Navy), on NW Coast for a commercial venture. Consort to Prince William Henry. Sailed from England in Dec 1791 with Prince William Henry and another unknown consort. Arrived in Hawaii in early 1792. Anchored in Nootka Sound on 23 Aug 1792. There worked on building a small schooner from pieces brought from England, which men worked on over the winter and finished in 1793. In Oct 1792 joined at Nootka by Prince William Henry. A day or two later both left for Monterey. Further details unknown, but both vessels active on NW Coast in 1793.[53]
  • USA: Robert Gray, Columbia, destroys Opitsaht village, Clayoquot Sound. Cruises coast widely, including Columbia River, Nahwitti, etc; to Macau by winter.
  • USA: Sloop Adventure cruises NW Coast under Robert Haswell north to Haida Gwaii and Sitka Sound. In September 1792 sold to the Spanish Navy via Quadra y Bodega, at Neah Bay. Renamed Orcacitas, under Gonzalo López de Haro and with Bodega's Activo (AKA Activa) sailed to Monterey, CA. After that...?[54]
  • USA: Lady Washington, under John Kendrick, in Macau. Builds tender Avenger. Leaves in September, caught in storm, Avenger lost; return to Macau.
  • USA: Fairy, under Ebenezer Dorr, returns to Boston from Macau (had come to Macau with Ingraham on Hope).
  • USA: The Margaret, under James Magee, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 61 tons, built in Boston for fur trade, launched in fall 1791, departed for NW Coast soon after. Owned by J & TH Perkins, J & T Lamb, Russell Sturgis, James Magee. "Historian" Jonathan Howell among crew. Arrived at Haida Gwaii in April 1792, Magee sick and first mate David Lamb in command. Quickly collected ~1,200 sea otter pelts. Left men at Nootka Sound under Benjamin Swift to build a tender. Sailed to Hawaii and Canton, arriving in December. Returned to NW Coast in 1793.[55]
  • USA/UK: British snow Fairy of Calcutta (later US Sea Otter), in Canton; chartered by captains Joseph Ingraham, Josiah Rogers, and R.D. Coolidge (formerly mate of Lady Washington) to take their Chinese cargoes back to Boston. Left Canton for Boston in February 1792. Was back in Canton in 1794.[56]

1793

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Butterworth; Iphigenia Nubiana; Jackal; Prince Lee Boo; Prince William Henry; Three Brothers.[18]
  • France: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: La Flavie.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Amelia; Hancock; Jane; Jefferson; Margaret; Lady Washington.[18]
  • Spain: Francisco de Eliza and Juan Martínez y Zayas survey coast between Strait of Juan de Fuca and San Francisco Bay; also investigate mouth of Columbia River.
  • Russia: Fort Konstantine (Konstantinovsk) founded "about 1793" on Hinchinbrook Island; today called Nuchek.[57]
  • Russia: Ship Feniks ("Phoenix") built (1793–94) by James Shields, Englishman with the Russian Army, for the Shelikhov-Golikov Company. Feniks was a ship (sometimes errorneously called a frigate) of 180–240 tons, with 22–24 light cannons. By far the largest and most important vessel of any Russian American company at the time. Lost at sea in 1799 (see 1799).[6]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Ioann Predtecha wrecked in the Pribilof Islands.[6]
  • Russia: Bot Sv. Ioann Predtecha wrecked at St. Paul Island.[6]
  • UK: Alexander Mackenzie reaches Pacific at Bella Coola overland.
  • UK: Vancouver Expedition, HMS Discovery, under George Vancouver, and HMS Chatham, under William Robert Broughton, wintered in Hawaii (1792–93). Conducted surveys and met with Kamehameha. Returned to NW Coast, arriving at Fitz Hugh Sound on 26 May 1793. Conducted surveys of the coast northward. In July encountered Butterworth of the Butterworth Squadron, under William Brown. Exchange information. Continue surveying northward, including Portland Canal and Revillagigedo Island and into the Alexander Archipelago into September. In late September sailed for Nootka Sound, then California and Hawaii.
  • UK: Ship Butterworth, under William Brown (then Richard Sharp in late 1793), in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrived on NW Coast in 1792. In 1793 was on NW Coast and Hawaii, Santa Cruz, San Francisco, NW Coast again, and Hawaii again. In October 1793 was at Nootka Sound with Jackal and Prince Lee Boo. In late 1793 command given to Richard Sharp. Remained in Pacific through 1794.[20]
  • UK: Schooner or cutter Jackal, under Alexander Stewart (then William Brown in late 1793), in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrives on NW Coast in 1792. In 1793 was on NW Coast and Hawaii, Monterey, Bodega Bay, NW Coast again, and Hawaii again. In October 1793 was at Nootka Sound with Butterworth and Prince Lee Boo. In late 1793 William Brown took command of Jackal and sailed to Canton with the furs from all three vessels of the squadron. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Sloop Prince Lee Boo, under Richard Sharp (then Robert Gordon in late 1793), in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. From London arrives on NW Coast in 1792. In 1793 was on NW Coast and variously at Bodega Bay, Monterey, San Francisco, NW Coast again, and Hawaii again. In October 1793 was at Nootka Sound with Butterworth and Jackal. In late 1793 command given to Robert Gordon. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Prince William Henry, under Mr. Ewing (Master in Royal Navy), on NW Coast after wintering in Hawaii. Details little known. After cruising in Haida Gwaii arrived at Nootka Sound on 30 June or 1 July 1793, just as many other trading ships were leaving, including Three Brothers. Further info unknown.[53]
  • UK: Three Brothers, under William Alder (Lieutenant in Royal Navy), consort to Prince William Henry, on NW Coast after wintering in Hawaii. Details little known. After a successful cruise ("500 excellent skins") arrived at Nootka on 23 June 1793. About the end of June left for a trading cruise to the north. Further info unknown.[53]
  • USA: Robert Gray, Columbia, sails from Macau to Boston.
  • USA: John Kendrick, Washington, sails from Macau to PNW, arrives at Nootka Sound in May. Finds his son Solomon with Resolution, tender of Jefferson.
  • USA: John Kendrick, Washington, winters in Hawaii.
  • USA: Resolution, 90-ton schooner, built in Marquesas Islands by crew of Jefferson (ship) under Josiah Roberts, to serve as tender (perhaps built in 1792?). Resolution put under command of Mr. Burling (brother of Samuel Burling). Both vessels on NW Coast, 19 May 1793. Cruised together between Columbia River and Clayoquot Sound, and Haida Gwaii, until March 1794.[58]
  • USA: Amelia (possibly also known as Emilie or L'Emilie), under Captain Trotter, arrives on NW Coast in May 1793. Was a brig from Providence, RI; described by Captain Magee as "a brig under American colours...belonging to the Isle of France"; part of ownership was French. Met the Jefferson, captain Josiah Roberts, with Bernard Magee, at Nootka Sound in June. Sailed together off and on. Visited Koyah's Harbor (Ninstints). Apparently sailed to Canton in late 1793. Probable 2nd voyage circa 1795–1797.[59]
  • USA: The Margaret, under James Magee, returns to NW Coast from Canton, arriving at Nootka Sound in April 1793, where men under Benjamin Swift had built a tender (name and fate??). The two vessels collected over 3,000 skins. Margaret took them to Hawaii then Canton, arriving in December. Then home to Boston. Extremely profitable, inspiring many more Boston ventures. Under new owners the Margaret wrecked near Marblehead in late 1794.[60]

1794

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Arthur; Jackal; Jenny; Phoenix; Prince Lee Boo; Prince William Henry.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Eleanora; Fairy; Jefferson; Lady Washington; [Nancy?]; Resolution.[18]
  • Spain: Bodega y Quadra dies; José Manuel de Álava becomes new Governor of Nootka, meets with Vancouver.
  • Spain: Juan Kendrick (John Kendrick Jr) sails Aranzazu from Nootka to San Blas via Monterey (first American known to set foot in California).
  • Spain: Spanish abandon post at Santa Cruz de Nuca, per Third Nootka Convention.
  • UK/Hawaii: Kamehameha agrees to "cede" Hawaii to Britain in councils with Vancouver; turns out rather symbolic and hollow.
  • UK: George Vancouver, Discovery and Chatham, in Hawaii. Continued negotiations with Kamehameha; continued survey work. Left on 15 March 1794 for NW Coast. In April and May surveyed Cook Inlet, then Prince William Sound in June. In July surveyed the areas of Chichagof Island, Lynn Canal, Chilkat Inlet, Chilkoot Inlet, Admiralty Island. In late July and early August continued along the west coasts of Chichagof Island and Baranof Island. In August surveyed east coast of Admiralty Island and the mainland coast. Then to Nootka Sound, arriving in early September. Leave on 6 October 1794. The Daedalus returns to England, Chatham and Discovery to Monterey, arriving on 6 November. Leaves for home on 2 December, sailing via Galapagos Islands, Juan Fernández Islands, Valparaiso, and St. Helena. Arrive at London on 20 October 1795.
  • UK: Ship Butterworth, under Richard Sharp, in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. In late 1793 prepared to return to England. In March 1794 at Nootka Sound with Prince Lee Boo, met with George Vancouver before leaving for England. In April 1794 at Galapagos Islands, then to London.[20]
  • UK: Jackal, under William Brown, in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. Sailed to Canton in late 1793 (with Prince Lee Boo?). Left Canton on 24 February 1794. At Yakutat Bay on 20 June. Encounters Vancouver in Cross Sound. On 21 November arrived at Oahu and participated in the Battle of Kukiʻiahu at Kalauao. On 7 December killed John Kendrick with cannon salute. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Sloop Prince Lee Boo, under Robert Gordon, in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. Sailed to Canton in late 1793 (with Jackal?). Left Canton on 24 February 1794. At Nootka Sound in August and again on 5 October. On 21 November arrived at Oahu and participated in the Battle of Kukiʻiahu at Kalauao. Remained in Pacific through 1795.[20]
  • UK: Jenny, now under John William Adamson, on NW Coast (1st voyage 1792–93). Left Bristol in Oct 1793. At California by April 1794. Cruised Haida Gwaii, collecting 2,000 otter skins. Arrived at Nootka Sound on 29 Sept 1794. Encountered Jackal under William Brown. Left for Canton, arriving there on 25 Dec 1794, without stopping in Hawaii like most ships that year.[51][20]
  • UK: Bark Phoenix, under Hugh Moore, second mate Joseph O'Cain, on NW Coast. Sailed from Bengal to NW Coast, arriving in July 1794. Cruised Haida Gwaii and Sitka Sound. Encountered the Jefferson on 17 July. At Nootka Sound by September. Then headed south to winter in the Columbia River. Continues into 1795.[20][52]
  • USA: Lady Washington, under John Kendrick, sails from Hawaii to NW Coast. Meets his son John/Juan at Nootka, now master of Aranzazu. Sails back to Hawaii in October, arriving in December. Meets Vancouver. Growing tension with Vancouver and William Brown of Butterworth Squadron. Killed by William Brown, Jackall and Prince Lee Boo, at Honolulu; after Battle of Kukiʻiahu at Kalauao, between Kaeokulani (Kaeo) and Kalanikūpule (see Battle of Nuʻuanu). William Brown killed by Hawaiians about 3 weeks later.
  • USA: Jefferson (ship), under Josiah Roberts, and Resolution, under Mr. Burling, spent 1793-94 winter at Clayoquot Sound. Separated in March 1794. Jefferson cruises coast during 1794 season, then to Canton, arriving 25 November. Sails for home on 12 February 1795.[61]
  • USA: Resolution, under Mr. Burling (brother of Samuel Burling), attacked and captured in Haida Gwaii, all killed but one, including Solomon Kendrick. Sole survivor rescued by Despatch in 1795.
  • USA: Vessel Dolphin, under Captain Howell, probably on NW Coast. Little known except records in Canton say arrived with cargo of "sea otter and other furs", presumably from NW Coast. Sailed from Canton for Boston or Baltimore. Might be the same Dolphin owned by Stephen Higginson and James and Thomas H. Perkins active around this time (first registered in 1793). Boston records from 1797 mention a Dolphin commanded by John Salter, later captain of the Boston.[62]
  • USA: Brig Eleanora (sometimes Eleanor), under Simon Metcalfe, again on NW Coast. Destroyed during an altercation with the Haida Chief Koyah.[63] Other sources say Metcalfe bought the brig Ino in 1792 at Isle de France (Mauritius), and the Eleanora sank in the Indian Ocean in September 1792. After which Metcalfe took command of Ino. And it was the Ino that was captured and destroyed in 1794 by Haida under Koyah. All were killed but one, including Simon Metcalfe.[64][65][66][67]
  • UK/USA: British snow Fairy of Calcutta (later US Sea Otter) possibly trading on NW Coast for her British owners before sailing to Canton, arriving there in November 1794. Sailed to Boston in 1795, under new American owners.[68]
  • Japan: Japanese vessel Wakamiya-maru wrecked at Biorka Island near Sitka. Had sailed from Sendai, Japan, making for Edo. Caught in a storm Broken up by waves while at anchor in Unalga Pass, Biorka Island. The 15 survivors were brought by Russians to Unalaska then taken to Okhotsk.[69] More info: 1) Oshima, Mikio (20 April 2009). "The First Japanese to Circle the Globe: Castaways of the Wakamiya-Maru" (PDF). Ship & Ocean Newsletter. pp. 22–23., and 2) Hashimoto, Hatsuko. "A Manuscript Copy of Wakamiya-maru Roshiakoku Hyoryuki (Narrative of the Wakamiya-maru Castaways in Russia)" (PDF). pp. 189–191.

1795

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Jane?]; Phoenix; [Prince William Henry?]; Ruby.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Aleksandr; Delfin; Feniks; Olga; Tri Svyatitelya.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Despatch; Mercury; Union.[18]
  • Hawaii: Kamehameha I invades and conquers Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu; becomes king of all Hawaiian Islands except Kauai and Niihau. Start of the Hawaiian Kingdom; capital at Waikiki (1795-1796).
  • Russia: Slavorossiya (Glory of Russia, Novarassi, Slavarassi, Yakutat Colony, Yukutat Settlement, New Russia Archaeological Site) founded on Yakutat Bay, on Phipps Peninsula. Established to offer a more stable base for Russian settlement and colonization than the existing fur trading posts and as a link between the fur trading center of Kodiak to the north and the rapidly southward-moving sea otter population.[70][71][72][73]
  • Russia: Grigory Shelikhov dies, leaving his widow Natalia Shelikhova in control of Shelikhov-Golikov Company. Golikov soon leaves company, which is renamed the American Company. Natalia delegates many operational responsibilities to Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, and uses her son-in-law Nikolai Rezanov to curry favor with the Russian Imperial Court.
  • Russia: Alexandr Baranov enters and claims Sitka Sound. By 1800 75% of RAC otter skins come from Sitka Sound area.
  • UK: Jackal, under William Brown (and George Lampert after Brown was killed), in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. In Hawaii since late 1794. William Brown killed in conflict with Kalanikūpule in January. Kalanikūpule captured Jackal, but the crew soon recaptured it. Later in 1795 sailed to Canton, under George Lampert.[20][74]
  • UK: Sloop Prince Lee Boo, under Robert Gordon (and William Bonallack after Gordon was killed), in Pacific. Part of Butterworth Squadron. In Hawaii since late 1794. Robert Gordon killed in conflict with Kalanikūpule in January. Kalanikūpule captured Prince Lee Boo, but the crew soon recaptured it. Later in 1795 sailed to Canton, under William Bonallack.[20][74]
  • UK: Bark Phoenix, under Hugh Moore, with Joseph O'Cain apparently picked up on the PNW coast (perhaps Russian America), cruising the NW Coast by March 1795, having wintered in the Columbia River. Was at Nootka Sound. Later at Santa Barbara, 28 Aug to 5 Sept. Then to Hawaii and Canton.[20][52] Joseph Burling O'Cain dropped off or marooned at Santa Barbara, apparently by request of O'Cain. From Santa Barbara O'Cain was sent to Mexico along with Thomas Muir and John Kendrick Jr. O'Cain may have been briefly employed by the Spanish Navy at San Blas. One record lists him as pilotín habilitado of the Sutil. O'Cain was eventually sent to Spain, then released. He returned home to Boston before 1799.[75]
  • USA: Lady Washington, under John Howell after Kendrick's death, in Macau. Howell "loses" Kendrick's records, deeds, etc. Sells Washington to himself.
  • USA/Spain: Juan/John Kendrick Jr resigns from Spanish Navy (1795, 76?), returns to Massachusetts.
  • USA: Ship Despatch or Dispatch, under Elias Nordbery, arrives on NW Coast. The 106-ton ship owned by Dorr & Sons of Boston. Left Boston in 1794, traded on NW Coast in 1795. During cruise rescued the only survivor of the Resolution, tender to the Jefferson, whose crew, including Captain Burling and Solomon Kendrick, had been killed in Haida Gwaii. In July 1795 Captain Nordbery was accidentally shot and killed by Kaigani Haida Chief Altatsee. John Caswell assumed command, taking Despatch to Canton, then Boston, arriving home in June 1796. The Despatch made three more NW voyages, see years 1797, 1799, and 1801.[76]
  • USA: Brigantine Mercury (I), under William Barnett (later Mr. Gardin) arrives on NW Coast. Brigantine or snow of 81 tons, 60 feet long, built at Providence, RI, in 1785. Owned by John Francis and John Brown of Providence. En route lost rudder off Cape Horn, repairs at Falklands. Sailed to Australia, then Hawaii, where many men deserted. Captain Barnett took a crew of Native Hawaiians by force. Arrived at Nootka Sound in spring 1795. In the fall sailed to Hawaii, returning the Hawaiian captives, then to Canton. At some point during voyage Captain Barnett was killed and supercargo Mr. Gardin took command.[77]
  • USA: British snow Fairy sails from Canton for Boston in January 1795. In Boston her new owners James Magee, James Lamb, Russell Sturgis, and Stephen Hills (sometimes "Hill"), changed her name to Sea Otter. Sailed to NW Coast, arriving in 1796.[78]
  • USA: Sloop Union, under John Boit, arrives on NW Coast. Sloop of 94 tons, 65-foot single-master, built in Somerset, MA, in 1792. Owned for this voyage by Boit's brother-in-law Crowell Hatch of Boston, and two other partners. Based in Rhode Island, left Newport, RI, on 1 August 1794. Sailed directly to "Columbia Cove", the anchorage at Nasparti Inlet, Checleset Bay, arriving on 16 May 1795. Then sailed to Nootka Sound, then Haida Gwaii, cruising along the west side until reaching the northern end in June 1795. Then sailed south to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Columbia River, and Tillamook Bay, this last in July 1795. In August was on the southeast coast of Haida Gwaii and the west coast of Vancouver Island. From "Columbia Cove" set sail for Hawaii and Canton on 12 September 1795. While on the NW Coast the Union encountered no other vessel. Arrived in Boston on 8 July 1796. Sold two weeks later.[79]

1796

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Arthur; [Prince William Henry]; Ruby.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Olga; Oryol; Tri Svyatitelya.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Lady Washington; Otter; Sally; Sea Otter.[18]
  • Russia: Catherine the Great dies. Paul I of Russia becomes Emperor of Russia.
  • Hawaii: Capital of Hawaiian Kingdom moved to Hilo (1796-1802).
  • Russia: Galiot Tri Ierarkha wrecked in Cook Inlet.[6]
  • USA: John Howell sends Lady Washington from Macau to PNW and Hawaii, collecting furs and goods owed to Kendrick.
  • USA: Amelia, under Captain Trotter, returned to the NW Coast in 1796 or 1797.
  • USA: Ship Otter 1795 (I), under Ebenezer Dorr, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 168 tons; crew of 14-31; 6 guns; built at Amesbury, MA; owned by Dorr family. Left Boston Aug 1795. At Australia in Feb 1796. Dorr picks up Thomas Muir and other escaped political prisoners. Pierre François Péron, French captain of captured Emilie (or Emélie) signed on as first mate. Otter then to NW Coast, cruising coast for 1796 season. In Oct 1796 in California, where Dorr successfully begged for supplies from Spanish Governor. Visited Santa Cruz on 23 October, and Monterey on 6 November. Abandoned ten of his crew and one woman (escaped Australian convict) in California against governor's wishes. Then sailed to Hawaii and Canton, arriving in Canton in Feb 1797. Then to Portland, Maine, in Dec 1797. Otter sold to new owners; eventually captured by French and lost in 1798.[80][20]
  • USA: Brig Sally, under Joseph Pierpont, in Hawaii. Little is known. Apparently traded on NW Coast then went to Hawaii. Sailed from Hawaii for Canton in September 1796, in company with the Prince William Henry. Arrived at Canton on 13 November 1796, where records indicate she "cleared from Boston, NW coast and Hawaii". Left Canton on 4 January 1797, arriving home in June 1797.[81]
  • USA: Snow Sea Otter (formerly British snow Fairy), of Boston, under Stephen Hills (or Hill), arrives on NW Coast. On an unknown date in 1796 a violent encounter occurred at Cumshewa, Haida Gwaii. The captain, supercargo, and two others of the crew were killed after going ashore in a boat. William Sturgis later described it, blaming Cumshewa, Scotsi, and "a few others", who attacked in vengeance of "a vile outrage" recently done to them by an "English vessel". First mate William Bowles assumed command and the Sea Otter continued to cruise for furs into 1797. Officer James Rowan later in 1799, as master of Eliza took Scotsi and others prisoner for execution.[82]

1797

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Dragon.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Oryol.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Amelia; Despatch; Hazard; India Packet; Sea Otter.[18]
  • Spain: Mission San José (California) established.
  • Spain: Mission San Juan Bautista established, San Juan Bautista, California, nearish to San Jose.
  • Spain: Mission San Miguel Arcángel established, San Miguel near San Luis Obispo.
  • Spain: Mission San Fernando Rey de España established, San Fernando Valley.
  • Russia: The American Company, under Natalia Shelikhova and Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, merged with the Irkutsk Company of Nikolai Mylnikov, forming the United American Company, precursor of the Russian-American Company.
  • Russia: Sv. Apostoly Petr i Pavel i Nikolai Chudotvorets wrecked on Kamchatka shore while sailing from Okhotsk to Unalaska.[6]
  • USA: John Howell, Lady Washington, sails from Macau to Philippines. In July Washington grounded and abandoned to rot.
  • USA: Amelia, under Captain Trotter, returned to the NW Coast in 1796 or 1797. Cruised the coast in 1797, then sailed to Canton.[83]
  • USA: Camilla, 220-ton ship from Newport, RI, on NW Coast. Little known, except was in Canton in January 1798 with a reported 31,485 sea otter pelts and 4,334 seal skins.[84]
  • USA: Ship Despatch or Dispatch, now under Jonathan Bowers, arrives on NW Coast for 2nd time (see 1795). Spent 1797 season on NW Coast. "Spoke with" the India Packet. Returned to Boston and set out again very quickly (see 1799).[85]
  • USA: Snow Sea Otter (formerly British snow Fairy), of Boston, under William Bowles, continues cruising NW Coast for furs. In November 1797 arrived in Canton area with a cargo of 2,520 sea otter skins and 2,755 sea otter tails, valued at over $47,000. Left for Boston on 8 January 1798 with almost 50,000 pounds of tea, 7,000 pieces of nankeens, 100 sets of china, 300 tea sets, and yards of silk fabric and thread. Arrived in Boston on 21 July 1798, and made a profit of about ten times the original investment.[86]

1798

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Dove?]; Dragon.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Oryol; Yekaterina.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; Alexander; Hazard; Jenny.[18]
  • Spain: Mission San Luis Rey de Francia established north of San Diego.
  • USA: James Rowan, Eliza, sail from Boston to PNW; John Kendrick Jr in crew. In Haida Gwaii capture and execute two chiefs held responsible for attack of Resolution in 1794.
  • USA: Brigantine Alexander (I), under Asa Dodge, arrives on NW Coast. Alexander was built in Pembroke, MA, in 1796; 134-tons, 68 feet long; later altered to brig, then ship. Owners for voyage: Abiel & Charles Winship and ten other Boston merchants. Sailed from Boston in 1797. Cruised NW Coast in 1798, then to Canton and Boston, arriving home in 1799. Quickly started 2nd voyage.[87]
  • USA: Brig Garland, under Bazilla Worth, in Pacific. Brig with crew of 21; 6 guns; Boston owners. Left Boston in March 1797. Detained at Valparaíso by governor; left on 24 March. In April at Juan Fernández Islands. Cruised NW Coast. On 21 August arrived at Hawaii. In Nov and Dec on coast of California and Mexico. Continued into 1799.[20]

1799

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Butterworth?]; Cheerful; Dove.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Olga; Oryol; Yekaterina.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Caroline; Despatch; Eliza; [Gowland?]; Hancock; Ulysses.[18]
  • Russia: Russian-American Company founded by Ukase of 1799 under Tsar Paul, ends promyshlenniki period. RAC granted monopoly south to 55°N.
  • Russia: Alexandr Baranov, brig Oryol, to Sitka Sound, founds Arkhangelsk (aka Fort Archangel Gabriel).
  • Russia: Old Sitka (Arkhangelsk, Fort Archangel Gabriel, Fort Saint Michael, Old Sitka) founded. Destroyed by Tlingit in 1802, U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Old Sitka
  • Russia: RAC ship Feniks ("Phoenix"), under James Shields, lost at sea (see 1793). Last seen on 24 August 1799 when leaving Okhotsk for Kodiak Island. Wreckage washed up from Unalaska Island to the Alexander Archipelago. Greatest maritime catastrophe in the history of Russian America. Loss of the largest Russian American ship, about 103 men, incl. 92 promyshlenniki, passengers, Bishop Ioasaf (Ivan Il'ich Bolotov) head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Alaska, and Captain Shields, along with an estimated 569,328 rubles' worth of cargo (total loss of 622,328 rubles, over twice the total capital of the Kodiak and Unalaska company departments combined). This event greatly slowed the tempo of Russian colonization, including Baranov's plan for a colony south of Sitka on perhaps Prince of Wales Island or in Haida Gwaii. Also, took the Orthodox Church 40 years to assign a new bishop to the American diocese.[6]
  • Russia: RAC vessel Severnyi Orel (variously called a brig, galiot, or hooker) wrecked in Prince William Sound. Loss of 5 men and 22,000 rubles in furs.[6]
  • Russia: RAC bot Sv. Simeon i Anna Prorochitsa wrecked at Pribilof Islands.[6]
  • USA: Cutter of 50-tons, Caroline (I), under Richard J. Cleveland, arrives on NW Coast. Sailed from Canton to NW Coast, then back to Canton. Full story told in Captain Cleveland's published log and memoirs, and biography by his son H.W.S. Cleveland.[88]
  • USA: Ship Despatch or Dispatch, now under William Breck, arrives on NW Coast for 3rd time (see 1795). Spent 1799 season on NW Coast. In May 1799 at Kaigani Captain Breck helped negotiate an end to a mutiny on Boston ship Ulysses. Also witnessed the execution of two native captives by Captain James Rowan of Eliza. Sailed to Canton and Boston, arriving home in July 1800. Newspaper reported that the Despatch had circumnavigated the world three times, "which is more than any vessel ever known".[89]
  • USA: Ship Ulysses, under David Lamb, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 163 tons, built in Amesbury, MA, in 1794. Owned by David Lamb and perhaps other Boston merchants like James Lamb and Thomas Lamb. Left Boston on 20 August 1798 with $14,000 worth of trade goods. In February 1799 arrived on NW Coast. Spent the 1799 season trading. In May 1799 at Kaigani met the Eliza, under James Rowan, who was informed that the officers of Ulysses had mutinied against Captain Lamb and held him in custody. Soon the Boston ship Despatch, under William Breck, arrived. Between the commanders of the three vessels an agreement was reached where Lamb would resume command of Ulysses but the officers would leave for the other two vessels. This resulted in young William Sturgis, a seaman on Eliza, becoming first mate of Ulysses (later he switched back to Eliza before returning home). Later in May 1799 the crew of Ulysses witnessed the execution of two Indian captives by Captain Rowan, for the murder of Stephen Hills, Rowan's captain on a previous voyage. By the end of June 1799 the Ulysses was still at Kaigani with 600-700 skins, according to the log of the Hancock. In December 1799 the Ulysses arrived in Canton and sailed for home on 29 January 1800. But in the Atlantic was dismasted in a hurricane and sought refuge at St. Helena on 28 April 1800. There the vessel was condemned.[90]
  • USA: Brig Garland, under Bazilla Worth, continues cruising coast of Mexico. In March at Acapulco; detained by authorities and ship sold.[20]

1800

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Betsy?]; [Dove?]; Nautilus.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Oryol; Yekaterina.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; Alexander; [Beaver?]; [Belle Savage?]; Betsy; Charlotte; Hazard; Jenny; [Rover?].[18]
  • USA: Brig Alert (I) arrives on NW Coast, having left Boston in 1799. Brig of 167-tons, built at Falmouth, MA, 1798. Owners in 1799 were Ebenezer Preble, James & Thomas Lamb, and Russell Sturgis, all of Boston. Captain was William Bowles. After trading on NW Coast went to Hawaii, then Canton, then Boston, returning in April 1801. Left for 2nd voyage within a few months.[91]
  • USA: Alexander (I) under Asa Dodge arrives on NW Coast for 2nd time. Visits Nahwitti, starting US–Kwakwakaʼwakw trade. When leaving the Coast for China Captain Dodge committed suicide by jumping overboard; command taken by first mate Mr. Shepard. To Canton then Boston, arriving home in November 1801.[92]
  • USA: Betsy or Betsey (I) under Charles Winship with Joseph O'Cain as supercargo, leaves Boston. Brig of 104-tons built in Portsmouth, VA, in 1797. Registered in Boston in 1799, owned by members of the Winship family. Left Boston on 3 August 1799. Seized at Valparaiso, Chile. Released in April 1800, went to NW Coast for trading season. In August was at San Diego after illegal trading on California coast. In October at San Blas where Captain Winship, the first mate, and supercargo Joseph O'Cain were arrested. The second mate, Mr. Brown, fearing the ship would be seized, sailed to Canton, then to Boston. Captain Charles Winship died in San Blas on 4 December 1800.[93] Joseph O'Cain seems to have left San Blas in January 1801 aboard Enterprise, under Ezekiel Hubbell.[75]
  • USA: Schooner Rover under George Davidson (who had sailed on 2nd voyage of Columbia and painted scenes) leaves Boston for NW Coast in 1799. Schooner built in Georgetown and owned by the Dorr family of Boston. Little is known; presumably traded during the 1800 season then sailed to Hawaii. Lost at sea during voyage to Canton. Had a cargo of 2,000 sea otter pelts according to William Sturgis.[94]
  • USA/Russia: Enterprise, under Ezekiel Hubbell, on PNW coast. Apparently visited Kodiak. Details of voyage not well known. Picked up Joseph O'Cain in San Blas in January 1801.[75]

1801

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cheerful; [Mary Ann?]; Unicorn.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Yekaterina.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; Atahualpa; Belle Savage; Betsy; Carlisle; Caroline; Catherine; Charlotte; Despatch; Enterprise; Globe; Guatimozin; Hazard; Lavinia; Litteler; Lucy; Manchester; [Mary?]; Polly; Three Sisters; "unidentified ship"; "vessel".[18]
  • Russia: Paul I of Russia dies. Alexander I of Russia becomes Emperor of Russia.
  • Russia: RAC bot Sv. Arkhistratig Mikhail wrecked at Unalaska Island.[6]
  • USA: Belle Savage, under David Ockington, cruising the NW Coast. The 183-ton brig was built at Braintree, MA, in 1799. Details of voyage sparse. In 1800 was at Sydney, Australia. In May 1800 was at Mas Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island), captured and detained by the Spanish. In May 1801 encountered Atahualpa, whose log reports it had been on the coast for six weeks, mostly in the south. Atahualpa log also says the Belle Savage was attacked and captured by natives and retaken with 5 crew killed and 5 wounded, with 150 natives who had the ship for 10-20 minutes and "a number" of which were killed and wounded "in the affray". The natives were apparently some of the "Gwasilla Kwakiutl" (Gwaʼsala Kwakwakaʼwakw?) of Smith Inlet, under "Chief Wacosh". In June 1801 Belle Savage was in Dixon Entrance, then went back to Mas Afuera, then was in Canton during winter of 1802–1803. Sailed home in company with the Atahualpa, arriving in Boston in June 1803.[95]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under Dixey Wildes arrives on NW Coast (1st voyage of 4). Sister ship of Guatimozin; 210-tons; built at Kennebunk; owned by Theodore Lyman and Associates. Left Boston in 1800, cruised NW Coast in 1801; winter at Nahwitti.[96]
  • USA: Caroline (II), under Charles Derby, first mate William Sturgis, arrives on NW Coast (1st voyage of 2). Boston ship of 150-tons, owned by James & Thomas Lamb, Russell Sturgis, Ebenezer Preble, and Charles Derby. Spent season of 1801 on NW Coast, then wintered in Hawaii. Returned to the coast in 1802.[97]
  • USA: Charlotte, under James D. Ingersoll arrives on NW Coast at Kaigani. Ship of 155-tons built at Scituate, MA, in 1800. Owned by 17 Boston merchants. From Kaigani went to "Wacosh's Harbor" with a plan for revenge for attack on Belle Savage earlier in 1801. According to William Sturgis, five chiefs were seduced on board then massacred. In retribution for this attack James Magee of the Globe was murdered in October 1801 at Skidegate, according to Sturgis. The Charlotte arrived in Canton in late 1801, then Boston in 1802. Sold in Hamburg later in 1802.[98]
  • USA: Ship Despatch or Dispatch, now under Samuel A. Dorr, arrives on NW Coast for 4th time (see 1795). Spent 1801 season on NW Coast. Then to Canton and on to Boston, a 4th circumnavigation. Captain Dorr died during the voyage.[99]
  • USA: The Manchester, under John Brice, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 285 tons, registered and owned in Philadelphia. Sailed from Bristol, RI, in October 1800. Arrived at Nootka Sound for the trading season of 1801. At Nootka Sound seven of the crew deserted and were captured and killed by local Nuu-chah-nulth. Manchester stayed on NW Coast through 1802.[100]
  • USA: Polly, under Thomas Kilby, arrives on NW Coast. The 107 ton snow was owned by Abiel Winship and others. Left Boston on 26 Aug 1800. On 10 April 1801 arrived at Tattiskey (near/in Kaigani (trading site)), quickly encountering Caroline, Hazard, Despatch, and Globe. The Polly arrived at Masset on 25 April, then cruised Haida Gwaii, Kaigani, and the nearby mainland. Stopped at the Nass River on 10 May, then returned to Haida Gwaii and Kaigani. At Tittiskey again, encountered Enterprise, Lucy, Litteler, Lavinia, Atahualpa, Despatch, Hazard, and Belle Savage by June. Left Tattiskey for Canton on 19 June 1801, with brief stop in Hawaii. On 14 Sept 1801 rescued seven "China men off a water box in distress". At Macau on 14 Sept. Left for home on 28 Nov 1801, arriving in Boston on 5 May 1802.[101]
  • USA: Vessel Three Sisters, under Peleg Barker, on the NW Coast for the 1801 trading season. The ship never arrived in Canton. There only documentation about the ship and its possible voyage comes from the "List of American trading vessels" prepared by E.B. Hewes and cited by Howay, according to whom it was a New York vessel.[102]
  • USA: Enterprise, under Ezekiel Hubbell, with Joseph O'Cain as supercargo on PNW coast since . Apparently stopped in San Blas and picked up Joseph O'Cain in January 1801. Details of voyage unclear, but Enterprise probably returned to Boston in the summer or fall of 1802.[75]

1802

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cheerful; Unicorn.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Yekaterina.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; [Amethyst?]; Atahualpa; [Belle Savage?]; Caroline; Catherine; Globe; [Greenwood?]; [Hazard?]; Hetty; Jenny; Juno; Manchester; Mary; Vancouver.[18]
  • Hawaii: Capital of Hawaiian Kingdom moved to Lahaina (1802-1812; 1820-1845).
  • Russia/Tlingit: Tlingit attack and destroy Old Sitka.
  • Russia: RAC brigantine Predpriyatie Sv. Aleksandry wrecked at Unalaska Island or Okhotsk.[6]
  • USA: Alert (I), under John Ebbets, arrives on NW Coast for 2nd time. Cruises coast then sails to Hawaii, then Canton. In Canton Ebbets shipped Chinese cargo to Boston on a different ship and took Alert back to NW Coast in 1803.[103]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under Dixey Wildes, continues cruising NW Coast after wintering at Nahwitti. Then to Hawaii and Canton. Returned to Boston in 1803.[104]
  • USA: Arctic, under Captain S. Briggs, on NW Coast. Little is known. Was a Philadelphia vessel of 185 or 200 tons, owned by "the House of R.H. Wilcocks & Co. of Philadelphia", according to Ralph Haskins, supercargo of Atahualpa, which encountered the Arctic at Kaigani. Haskins wrote that Briggs expected to acquire 3000 otter skins (he got 900), and was "utterly ignorant of the coast & the manner in which business is here conducted".[105]
  • USA: Caroline (II), under Charles Derby, first mate William Sturgis, returns to NW Coast from wintering in Hawaii. Spent season of 1802 on NW Coast, then returned to Hawaii where Captain Derby died in September. William Sturgis became captain and sailed to Canton, then to Boston, arriving home in March 1803.[106]
  • USA: The Manchester, under John Brice, still on NW Coast. In summer sails for Canton, then back to Philadelphia in 1803.[107]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Thomas Brown, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 235 tons, built at Kennebunk in 1801, owned by Boston merchant Theodore Lyman. Maiden voyage under Captain Brown to NW Coast. Traded through the 1802 season, then made a brief visit to Hawaii in October 1802. Returned to NW Coast for 1803 season.[108]

1803

edit
  • USA: Louisiana Purchase.
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activo (Monterey, Santa Barbara); Princesa (Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego).[1]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Olga.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; Alexander; Boston; Guatimozin; Hazard (Rowan); Hazard (Swift); Juno; Lelia Byrd; Mary; O'Cain; Vancouver.[18]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Ship O'Cain, under Joseph Burling O'Cain, working for the Winship family, leaves Boston on 23 January 1803. Ship of 280 tons built at Plymouth, named by O'Cain for Joseph O'Cain, owned by "the Winship family of Brighton, MA". At Kodiak by October 1803. Met with Baranov, made agreement by which O'Cain took 40 Aleuts, 20 baidarkas, and RAC overseers Afanasii Shvetsov and Timofei Nikitich Tarakanov, to hunt sea otters in Baja California (illegally), pelts to be divided equally. Sails to San Diego in Deccember 1803, then to San Quintín Bay, Baja California. Hunting for months into 1804. Wintered on the coast, hunting all the while. Returned to Kodiak in June 1804. Then sailed to Canton and Boston (see 1804).[109][110][111][75]
  • Russia: RAC galiot Sv. Dmitrii wrecked at Umnak Island.[6]
  • USA: Boston, under John Salter, arrives on NW Coast. Seized and destroyed by Maquinna at Nootka Sound. Two survivors, John Thompson and John R. Jewitt become slaves of Maquinna for about two years.
  • USA: Alert (I), John Ebbets, returns to NW Coast from Canton. Cruises coast, then to Hawaii, Canton, and Boston, arriving home in May 1804.[112]
  • USA: Alexander (I), under John Brown, arrives on NW Coast for 3rd time, having left Boston in July 1802. Cruises NW Coast in 1803; "subjected to Indian hostilities" according to Bancroft. Sails to San Francisco with the Hazard in August 1803. Then to Canton and Boston, arriving home in June 1804.[113]
  • USA: Ship Eleanora (II), under Edward Cole, reported in Canton having come from "South Seas and NW Coast". Ship Eleanora, 250-tons, 86-foot long, built at Bath, Maine, in 1800. Registered in Boston, transferred to Providence owners in 1802. Apparently on NW Coast in 1803. Later involved in trans-Atlantic trade; wrecked on coast of Holland in 1808.[114]
  • USA: The Mary, under William Bowles, then J. Gray, arrives on NW Coast. The 209-ton ship was built at Salem, launched in 1801. In June 1802 left either Boston or Bristol, RI. Spent 1803 season on NW Coast. Captain Bowles died "en route" and the owner J. Gray took over. In March 1803, with the Juno, unsuccessfully tried to rescue the survivors of Boston at Nootka Sound. On 8 November 1803 arrived at Canton, arrived home in May 1804. Second voyage reached NW Coast in 1805.[115]
  • USA: Oneida, under Caleb Brintnall, in Pacific. Vessel of 200 tons. Little known. Arrived at Canton 18 Sept 1803 from the "Isle of Masafuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island), NW Coast and Chile". On 26 Nov 1803 sailed from Canton for New York City.[116]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Thomas Brown, returned to NW Coast from Hawaii. Spent 1803 season trading on the NW Coast. By 8 November 1803 was at Canton. On 20 January 1804 sailed for home, arriving back at Boston in June 1804. On 4 August 1804 set sail again for the NW Coast, still under Captain Brown.[117]
  • USA: Lelia Byrd (also Delia Byrd), under William Shaler, with second in command Richard J. Cleveland, in Pacific, with focus on smuggling in Mexico and California. Virginia-built brig of 175 tons; 17-24 crew; 24 guns; owners William Shaler, Richard J. Cleveland, and Polish Count de Rouissellon. Left Hamburg on 8 Nov 1801. At Valparaiso in early 1802 (difficulties with authorities). At San Blas in Jan 1803; purchase of 1,600 California sea otter skins. In March 1803 seized at San Diego (escaped with artillery duel). During summer visited San Diego [again?], San Quintín Bay, San José del Cabo, and San Blas. Then to Hawaii and Canton in early 1804. Continued in the Pacific in 1804 and 1805.[20][118]

1804

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activo (Monterey, Santa Barbara); Princesa (Monterey, San Diego).[1]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Aleksandr; Rostislav; Yekaterina; Yermak.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Atahualpa; Caroline; Guatimozin; Hazard (Rowan); Hazard (Swift); Lelia Byrd; O'Cain.[18]
  • Spain: Mission Santa Inés founded, Santa Ynez.
  • Russia/Tlingit: Battle of Sitka; Alexandr Baranov retakes Sitka by force. Warship Neva helps.
  • Russia: Sitka (Novo-Arkhangelsk, Fort Archangel Michael) founded.
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: O'Cain, under Joseph Burling O'Cain, working for the Winship family, sailed from Kodiak to Baja California in late 1803. Several months spent with Alaskan RAC hunters collecting otter furs and more acquired through illicit trade with various Spanish colonists. In March 1804, sails back to Kodiak with 1,110 furs plus about 700 more from trade with Spanish. Arrives at Kodiak in June 1804. O'Cain then sails to China, then Boston, arriving home on 1 July 1805. Second voyage reached NW Coast in 1806.[75][119][111]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under Oliver Porter arrives on NW Coast (2nd voyage of 4). Left Boston in 1803. Wintered on coast? Continued cruise in 1805.[120]
  • USA: Caroline (II), under William Sturgis, arrives on NW Coast via Hawaii (2nd voyage of 2). Still owned by Thomas & James Lamb and Russell Sturgis, joined by James & Thomas H Perkins. Spent season of 1804 on NW Coast, arriving in January. Traded in the north between Nahwitti and Prince of Wales Island; then to Columbia River in August to get cargo of "clemmels" (tanned hides) for trade; returned to Nahwitti. Traded constantly through June 1805.[121]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Thomas Brown, returns from first voyage, arriving in Boston in June 1804. Sailed from Boston on 4 August 1804 for a second voyage to the NW Coast, with instructions to meet the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the mouth of the Columbia River. Arrived on the NW Coast in early 1805.[122]
  • USA: Lelia Byrd (also Delia Byrd), under William Shaler, in Pacific, with focus on smuggling in Mexico and California. Second in command Richard J. Cleveland returned to New England on another vessel, while Captain Shaler returned to California. Left Canton on 8 Feb 1804. On 1 May 1804 off Columbia River, then south through summer into fall, visiting San Francisco, Ventura, Baja California, Guaymas. On 1 Oct 1804 left Mazatlán. Late December 1804 to January 1805 at Guatemala. Continued into 1805.[20][118]

1805

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activo (Monterey); Princesa (Monterey).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Myrtle.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Maria; Rostislav; Yekaterina; Yermak.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Atahualpa; Caroline; Juno; [Katherine?]; Lydia; Mary; Pearl; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: RAC ship Sv. Mariia Magdalina (St. Mary Magdalene, AKA Maria Magdalena or just Maria) arrives in Sitka on 26 August 1805, with Nikolai Rezanov and Georg von Langsdorff on board, representative of Emperor Alexander I.[123][111]
  • Russia: RAC brig Sv. Zakharii i Elizaveta wrecked at Kodiak Island.[6]
  • Japan/Russia: Unknown Japanese vessel wrecked near Sitka.[124]
  • USA: Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches Pacific, spends winter near mouth of Columbia River.
  • USA: John R. Jewitt, enslaved at Nootka, rescued by Samuel Hill, Lydia.
  • USA: O'Cain, under Johnathan Winship Jr, sails from Boston in October 1805.[75]
  • USA: Peacock, under Oliver Kimball (brother-in-law of Joseph O'Cain) sails from Boston on 14 September 1805.[75]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under Oliver Porter continues NW Coast cruise from previous year. Attacked by natives at Milbanke Sound; Captain Porter and 8 others killed. Quickly assisted by Lydia (Samuel Hill) and Vancouver (Brown). First mate Mr. Adams takes command. At Nahwitti assisted by several ships. Supercargo of Lydia transferred to Atahualpa. Immediately after sails to Canton then Boston, arriving home in December 1805.[125]
  • USA: In June 1805 six American ships gathered at Nahwitti during the aftermath of an attack on the Atahualpa at Milbanke Sound: The Vancouver, Lydia, Pearl, Mary, Atahualpa, and Juno.
  • USA: Caroline (II), under William Sturgis, continues trading on NW Coast, very successfully. In June sailed to Hawaii, then Canton in October. Sturgis returned to Boston on the Eugenia.[126]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Juno, under John D'Wolf (uncle of Herman Melville), in Pacific. Brig of 206 tons, 8 guns, crew of 26. Bought by Charles, James, and George D'Wolf in 1804. Left Bristol (Rhode Island) on 13 August 1804. Rounded Cape Horn in company with Mary of Boston, Nov 1804. In April 1805 arrived at Nahwitti, Vancouver Island. Cruised the NW Coast north, arriving at Sitka on 17 Aug 1805. Met Nikolai Rezanov and Georg von Langsdorff, and Baranov. Sold Juno to Rezanov, along with remaining outward cargo, saving the Russians from a food emergency. Rezanov paid almost twice what Juno and cargo had originally been bought for, and provided D'Wolf with the Russian ship Yermak. D'Wolf had his crew sail Yermak, with 1,000 otter pelts, to Canton. D'Wolf planned to sail with Juno to Siberia, but Rezanov changed plans. Following some "adventures", D'Wolf "took charge" of 25-ton brig Russisloff in 1806 and sailed with Langsdorff. Returning to Rhode Island ended up involving an overland journey across Siberia to St. Petersburg, taking 16 months after leaving Alaska. While in Sitka D'Wolf gave Baranov the idea of poaching otters on the California coast. Note: Langsdorff and D'Wolf appear in Chapter 45 of Moby Dick.[127][128]
  • USA: The Mary, now under E. Prescott, owners Samuel and Sylvanus Gray, arrives on NW Coast for second time. Spent 1805 season trading between Sitka and Vancouver Island.Arrived in Canton in December 1805. Departed for Boston in February 1806. Wrecked on the way home, according to William Tufts ("Account of the vessels engaged in the sea-otter fur trade on the Northwest Coast prior to 1808")[129]
  • USA: Ship Pearl (I), under John Ebbets, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 200 tons, owned by J. & T. Lamb. First mate John Suter would captain 2nd voyage, second mate George Clark later captained several ships. Left Boston Sept 1804, arrived at Nahwitti in April 1805. Traded on coast until Aug 1806.[130][131]
  • USA/Hawaii: Schooner Tamana of 45 tons built in 1805 in Hawaii for Kamehamaha I, and named for his Queen. In September 1805 Tamana was traded to the Americans William Shaler and Richard J. Cleveland as partial payment for the Lelia Byrd. Used by them in 1806.[132]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Thomas Brown, arrives on NW Coast from Boston, for the second time. Had instructions to meet the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the mouth of the Columbia River to transport their expeditionary notes back to the US (Malloy does not say whether this was even attempted). Cruised the NW Coast in the spring of 1805. On 16 May 1805 encountered the Atahualpa, under Oliver Porter, a vessel also owned by Theodore Lyman. Ebenezer Clinton, tailor, transferred from Vancouver to Atahualpa, then the ships separated. On 13 June 1805 the Atahualpa experienced a violent incident with natives "under the leadership of Chief Kielt", resulting in the death of Captain Porter and several others of the crew. A few days later the Vancouver arrived to treat the wounded and transfer some of the survivors, including Ebenezer Clinton, who then remained on Vancouver. Continued to cruise the coast until 8 September 1806, encountering at various times the Boston ships Caroline, Pearl, Lydia, and others. Left the Coast on 8 September 1806. Arrived in Canton on 20 November 1805. Left for home on 12 January 1807.[133]
  • USA: Lelia Byrd (also Delia Byrd), under William Shaler, in Pacific, with focus on smuggling in Mexico and California. In March visited San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina Island (where repairs were made), San Pedro, and San Diego. In April Bahía de Todos Santos. During summer, Santa Catalina Island, San Pedro, Santa Barbara, San Diego, Punta Colonet, Cabo San Lucas. On 22 August 1805 arrived at Hawaii. There, no longer confident in the sea-worthiness of the Lelia Byrd, Shaler sold it to Kamehameha I in exchange for Tamana.[20][118] Additional reading: Shaler, William (1935). Journal of a Voyage Between China and the North-western Coast of America, Made in 1804. Saunders studio Press. OCLC 5013591.

1806

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Myrtle.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Aleksandr; Nikolay.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Eclipse; [Grampus?]; Hamilton; Hazard; Lydia; [Mary?]; [Maryland?]; Mercury; O'Cain; Peacock; Pearl; Vancouver.[18]
  • UK: Fort St. James (AKA Stuart Lake Post) established by Simon Fraser of the NWC on Stuart Lake. Acquired by HBC in 1821. Administration center for HBC's New Caledonia fur district.
  • USA: Lewis and Clark Expedition leaves for home, barely missing Lydia, under Samuel Hill.
  • Russia/Spanish California: Alexander Andreyevich Baranov and Nikolai Rezanov purchase Juno from John D'Wolf, in late 1805 or early 1806. Under Nikolai Khvostov, with Rezanov, sails from Sitka in 8 March 1806 (25 Feb "old style"), for Spanish California, hoping to address the RAC food crisis. Arrives at Columbia River on 14 March ("old style"), a few days spent trying but failing to enter the river to reconnoiter for a possible Russian outpost (could have met Lewis & Clark). In late March ("old style") arrives at San Francisco. Welcomed by Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga and stays for 6 weeks. Tries to establish regular trade between California and Russian Alaska, but both governments give little heed. Returns to Sitka with cargo of food.[128][134][111]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Ship O'Cain, now under Jonathan Winship Jr, returns to NW Coast. Left Boston Oct 1805, sailed to Sitka via Hawaii in spring 1806. Took over 120 Aleuts and 75 baidarkas to California, arriving in June 1806. Leaves hunters and eturned to Sitka in 1807.[135]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Brig Peacock, under Oliver Kimball (brother-in-law of Joseph O'Cain), in Pacific. Brig of 108 tons from New England. Left in Sept 1805, arrived in California via Hawaii in Feb 1806. Acquired about 1,200 sea otter skins through illegal trade with Spanish. Captain Kimball found himself constantly pursued by Spanish authorities who eventually arrested five of his crew, including the first mate. The men captured by the Spanish when Kimball attempted to get supplies at Mission San Juan Capistrano. Complex series of events ensued. Three Winship family ships working together: Peacock, Eclipse, and O'Cain.[75] On 10 April 1806 one of Peacock boats rowed into San Diego harbor and threw onto the beach a bundle with two letters, one a petition to the Spanish governor for return of crew, the other urging the first mate to escape, but no evidence Kimball saw him again. Then Kimball took Peacock north to Sitka. On 25 Oct 1806 made a contract with Baranov to bring RAC hunters south in 1807.[136]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California/Japan: Eclipse (343 ton vessel), under Joseph O'Cain, sails from Boston on 26 January 1806. Sails to Russian America and arranges another joint venture with Baranov. At San Diego by 25 June 1806. Five Spanish soldiers sent to Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, but they are captured by O'Cain, who released two with instructions for Manuel Rodríguez, military commander at San Diego, demanding the return of the pilot of Peacock. O'Cain threatened to destroy the battery and presidio of San Diego if refused. Complex series of events ensues. O'Cain takes Eclipse to Baja California, accompanied by the small vessel (about 10 tons) Tomimi or Tomis (perhaps Tamana described below)?, under Captain Juan Archer or Arhen according to the Spanish. On 18 July 1806 a boat with five crew of Eclipse captured by Spanish when landing in San José del Cabo Bay. Some men from Tomimi also captured in the area. Then O'Cain sails Eclipse back to Alaska via Hawaii. In Hawaii, finds a crew of Japanese sailors who had been picked up at sea. O'Cain takes them to Sitka and convinces Baranov to trust him to take a large cargo of furs to Canton, after which O'Cain would go to Japan with the aim of opening ports to Russian trade. Failure: Furs sold at low price in Canton; then entered Nagasaki harbor under Russian flag; towed to anchor; Dutch official inspects Eclipse and, finding no Russians on board, orders O'Cain to leave and never return. Then O'Cain sailed to Petropavlovsk, transferred half of cargo to Russians, then sailed for Kodiak but wrecked on Sanak Island (Aleutians); all died except O'Cain and four others. O'Cain and the the four survivors built a vessel from the wreckage and presumably continued trading. But nothing is known about O'Cain after this. Probably got back to Boston eventually with much wealth.[75]
  • USA: Schooner Tamana, owned by William Shaler and Richard J. Cleveland, sent from Hawaii to California where several Yankee vessels were encountered hunting sea otters with contracted Alaskan labor. A wounded Samuel Porter came on board from the O'Cain and took passage back to Hawaii. Unclear if the vessel was on the NW Coast but seems possible.[137]
  • USA: Ship Pearl (I), still under John Ebbets, continues to trade on NW Coast until Aug 1806, then to Hawaii, Canton, and Boston, arriving home on 10 May 1807. Second voyage on coast in 1808.[138][131]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Thomas Brown, continues to cruise the NW Coast, having arrived there in early 1806. Encountered at various times the Boston ships Caroline, Pearl, Lydia, and others. Left the NW Coast on 8 September 1806. Arrived in Canton on 20 November 1805. Left for home on 12 January 1807. Arrived back in Boston on 22 May 1807. Made another voyage to the NW Coast in 1808.[139]
  • USA: Maryland, under Jonathan Perry, at California. New York ship. Left New York in 1805. At Peru and then California by fall 1806, and Baja California through Feb 1807, including San José del Cabo.[20]

1807

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activo (Monterey, San Diego); Princesa (Monterey, San Diego).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Myrtle.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Kodiak; Nikolay; Sitka.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Amethyst?]; Atahualpa; [Augustus?]; Derby; Eclipse; Guatimozin; Hamilton; Hazard; Mercury; O'Cain; Peacock.[18]
  • UK: Fort George (now Prince George, BC) established by Simon Fraser of the North West Company at the Fraser–Nechako confluence.
  • UK: Fort McLeod (AKA Trout Lake Fort and La Malice Fort) established by Simon Fraser of the NWC at the north end of McLeod Lake.
  • Spain: Brig Activo, under (?), to California. Brig of 6 guns, Spanish Navy. Sailed from San Blas, stopped at Monterey, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and San Diego. Returned to San Blas on 10 Dec 1807 with 273 sea otter skins.[20]
  • Russia: RAC brig Sitkha (Sitka), newly built at Sitka, wrecked at Kamchatka.[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro arrives on PNW Coast. Served HBC in PNW until 1860 when sold; wrecked in about 1862.
  • USA/Russia: Eclipse, under Joseph O'Cain, arrives on NW Coast in 1806. The 18–gun, 343-ton ship was built at Medford, MA, in 1804 by Thatcher Magoun. Owned by and built for James and Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Left Boston in January 1806. On California coast in June 1806 (Malloy says 1807 but is wrong?). Sailed to Sitka in August. RAC Governor Baranov and O'Cain struck a deal whereby O'Cain would deliver fur and walrus tusks to Canton and Japan. In Canton by April 1808.[140][6]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Ship O'Cain, under Jonathan Winship Jr, returns to Sitka after, cruising California coast, with $60,000 of sea otter pelts. Picks up 50 more Aleuts and sails to California. In Oct 1807 back in Sitka with all the hunters. In Canton by 31 Dec 1807 with furs worth $136,300. Then home in June 1808. Third voyage reached NW Coast late 1809 (see 1810).[141]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under William F. Sturgis arrives on NW Coast (3rd voyage of 4). Left Boston in 1806. Cruises NW Coast, then to Hawaii, Canton, and Boston, arriving home in 1808. (In 1808 Sturgis then takes Atahualpa on a voyage direct to Canton and back to Boston)[142]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Brig Peacock, under Oliver Kimball, having made an agreement with Baranov at Sitka in late 1806, took a group of RAC Aleuts and their baidarkas to California. Arrived at Bodega Bay in spring 1807. Set up shelters there and sent Aleuts north and south to hunt. Returned to Sitka on 3 Aug 1807, with the hunters and 1,253 otter pelts. Then to Canton by end of 1807. Then sailed for home in Jan 1808. Severe gale in Sunda Strait damaged Peacock, which was condemned and sold at Batavia (Jakarta) on 1 March 1808.[143]
  • USA: Ship Derby, under Benjamin Swift, arrives on NW Coast. The 300-ton ship was built at Salem, MA, in 1803. Named after the Derby family, of which John Derby had invested in the first Boston NW venture in 1787. Ship owned by James & Thomas Handasyd Perkins and James & Thomas Lamb, in partnership with captain Benjamin Swift. Left Boston in Sept 1806, traded on NW Coast during 1807 season. Spent time in Columbia River collecting "clamons" (hides for trade). Also at some point went to Sitka and took 50+ Aleut hunters and 25 baidarkas for hunting sea otters in California during the 1807-08 winter. Apparently stayed on NW Coast for 1808 season, then to Canton in late 1808 and back to Boston in 1809. Second voyage reached NW Coast in 1810.[144]
  • USA: Mercury (II), under William Heath Davis arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 145 tons. Left Boston in January 1806 for one of the most prolonged MFT voyages. In summer 1806 met Pearl and Peacock in Hecate Strait. By November was in California, then to Hawaii and Canton. In Canton Davis returned to Boston on another vessel and George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) took command for an 1808 NW Coast voyage.[145]
  • USA: Schooner Pilgrim, under Samuel Delano Jr, in Pacific, possibly NW Coast. Schooner of 62 tons, from Boston, owned by members of the Delano family, including the captain's father Samuel Delano, and Amasa Delano. Sailed around Cape Horn on a sealing voyage. Stopped at Mas Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk Island). Was in Canton in Jan 1808. Records at Canton say the schooner had been on the NW Coast, but no other evidence has been found.[146]
  • USA: Tonquin, under Edmund Fanning, arrives at Canton. Owned by Fanning & Coles, sailed from New York City on 26 May 1807 for the Old China Trade. Began return voyage on 18 Nov 1807, arriving in New York City on 6 March 1808 with a full cargo of valuable goods.

1808

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Concepción (Monterey, San Diego); Princesa (San Diego); San Carlos (Monterey, San Francisco).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Otter?].[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chirikov; Kodiak; Nikolay.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Amethyst?]; Derby; Guatimozin; Mercury; Pearl; [Triumph?]; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Two RAC ships, the schooner Sv. Nikolai (St. Nicholas) under Nikolai Bulygin with Timofei Tarakanov (or Timothy Tarakanof) as supercargo, and Kad’iak under Ivan Petrov with expedition leader Ivan Kuskov, sail south from Sitka to explore coast to California and establish post in Bodega Bay area. The Sv. Nikolai traded near Cape Flattery in October; sailed north to Clayoquot Sound, then south to vicinity of Destruction Island and began coast surveying work. Wrecked and sank on 1 November 1808 at Rialto Beach near mouth of Quillayute River. Survivors lived with the Hoh and Makah in a servile way until rescued by Thomas Brown of the Lydia (II) in 1811.[147][148][6]
  • Russia: RAC tender Avos’ wrecked at Chichagof Island.[6]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), now under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) sails from Canton to Kodiak. Picks up crew of native hunters and a Russian overseer for California coast. Sailing south stopped in Haida Gwaii, Columbia River, and Bodega Bay, then to San Francisco in December 1818. Winter of 1818–19 spent in California. Then back to Alaska. Repeated this pattern for years. Hunters included Aleuts with baidarkas, under Mr. Shvetsov. Also NW Coast natives, probably kidnapped, from Vancouver Island or Olympic Peninsula. According to Astorian employee Gabriel Franchère and native oral tradition, Eayrs abandoned some of his NW natives in California. Eayrs's trade system was lucrative but illegal; ship seized in 1813.[149]
  • USA/Russia: The Eclipse, under Joseph O'Cain, at Canton from Sitka, having been contracted by the RAC (see 1807). Sold some cargo for an unfavorable price, took on provisions and Chinese goods under supervision of a Russian steward/supercargo. Then sailed to Nagasaki, Japan, but was quickly evicted by Japanese authorities. Then to Kamchatka; delivered to RAC commissioner some Chinese wares and 207,000 rubles earned from furs and tusks. Then sailed for Kodiak Island, but in September 1808 wrecked at Sanak Island. The Russian steward and 21 of the crew died. Almost all the cargo was lost. Aleuts found 7 survivors, including O'Cain. Some, including young Archibald Campbell, left in small boats and struggled for three months to reach a Russian settlement in Fox Islands (Unalaska?), during which Campbell's feet froze and had to be amputated.[150] O'Cain, with a few other survivors and some Aleuts remained on Sanak Island and built a small schooner from the ship wreckage. In late February 1809 they sailed from the island only to wreck on Unalaska Island. O'Cain, 2 of his sailors, and his Hawaiian girlfriend drowned trying to reach the shore on floating ice. Sole survivors were O'Cain's "escort" Ivan Bubnov, one promyshlennik, and 9 Aleuts.[6]
  • USA: Ship Pearl (I), 2nd voyage under John Suter (see 1805-6 for 1st voyage). Now owned mostly by J. & T.H. Perkins. Left Boston in July 1807. "Presumably spent the seasons of 1808 and 1809 on the NW Coast".[151][131]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, having returned to Boston from second NW voyage in May 1807, was registered again in August 1807, with Isaac Whittemore as captain and owned by J & T Lamb, J & TH Perkins, and Russell Sturgis. Arrived on the NW Coast in the spring of 1808 and traded through the fall of 1809.[152]
  • USA: Ship Dromo, under captain Woodward, in Pacific. Ship of 492 or 600 tons; crew of 100 or 108; 26 guns; owners Andrew Cabot, James Lee Jr, and Henry Lee, of Boston. Left Boston 6 Dec 1807. In March-April 1808 at Concepción and Coquimbo, Chile. Then to El Realejo, Nicaragua, and Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, in Autumn 1808. Stayed on coast into 1809.[20]
  • USA: Tonquin, under Reuben Brumley, with Edmund Fanning and Willet Coles on board, and owned by Fanning & Coles, arrives in Pacific. Left New York City on 15 June 1808 for Fiji. Sailed around Cape Horn and to King George Sound, Australia, arriving on 8 Oct 1808. Some trade with local Noongar. Left on 21 Oct 1808 for Tongatapu, Tonga, then to Vanua Levu, Fiji, arriving on 11 Dec. Over several months acquired a large cargo of sandalwood. Continued into 1809.

1809

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Princesa (Monterey, San Diego); San Carlos (Monterey, San Diego).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Otter?] (Jobelin).[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chirikov; Kodiak; Konstantin.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Amethyst?]; [Augusta?]; Hamilton; Lydia; Mercury; O'Cain; Otter (Hill); Pearl; Vancouver.[18]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) , continues pattern of sailing between Alaska and California for the RAC.[153]
  • USA: Brig Albatross leaves Boston for extended voyage on PNW Coast. Brig of 165-tons built in Weymouth, MA, in 1803. Rig altered to a ship at some point. Owners for NW voyage were Abiel Winship and Benjamin P. Homer of Boston, and Jonathan and Nathan Winship of Brighton. Captain was Nathan Winship. Sailed to Hawaii, then to Columbia River, arriving in 1810.[154]
  • USA: Ship Otter (II), under Samuel Hill, arrives on NW Coast. Brig of 238 tons, built at Newburyport in 1806 "for a Bengal trader but...bought from there by Oliver Keating Merchant of Boston part owner and Agent of said brig". Sailed from Boston in April 1809, arriving in Hawaii, then sailed in company with Hamilton to NW Coast, arriving Oct 1809. Traded through winter. Continued in 1810 and 1811.[155][156]
  • USA: Ship Pearl (I), still under John Suter. "Presumably" continues trading on NW Coast. Arrives at Canton on 1 Dec 1809. Cargo of 6,000 sea otter pelts: largest cargo recorded for any voyage. Back at Boston on 4 Aug 1810.[157][131]
  • USA: Ship Vancouver, under Isaac Whittemore, continues to cruise the NW Coast through the fall of 1809. Then sailed to Canton. When the Vancouver arrived in Canton it may have been under the command of Benjamin Swift, "but this is not clear". Arrived back in Boston in August 1810, then sold to new owners not involved with the Northwest trade. Further information: Ebenezer Clinton's logbook, Vancouver log, Boston Ship Registers, Howay, Richards.[158]
  • USA: Ship Dromo, under captain Woodward, still on coast of Mexico. In Jan 1809 at Bahía de Todos Santos, Baja California. By March at Hawaii; then Canton in late 1809, with 1,700 sea otter skins. Returned to Boston in 1810.[20]
  • USA: Tonquin, under Reuben Brumley, with Edmund Fanning and Willet Coles on board, and owned by Fanning & Coles, still at Vanua Levu, Fiji, collecting sandalwood. On 22 March 1809 left for Canton, where the sandalwood was sold for Chinese products. Then sailed back to New York City.

1810

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Activo (Monterey); Princesa (Monterey, San Diego); Mosca (Manila->California).[1]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chirikov; Konstantin; Yunona.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Albatross; Derby; Enterprise; Hamilton; Isabella; Katherine; Lydia; Mercury; O'Cain; Otter.[18]
  • Hawaii: King of Kauai, Kaumualii submits to Kamehameha I. Kauai and Niʻihau join Hawaiian Kingdom. Kamehameha I becomes king of all the Hawaiian Islands.
  • UK: Spokane House established by 'NWC at confluence of Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers. Nearby the PFC established Fort Spokane, acquired by NWC in 1813, which abandoned its original Spokane House in favor of Fort Spokane (but still called it Spokane House). Acquired by HBC in 1821; abandoned in 1825 in favor of Fort Colville.
  • Russia: Warship/storeship Diana, under Vasily Golovnin, in Pacific. Vessel of 300 tons, 84 feet long. Voyage to supply Russian Pacific settlements, and as a display of Russian hegemony over North Pacific. Sailed from Kronstadt (Baltic) in July 1807. Detained by British near Cape of Good Hope; "escaped" in May 1809. In 1810 arrived in Kamchatka, then to Baranof Island, Sitka.[4]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) , continues pattern of sailing between Alaska and California for the RAC.[159]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California: Ship O'Cain, still under Jonathan Winship Jr, returns to NW Coast. Left Boston May 1809, at Sitka in Dec 1809. Cruised Haida Gwaii area in 1810 season. In Aug back at Sitka; took Aleut hunters to California for 3rd time, arriving in Nov 1810. Details uncertain until Feb 1812 arrival at Canton via Hawaii, cargo of almost 3,000 sea otter skins. In 1812 to Hawaii.[160]
  • USA/Russia: Ship Otter (II), under Samuel Hill, continues to cruise NW Coast. In May 1810 confrontation with Russian Captain Christopher Martinevich Benzemann (?, Juno earlier under Resanoff/Rezanov/Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov) of Juno (formerly of Bristol, RI), "in the process apparently inciting the local Haida...to kill eight of the Aleut hunters on board the Russian vessel". Continued to cruise NW Coast into 1811.[161][156][162]
  • USA: Albatross, Captain Nathan Winship arrives in Hawaii from Boston. Then to Columbia River in June. Winship unsuccessfully attempted to establish a trading post (a year before the Astorians arrived). Shifted focus to California in 1811.[163]
  • USA: Ship Derby, now under James Bennett (with William Sturgis in crew), arrives on NW Coast. Owners J & TH Perkins and J & T Lamb joined by William Sturgis. Spent 1810 season on NW Coast, then at Canton in January 1811. At some point Captain Bennett exchanged commands with Thomas Brown of Lydia. Brown took Derby back to Boston in 1811.[164]
  • USA: Brig Lydia (II), under Thomas Brown, arrives on NW Coast. Owned by J. & T.H. Perkins. Left Boston in April 1809. Spent 1810 season on NW Coast. Ransomed the survivors of Russian vessel St. Nicholas, which had wrecked in Makah territory in 1808. Remained on NW Coast until 1813.[165]
  • USA: Ship Isabella, under William Heath Davis, in Pacific. Ship of 209 tons; owner Boardman & Pope, Boston. Left Boston in 1809. In Pacific during 1810-1811 [need more info?].[20]

1811

edit
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chirikov; Yunona.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Albatross; Amethyst; Enterprise; Hamilton; Isabella; Katherine; Lydia; Mercury; New Hazard; O'Cain; Otter; Pedler; Tonquin.[18]
  • USA/UK: Fort Astoria built at mouth of Columbia River by Pacific Fur Company. Acquired by North West Company in 1813, renamed Fort George.
  • USA/UK: Fort Okanogan established by Pacific Fur Company at Columbia-Okanogan confluence; acquired by North West Company in 1813; HBC in 1821.
  • UK: David Thompson travels entire length of Columbia River to Fort Astoria still being built.
  • Russia: On 3 Nov 1811 Juno wrecked on the coast of Kamchatka while sailing from Sitka to Petropavlosk; only 3 survivors. Juno had been bought by RAC in 1806.[111]
  • Russia: RAC ship Yunona wrecked on 3 November 1811 near Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka; 23 people lost, only 3 survived. Nearly all the cargo, worth over 200,000 rubles, was lost. The Yunona was a 3-masted ship purchased by Nikolai Rezanov in 1805 from an American trader.[6]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) , continues pattern of sailing between Alaska and California for the RAC. In spring 1811 sails to Canton to sell furs for Captain Eayrs and RAC Governor Baranov.[166]
  • USA/Tlingit: Ship Otter (II), under Samuel Hill, continues to cruise NW Coast. In April 1811 Captain Hill involved in violent conflict with Chilkat Tlingit in or near Lynn Canal. Hill lost 2 men including 2nd mate and journal-keeper Richard Kemp. Sailed to Canton, arriving 20 Nov 1811, then Boston.[167][156][168]
  • USA: Pacific Fur Company ship Tonquin, under Jonathan Thorn (who had no experience with the NW Coast or "the Indian character"), arrived on NW Coast. Ship of 269 tons, built in New York City in 1807 and owned by John Jacob Astor. After its earlier maiden voyage under Edmund Fanning, Astor chose it for the establishment of a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River, in coordination with an overland party. Astor consulted with William Sturgis and offered him an interest in the venture and command of the ship, which Sturgis declined. Sturgis did give advice and suggest as first mate J.C. Fox. Ship left New York City on 8 September 1810 and arrived at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii on 12 Feb 1811. Provisioned then sailed to Honolulu, where 24 Native Hawaiians were hired for the fur venture and as laborers on Tonquin, including Naukane (AKA John Coxe). Left Hawaii on 1 March 1811 and arrived at Columbia River on 22 March. Difficulty crossing the Columbia Bar; 8 men died before getting across on 24 March and anchoring in Baker Bay. Two months spent building Fort Astoria. On 5 June 1811 Tonquin left for Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, to trade with the Tla-o-qui-aht Nuu-chah-nulth of Chief Wickaninnish. On 15 July 1811, in Clayoquot Sound, Tonquin was captured by natives led by Wickaninnish. In the Battle of Woody Point all but 4 crew were killed, of which 3 escaped in a rowboat (allegedly captured and killed after the explosion). On 16 June the last crewmember, James Lewis, badly wounded, allegedly set the ship's powder magazine alight. The Tonquin exploded, killing all aboard (possibly over 100 natives). A Quinault named Joseachal (or "Lamazie", according to Malloy), who had travelled on the Tonquin as a translator, had left the ship before it blew up. He travelled back to Fort Astoria with the news.[169]
  • USA: Albatross, Captain Nathan Winship, hunting California sea otters with a crew including some Native Alaskans. In October, Albatross sailed for China via Hawaii, under first mate William Smith (Winship stayed ashore in California), arriving in 1812.[170]
  • USA: Brig Lydia (II), under Thomas Brown, still on NW Coast. Sometime in 1811 Captain Thomas Brown exchanged commands with James Bennett of the Derby.[171]
  • USA: New Hazard, under David Nye (who had been 1st mate on Lydia under Samuel Hill, transferring from Pearl after prior 1st mate quit) arrives on NW Coast. Salem vessel of 281 tons built at Newburyport in 1809, owned by a consortium including John Derby (Washington (II) same size and owners (built 1810)). New Hazard left Boston 28 Aug 1810, on NW Coast 28 March 1811. Nye was vicious and tyrannical, trading slaves, firing on and murdering natives, flogging his men, etc. Documented in the journal of sailor Stephen Reynolds Cruised the northern parts of coast. Sailed to Hawaii in Sept 1811 for supplies, then returned to NW Coast for 1812 season.[172][173]
  • USA: Brig Sylph at Canton on 22 July 1811, from either Philadelphia or New York and possibly carring a cargo of opium. Brig of 206 tons part of the fleet of John Jacob Astor, built in 1808 in New York. British records indicate the vessel was bound for the NW Coast from Canton in 1811. Nothing more known until the vessel arrived in Hawaii in 1820.[174]

1812

edit
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Albatross?]; Amethyst; Atahualpa; Beaver; Charon; Isabella; Katherine; Lydia; Mercury; New Hazard; Packet; Pedler.[18]
  • USA/UK/War: War of 1812 begins in June 1812. Ends in February 1815.
  • Hawaii: Capital of Hawaiian Kingdom moved to Kailua-Kona, Hawaii (1812-1820).
  • Russia: Fort Ross (Fort Russiya, Rossiya) established.
  • USA/UK: Fort Kamloops (AKA Fort Cumcloups) founded by Pacific Fur Company; Fort Shuswap founded nearby by North West Company. Merged in 1813 when NWC bought PFC operations. Acquired by HBC in 1821, called Fort Thompson or Thompson's River Post, over time Fort Kamloops.
  • USA/Hawaii: Trepanging trade starts in Hawaii.
  • Russia/USA: Amethyst purchased by RAC (perhaps in 1813), renamed Truvor. Proves unfit for sailing and a significant financial loss for the RAC.[2][6]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) , continues pattern of sailing between Alaska and California for the RAC.[175]
  • USA/Russia/Spanish California:Ship O'Cain, still under Jonathan Winship Jr, sails from Canton to Hawaii for sandalwood (Winship opting not to return to Boston due to War of 1812). Back at Canton in April 1813. Then back to Hawaii and California. Details unclear until 1816.[176]
  • USA: Albatross, under William Smith, arrives at Canton in February. Was there chartered by Astor's Pacific Fur Company for a supply trip to newly established Fort Astoria, arriving in 1813.[177]
  • USA: Atahualpa, under John Suter cruising NW Coast (4th voyage of 4). Then to Aleutians and Hawaii. In Hawaii sold to 3 "Yankee captains" who had come to inform about the War of 1812. They were: William Heath Davis of Isabella, James Bennett of Lydia, and Lemuel Porter of Tamaahmaah. The Atahualpa was later sold to the Russians and renamed Behring.[178]
  • Russia/USA/California: Baranov of the Russian-American Company hires four Boston vessels to carry Russian-contracted Native Alaskan hunters and their 52 baidarkas to the California coast to hunt California sea otters. The vessels were the Amethyst, under Thomas Meek, Katherine, Charon, and Mercury. They sail from Sitka in January 1812, hunt through August, then return to Sitka. The Amethyst was purchased by the Russians later in 1812 and renamed Truvor.[2] It had made several voyages, "presumably three", to the Pacific and China, and most likely the NW Coast. The Amethyst was a 270-ton ship built in Salem, MA, in 1801, and was owned by members of the Dorr family.[179]
  • USA: Beaver, under Cornelius Soule, arrives at Columbia River in May 1812. The 480 ton ship was owned by Astor's Pacific Fur Company and left New York for Fort Astoria in October 1811. On 9 May 1812 crossed the Columbia Bar, then spent the rest of May trying to reach Fort Astoria, unsuccessfully. In the fall the Beaver sailed to Sitka. Was scheduled to return to the Columbia but proceeded directly to Canton instead, then returned to New York.[180]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Charon, under Isaac Whittemore, arrives on NW Coast. The 283-ton Charon was built at Medford, MA, by Thacher Magoun, and launched in 1800. Owned by Boardman and Pope with Jonathan Amory and Isaac Whittemore. Made one long voyage to the Pacific. Whittemore was brother-in-law of Jonathan Winship and like Winship got involved in poaching on the California coast. The Charon left Boston in late 1811. On NW Coast in March 1812. Went to Hawaii, then Sitka where Whittemore took a crew of Aleut hunters and a Russian overseer to California to hunt. The Charon alternated between California, Hawaii, and Alaska until 18 June 1814 when it was captured by the British in the War of 1812 (see 1814).[181]
  • USA: Brig Lydia (II), now under James Bennett, still on NW Coast.[182]
  • USA: New Hazard, under David Nye returns to NW Coast from Hawaii for a 2nd trading season. On 10 July 1812 met sister ship Packet. In Sept 1812 left for Hawaii, then to Canton, arriving 24 Dec 1812 with cargo of sea otter pelts and sandalwood. Left on 26 April 1813 for New England, via Hawaii. Arrived at New Bedford on 24 Dec 1813, avoiding British warships; War of 1812. New Hazard did not return to NW Coast. In 1817 wrecked on Galloper Sands, SE coast of England.[183]
  • USA: Ship Packet, under Daniel C. Bacon (1st mate of Athualpa under William Sturgis, 1806-08), on NW Coast. Ship of 281 tons, built at Newbury, MA in 1810, registered in Salem Oct 1811; sister ship of New Hazard, both owned by Salem consortium led by John Derby. On 10 July 1812, Packet mets New Hazard at Masset, Haida Gwaii. As planned, an exchanged of furs and cargo. From then through 1814 Packet cruised NW Coast, following an established route touching repeatedly at villages in Haida Gwaii and Kaigani. Also went to "the nearest mainland villages at Milbanke Sound and the "Chebassha Shore" in Tsimshian territory", also Sitka Sound and Nahwitti. At Masset again in Sept 1812, and again in Sept 1813. At Sitka, picked up captains of vessels sold to Russians: Davis of Isabella and Jonathan Winship Jr of O'Cain.[184]
  • USA: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), under George Clark, arrives on NW Coast. Brig of 224 tons, built at Medford, MA, by Thatcher Magoun, launched in 1806. Owned by a consortium including Oliver Keating, Jonathan Amory and Thomas C. Amory. Left Massachusetts in Jan 1811, on NW Coast in summer 1812, start of a cycle of cruising lasting 2+ years, as far north as the Aleutian Islands, south to Vancouver Island. In 1814 went to Hawaii and sold to Astorians.[185]

1813

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Flora (Lima->Santa Barbara); Tagle (Lima->Santa Barbara).[1]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Albatross; Atahualpa; Brutus; Charon; Isabella; Lydia; Mercury; O'Cain; Packet; Pedler; Tamaahmaah.[18]
  • USA/UK: PFC's Fort Astoria, at risk of capture due to War of 1812, sold to North West Company, renamed Fort George.
  • UK: Willamette Trading Post established by 'NWC near Willamette River at French Prairie. Acquired by HBC in 1821.
  • Russia/USA: Lydia (II) purchased by RAC, renamed Il’mena (also Ilmena or Il’men’).[2]
  • Russia: RAC 3-masted sloop Neva wrecked on a reef at Kruzof Island during a sudden storm on 9 January 1813. The wreck killed 53 people, including Terentii Stephanovich Bornovolokov, the replacement for Governor Baranov. Total loss from the wreck over 250,000 rubles. Second gravest marine catastrophe in the history of Russian America, after the loss of Feniks in 1799.[6]
  • Russia: RAC brig Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii wrecked at Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands. Crew escaped and saved 320,000 rubles' worth of cargo, but the ship and much of the cargo was lost, worth about 500,000 rubles.[6]
  • USA: Albatross, under William Smith and under charter by Astor's PFC, arrives at Fort Astoria in August, with supplies and trade goods. Then Smith sailed among various Pacific islands, including Hawaii in December, 1813. In 1814-1815 cruised the California coast for illegal furs.[186]
  • USA/Russia: Mercury (II), under George Washington Eayrs (or Ayres) , continues pattern of sailing between Alaska and California for the RAC. But on 2 June 1813, near Monterey, CA, Mercury seized as a privateer, Eayrs and crew arrested.[187]
  • USA: Brig Brutus, 199-tons, built at Salem, MA, in 1809, first owned by Jonathan and Nathaniel Dorr, with three partners. First voyage left Boston ~1812? under William Dorr Jr. Details lacking. On NW Coast in 1813? In Canton in 1814 where Thomas Meek took command. Returned to Boston and was sold to Boardman and Pope. Second voyage 1816–1819.[188]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Lydia (II), now under James Bennett, still on NW Coast. In fall of 1813 cargo of furs transferred to the Atahualpa bound for Hawaii. The Lydia followed soon after. In October 1813 Captain Bennett, with captains Davis of Isabella and Porter of Tamaahmaah, purchase Atahualpa. Both Lydia and Atahualpa sold to Russians, in 1813 and 1814. The Lydia renamed Il’mena (or Ilmena),[2] in Sitka by January 1814.[189]
  • USA: The Lydia (III), under Captain Lucatt (or Lacaat), first mentioned as arriving in Macau from "the NW Coast and Marquesas Islands", on 23 November 1813. The Lydia was a 90-ton Philadelphia schooner, owned by the Philadelphia China Traders Benjamin C. Wilcocks and James Smith Wilcocks. It was involved in sealing, trading, and poaching in the Pacific. Details are lacking. It was next known to be in Canton in 1815.[190]
  • USA: Ship Packet, still under Daniel C. Bacon, continues cruising NW Coast (see 1812 for details).[191]
  • USA: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), still under George Clark, continues cycle of cruising the NW Coast. In 1814 went to Hawaii and sold to Astorians.[192]
  • USA: Pennsylvania Packet, under W. Lewis, in Pacific. The 287 ton vessel was arrived at Canton from the Marquesas Islands in March 1813. Left Canton for the NW Coast in April 1813. Stephen Reynolds encountered the vessel in Hawaii not long after. No further information has been found.[193]
  • USA/Hawaii: Schooner Tamaahmaah (I), sometimes Tamahamaha, under Lemuel Porter in Pacific. Schooner of 186 tons, built at Salisbury, MA, in 1812, owned by a consortium of Yankee merchants including James & T.H. Perkins, William Sturgis, George Lyman, Oliver Keating, and Jonathan Amory Jr., and named for the King of Hawaii, Kamehamaha. Left Boston in February 1813, during the War of 1812. Porter carried a "Letter of Marque", giving him license to attack British vessels. He was charged with bringing news of the War of 1812 and supplies to American vessels in the Pacific, which would not yet know about the war. The Tamaahmaah reached Honolulu, Hawaii, in July 1813. Made a quick trip to the NW Coast and California, then returned to Hawaii in October 1813. Porter, along with captains Davis of Isabella and Bennett of Lydia, purchased the Atahualpa, probably as a scheme to protect it from British seizure by cancelling its American registration. Then Tamaahmaah sailed to Canton, arriving in the spring of 1814 with the fur cargo of four vessels, worth $300,000. On 18 January 1815 left Canton for home, arriving in Boston in the spring of 1816. A year later Tamaahmaah was sold to new owners.[194]
  • USA/UK: Brig Forester, under captain and supercargo William J. Pigot with clerk Richard Ebbets, arrives in Pacific. Vessel originally French privateer La Grande Guimbarde, 18 guns (had 10 under Pigot); captured by British, purchased by London merchants, renamed Forester. In Sept 1812 John Jacob Astor sent Pigot and Ebbets to London to buy and fit out a ship for PFC venture; due to War of 1812 licensed as UK vessel with British captain John Jennings, Pigot as supercargo and apparently basically in charge. In early 1813 sailed from London; unable to round Cape Horn sailed via Indian Ocean, arriving in Hawaii early Nov 1813. As UK ship caused alarm among US ships at Oahu. By 7 Nov at Big Island, protected by Kamehameha. At Kealakekua Bay to mid-Dec. After some near mutinies, full mutiny in Dec; Capt. Jennings fled in canoe, Pigot takes over as captain. Sailed for California, arriving early 1814.[195]

1814

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Tagle (Lima->San Luis Obispo).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia; Forester; Isaac Tod.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Il’mena.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Brutus?]; Packet; Pedler; Tamaahmaah.[18]
  • USA/Marquesas: Trepanging trade starts in Marquesas.
  • Russia/USA: Atahualpa purchased by RAC, renamed Bering.[2]
  • Russia: Il’mena takes Aleut hunters and Russian overseers to San Nicolas Island, California. They rape and kill many Nicoleño natives, whose population never recovers.[196]
  • Russia: Il’mena (or Ilmena), under captain Wadsworth, with supercargo and pilot John Elliot d'Castro, and "commander of hunters" Timofei Nikitich Tarakanov ("Vasilii Petrovich Tarakanov" in source),[197] to California. RAC brig of 50 tons (formerly Lydia (II)). Takes 50 Aleuts and Creoles and 25 baidarkas to hunt otters in California. Left Sitka in January 1814. Visited Bodega Bay, Farallon Islands, San Francisco, Santa Barbara Channel Islands, and San Pedro where Tarakanov and 11 men seized. Continued into 1815 [need more sources].[20][198]
  • USA/Spain: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), still under George Clark, sails to Hawaii in early 1814. Bought by William Price Hunt for John Jacob Astor; plan to use brig as a supply vessel for Fort Astoria. Under command of Samuel Northrup, sailed to the Columbia River in early March 1814. In April sailing to Sitka with cargo for Pacific Fur Company. After Fort Astoria sold to North West Company, Hunt sent Captain Northrup back to Sitka (Hunt on board) to bring supplies from Sitka to Fort Ross. While sailing south Pedler captured by the Spanish on 26 Aug 1814. Released on 9 Sept 1814 and ordered to leave CA coast. Northrup did, returning to Sitka by May 1815.[199]
  • USA/UK/Russia: Brig Forester, under captain and supercargo William J. Pigot with clerk Richard Ebbets, sails from Hawaii to California in Jan 1814. US vessel under UK flag (see 1813). At Bodega Bay finds RAC settlement under Gov. Kuskov, buys 3400 skins. Spring 1814 cruised coast. Intended to stop at Columbia River and Fort Astoria but UK ships and NWC takeover, so sailed to Sitka, trading. Found Pedler there, under Hunt. Late 1814 sailed from Sitka to California, even into Gulf of California. Involved in support of Il’mena and massacre on Nicolas Island? Wintered "among the desolate islands along the coast" (Channel Islands?). Continued into 1815.[195]
  • USA: On 18 June 1814 the brig Charon, under Isaac Whittemore, that had been cruising between Alaska, California, and Hawaii since 1812, was captured by the British Cherub during the War of 1812 (see 1812 entry for more).[200]
  • USA: Ship Packet, still under Daniel C. Bacon, continues cruising NW Coast (see 1812 for details). In Nov 1814 sails for Hawaii. At Canton in Feb 1815. Then home, arriving 7 Sept 1815. Later involved in lucrative Indonesian spice trade, under same owners.[201]

1815

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia; Forester.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Ilmen; Konstantin; Otkrytie.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Albatross; Brutus; [Cordelia?]; Isabella; Lydia; O'Cain; Pedler.[18]
  • USA/UK/War: War of 1812 ends in February 1815.
  • Russia: Ship Behring or Bering (formerly Atahualpa), under James Bennett, sails to Hawaii and in January 1815 wrecks at Waimea Bay, Oahu.[202][6]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), under Samuel Northrup, after being captured and released by Spanish in late 1814, returned to Sitka by May 1815. In July 1815 the Pedler was seized by the Russians due to "illegal munition sales made to natives in Alaska". Released in Oct 1815, sailed to Hawaii, Canton, Europe, and home. In Oct 1816 arrived in New York City, her new home port. In 1820 was again in Pacific.[203]
  • USA/UK/Russia: Brig Forester, under captain and supercargo William J. Pigot with clerk Richard Ebbets, wintered on California coast. 24 March 1815 saw ship in distress; damaged Japanese vessel Tokujomaru, under Oguri Jukichi, adrift for ~17 months, only 3 still alive; took aboard. April 1815 left Point Conception. Early June at Bodega Bay for repairs, then on 4 June to Sitka, arriving 28 June. Left Sitka 13 July 1815, in "30 days" at Petropavlovsk. There Richard Ebbets became captain. On 4 Nov 1815 sailed from Petropavlovsk, anchored at San Luis Obispo Bay on 20 December. Continued into 1816.[195]
  • USA: Brig Abaellino sails from Boston for Sitka via Hawaii. Left NW Coast May 1816. Abaellino was built in Medford in 1814; between 144-162 tons; for NW Coast voyage owners were John M. Rogers, William Ropes, and Benjamin T. Pickman of Boston; Boardman & Pope were the agents; George Clark was the captain. After voyage sold to Charlestown owners, April 1817, then to Charles D'Wolf of Bristol, RI, in 1818.[204]
  • USA: Albatross, under William Smith, after cruising California for illegal furs, arrives in Sitka in October, 1815. There meets Philadelphia schooner Lydia, Captain Henry Gyzelaar. Together they sail to California where both ships are seized by the Spanish and the crews imprisoned. Eventually released and sail to Hawaii in 1816.[205]
  • USA: Brig Cossack, under Thomas Brown, arrives on NW Coast. Built as a 135-ton schooner at Newbury, MA, in 1813 by Benjamin Dutton. Ownership changed several times before NW voyage. Registered in 1815 as owned by Benjamin Lamb, Ralph Haskins (who had been supercargo on Atahualpa), and Benjamin Swift (who had commanded 3 NW Coast voyages on Derby, Hazard, and Vancouver), with its rig changed to a brig. Captain Brown had already commanded four NW voyages (2 on Vancouver, 1 on Lydia, 1 on Derby). Cossack left New England in May 1815 and was on NW Coast in the fall. In December 1815 left Sitka for Hawaii; in February 1816 left Hawaii for Canton. Made a second voyage in 1817.[206]
  • USA: The Lydia (III), now under Henry Gyzelaar, in Canton. In July left for Sitka, arriving in September. There Captain Gyzelaar was apparently influenced by William Smith of the Albatross to join in an illegal venture on the California coast. The two vessels left Sitka together in December 1815. In January 1816 they were seized by Spanish authorities.[207]
  • Japan: Tokujomaru, under Oguri Jūkichi, nears California coast, adrift. Vessel en route to Edo in 1813, blown off course and damaged, drifted for ~17 months, the crew of 17–35 reduced to 3, Jūkichi and 2 others. On 24 March 1815 rescued at sea by Forester, under William Pigot, about 300 miles (480 km) west-southwest of Point Conception. Rescued Japanese sailors taken to Bodega Bay, then Sitka. Left Sitka aboard Forester in June or July of 1815, arriving at Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, on 12 September 1815. Forester returned to California and a Russian ship took the Japanese survivors back to Japan.[208][195]

1816

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: San Carlos (Monterey).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia; Colonel Allan.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [Abaellino?]; [Albatross?]; Atala; Avon; Cossack; Enterprise; Hamilton; Panther; Sultan.[18]
  • Russia: Brig Rurik, under Russian Naval Officer Otto von Kotzebue, in Pacific. Brig with crew of 27, including naturalists Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz and Adelbert von Chamisso, and artist Louis Choris, left Kronstadt, Russia, on 30 July 1815. Passed Cape Horn in January 1816. Arrived at Petropavlosk in July 1816. Sailed along the Aleutian Islands to Sitka. Visited California and Hawaii. At San Francisco in September 1816. Continued into 1817.[111]
  • Russia: RAC ship Kad'yak (Myrtle) wrecked at Honolulu Harbor, Oahu.[6]
  • Russia: RAC brigantine Sv. Mariya Magdalina ("worn out") wrecked at Okhotsk, losing the RAC about 80,000 rubles.[6]
  • USA/Russia: Ship O'Cain, now under Robert McNeill (possibly having been temporarily owned by Russians), sails from Canton for Boston. In Canton in Nov 1816, at Boston on 15 Oct 1817. Later in Dec 1822 lost off Cape Horn with all hands, according to Rob Roy.[209]
  • USA: Albatross, under Nathan Winship again, sails from California to Hawaii, arriving in March, 1816. There Albatross sold to King Kamehameha.[210]
  • USA: Atala (sometimes called Atalia), under Caleb Winship arrives on PNW Coast. Vessel of 260 tons had been captured during War of 1812. Owned by Francis and Abiel Winship. Left Boston in September 1815 and sailed to Galapagos Islands, then Hawaii, then directly to Sitka, arriving in November 1816. From Sitka, traded down the coast to California, thence to Peru. Then to Hawaii and Canton. In May 1818 at Canton the vessel was condemned.[211]
  • USA: Avon, under Isaac Whittemore arrives on NW Coast. Brig of 388 tons was built as a privateer by Calvin Turner of Medford, MA, in 1814. Left Boston in 1815. Details lacking but known to have been at Sitka in fall of 1816, then sailed south in 1817.[212]
  • USA/Hawaii: The Lydia (III) under Henry Gyzelaar and the Albatross under William Smith, having arrived in California to illegally trade in December 1815, are seized by Spanish authorities and the crews imprisoned. They were eventually released. Later in 1816 both vessels were sold to kings in Hawaii: the Albatross to King Kamehameha and the Lydia to King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai.[213]
  • USA/UK/Russia/Hawaii: Brig Forester, now under Richard Ebbets, arrived on coast of California in late 1815, from Kamchatka. Anchored in San Luis Bay near Point Conception on 20 Dec 1815. Almost captured by Spanish troops. Sailed to Hawaii arriving 16 Jan 1816, in part hoping to sell brig for sandalwood. On 6 April 1816 sold brig to Kamehameha, renamed Kaahumanu.[195]
  • USA: Brig Panther, under Isaiah Lewis, in Pacific and NW Coast. Brig of 429 tons, from Salem. Left Boston June 1815; in Hawaii spring 1816. Arrive at Sitka on 23 May 1816. Little known; apparently cruised the NW Coast until fall 1817, then to Canton and Boston, arriving home on 26 March 1818.[214]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under Caleb Reynolds, arrives at Sitka from Boston. Ship of 274 tons, built at Charleston in 1815, owned by Boardman & Pope, left Boston in August 1815. Arrived at Sitka in spring 1817, cruised west and south, visiting the Columbia River in the summer and cruising northward again until the end of the year. In 1817 sailed to Hawaii.[215]

1817

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Cazadora (Panama->Monterey, San Diego, San Pedro); Hermosa Mexicana (Lima->Monterey); San Antonio (Lima->Monterey).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia.[18]
  • France: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Le Bordelais.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alert; Alexander; Atala; [Avon?]; Brutus; Eagle; Enterprise; Hamilton; Lydia; Mentor; [Panther?]; Sultan; [Traveller?].[18]
  • Spain: Mission San Rafael Arcángel established, San Rafael, north side of San Francisco Bay.
  • Russia: Brig Rurik, under Russian Naval Officer Otto von Kotzebue, with Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, Adelbert von Chamisso, and Louis Choris, continues in Pacific and NW Coast. Kotzebue ill in 1817, so exploration of the Arctic canceled and Rurik sails for home, stopping in Hawaii and the Philippines. Arrives at St. Petersburg in August 1818.[111]
  • Russia: RAC schooner Platov, under Antipatr Baranov, Governor Baranov's son, capsized on 2 Sept 1817, near Sitka. A woman and her two children died. The vessel reached safety, made repairs and returned to Sitka.
  • France: Ship Bordelais (or Le Bordelais), under Camille de Roquefeuil, on NW Coast. Ship of 200 tons, 8 guns, 34 crew, owned by "___ Balguerie, Jr", from Bordeaux, France. Left Bordeaux on 19 October 1816, off Falkland Islands by January 1817, Valparaíso in February; at Callao 26 February to 29 May 1817. San Francisco 5-14 August 1817. At Nootka Sound 1-18 September 1817. Continued into 1818.[20][2]
  • USA: Ship Alert (II) arrives on NW Coast. Built at Milton, MA, in 1810. Owned by Theodore Lyman and Associates in 1816, when it sailed from Boston for Hawaii and PNW under Captain Lemuel Porter. Cruised NW Coast in 1817. In August the ship's remaining trade goods were exchanged for the furs collected by the Hamilton. Then Alert sails to Hawaii and Canton, returning home via Manila, Cape of Good Hope, England, Rotterdam, and Newfoundland, arriving in Boston in late August 1818.[216]
  • USA: Alexander (II), under John C. Bancroft, arrives on NW Coast. Built in 1816 at Charlestown, MA, as a brig, later changed to a ship. Built for and owned by James & Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Left Boston in October 1816. Sailed directly to the Columbia River to collect furs from the North West Company, which had hired J. & T.H. Perkins. for the purpose. Furs taken to Canton via Hawaii, returned to Boston in June 1820.[217]
  • USA: Avon, under Isaac Whittemore, having arrived at Sitka in late 1816, sailed in early 1817 down to the California coast, Hawaii, and Chile. In Chile the vessel was sold in April 1818.[218]
  • USA: Brig Brutus under Thomas Meek, left Boston in October 1816, on NW Coast in 1817. Hired by RAC to take furs to Kamchatka and bring men back to Sitka. Then sailed to Hawaii in late 1817.[219]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Cossack, now under Captain Myrick, and owned by John Jacob Astor, on NW Coast. In October 1817 left Alaska for California with a crew of Aleut hunters and a Russian overseer, to illegal hunt sea otters in California. In December 1817 seized by the Spanish for poaching.[220]
  • USA: The Eagle, under William Heath Davis, arrives on NW Coast. The 336-ton ship was built at Amesbury and owned by Boardman and Pope. Spent 1817 season on NW Coast, then to Hawaii in December. To Chile in 1818.[221]
  • USA: Mentor, under John Suter, on NW Coast. Ship of 213 tons launched in 1812, in 1816 registered in Boston under owners Bryant & Sturgis, John Suter, and Lemuel Porter. Made three voyages to NW Coast (1817, 1820, 1823). Spent the 1817 and 1818 seasons on NW Coast, then to Hawaii and Canton. Back in Boston in 1819. Second voyage on NW Coast in 1820[222]
  • USA: Brig Savage, thought to have been owned by John Jacob Astor. Little known. Thought to have sailed to NW Coast from Baltimore in 1817 with Alex Perry as master.[223]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under Caleb Reynolds, sails from NW Coast to Hawaii and the Marquesas for sandalwood (had brought sperm whale teeth for the Marquesas market). In August 1817 arrived at Santa Barbara, planning to visit, or just having visited, Sitka. Continued cruising into 1818.[224]
  • USA: Schooner Traveller, under James Smith Wilcox, claimed by Bancroft to have arrived at Santa Barbara in January 1817, from Sitka. No other evidence has been found. Howay thought this might be a schooner of that name built in Hingham, MA, in 1802, of 89 tons.[225]
  • USA/Hawaii: Bordeaux Packet, under Andrew Blanchard, with James Hunnewell and ____ Dorr on board, in Pacific. Hermaphrodite brig of 180 tons, of Boston. Left Boston on 16 Nov 1816. In Hawaii by late spring 1817. Visited Lower California, Cerros Islands, Loreto; in July 1817 visited Todos Santos Bay, San Juan Capistrano, and San Luis Obispo. Arrived at Honolulu, Hawaii, on 17 Sept 1817. In December 1817 vessel sold to Kalaimoku and renamed Kalaimoku.[20]

1818

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: San Carlos (CA); Cazadora (Panama->CA); Hermosa Mexicana (Lima->CA); Nueva Reina de Los Angeles (?->CA).[1]
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Columbia.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Finlandia; Platov.[18]
  • France: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Le Bordelais
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: [America?]; [Bengal?]; Brutus; Eagle; Enterprise; Hamilton; Levant; Mentor; Savage; Volunteer.[18]
  • USA/UK: Treaty of 1818, start of "joint occupation" of Oregon Country.
  • UK: Fort Nez Percés founded by North West Company on Columbia between the Snake and Walla Walla Rivers; acquired by Hudson's Bay Company in 1821; closed in 1857.
  • Russia: Russian government takes control of RAC from the merchants who had held the charter. Ferdinand von Wrangel first president under government control.
  • Russia: Galiot Rumyantsev, about 160 tons, built at Fort Ross Colony. Described by Kirill Timofeevich Khlebnikov, chief of RAC Sitka office, as needing constant repair.[226][6]
  • Russia: Brig Golovnin bought from Americans by RAC (perhaps in 1819).[226][6]
  • France: Ship Bordelais (or Le Bordelais), under Camille de Roquefeuil, still on NW Coast. Arrives at Sitka (Novo-Arkhangel'sk) on 5 April 1818. Makes agreement with RAC governor Ludwig von Hagemeister. On Kodiak Island acquires 60 Alituuq and 30 baidarkas under supercargo R. Ya. Petrovskii. Sails to Alexander Archipelago to hunt. On 18 June 1818 attacked by natives in Bucareli Bay, Prince of Wales Island; 20 killed, 12 severely wounded. Roquefeuil barely survives, swims to a dinghy, returns to ship; returns to Sitka on 26 June. Then trades with Tlingit in straits of Alexander Archipelago. Then visits California and twice more visits Sitka in August and November 1818. Then sails to Hawaii and Canton. Arrives home at Bordeaux on 21 November 1819.[20][2]
  • USA: Sloop of war USS Ontario (1813), under James Biddle, arrives at mouth of Columbia River. Sent to supervise the transfer of Fort Astoria back to US hands following War of 1812. Biddle instructed to assert a US claim over the Columbia RIver.[227]
  • USA: Philadelphia vessel Bengal under Captain Annesley on NW Coast. Further information lacking.[228]
  • USA: Brig Brutus under Thomas Meek, in early 1818 sailed from Hawaii to coast of Chile. There Thomas Meek took command of the Eagle from William Heath Davis, and David Nye became captain of Brutus. Nye took Brutus to NW Coast for 1818 and 1819 seasons, wintering in Hawaii.
  • USA: The Eagle, under William Heath Davis, sails from Hawaii to Chile. There Thomas Meek, captain of Brutus transferred to the Eagle to take over as captain. In 1818 the Eagle cruised the coast of California then to Hawaii, then to Sitka in September. In December again in Hawaii, then Canton and Boston, arriving home in July 1820. Made another voyage to California and perhaps NW Coast. By 1827 was back in New England and sold to whaling interests.[229]
  • USA: Mentor, under John Suter, still on NW Coast (see 1817).[230]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under Caleb Reynolds, continues cruising the Pacific. In April 1818 was on the coast of Chile, where captain Isaac Whittemore came aboard as a passenger, having recently sold his vessel Avon there. Whittemore died on 4 May 1818 and was buried in the Marquesas on 6 June 1818. The Sultan arrived at Canton in 1819. Made a second voyage in 1821.[231]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, under James Bennett, arrives in the Pacific. Ship of 226 tons, built at Stonington, Connecticut, in 1815, registered in Boston in 1817, and owned by George W. Lyman and the firm of Boardman and Pope. Captain Bennett had extensive experience in the Northwest Trade, having formally commanded voyages on the Derby, Lydia, and Atahualpa. Left Boston on 30 October 1817. Arrived in Hawaii on 27 March 1818. Then sailed to NW Coast, arriving at Nahwitti on 22 April 1818. Briefly cruised south along the west coast of Vancouver Island, then sailed to Haida Gwaii. On 4 June 1818 at Skidegate, a mutiny was threatened. Several weeks were spent cruising around Haida Gwaii, often in company with one or another of several Yankee vessels, including the Mentor, Hamilton, and Brutus. On 17 September 1818 the Volunteer and Brutus (also owned by Boardman and Pope) were at Sitka, where they swapped additional stock, bought potatoes, and sold rum and rice to the Russians. Another mutiny occurred, caused by intoxication, and crewmate William Rose and another man were sent ashore with the Russians, along with "their baggage, and bread sufficient to sustain them a year on shore". At the end of September 1818 the Volunteer left Sitka for Haida Gwaii, resuming the cruising pattern of earlier months. Violence and injuries were common on board. Remained on the NW Coast into 1819.[232]

1819

edit
  • Spain/USA: Adams–Onís Treaty. Northern boundary of New Spain set at 42°N.
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: San Ruperto (Manila->Monterey).[1]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Baranov; Finlandia.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Ann; Borneo; Brutus; Clarion; Eagle; [Ellen Maria?]; Nautilus; [Sylph?]; Volunteer.[18]
  • Hawaii: Kamehameha I dies. Kamehameha II becomes king of Hawaiian Kingdom.
  • USA: Brig Ann, under James Hale, arrives on NW Coast. Built at Pembroke, MA, in 1816, the 204-ton brig was owned by Boardman & Pope and Bryant & Sturgis. First voyage left Boston in 1818. In April 1819 was trading in the Kaigani area as noted by the Volunteer. Traded on the coast through 1820, then sailed to Canton and Boston. Captain Hale died on the way home.[233]
  • USA: The Arab (I), under Isaiah Lewis arrives in Polynesia, having sailed from Boston in December 1818. Vessel built at Ipswich, MA, in 1818, and owned by Boardman and Pope. From Polynesia went to California and NW Coast.[234]
  • USA: The 233-ton Borneo, under George Clark, arrives on NW Coast in late 1818 or early 1819. The Borneo was captured as a prize during the War of 1812 and was owned by Bryant & Sturgis. Soon after arriving Borneo wrecked in "Chickass Sound" (Klakas Inlet?) near Kaigani Haida village of Klinkwan. Crew left in boats and was picked up by Volunteer under James Bennett. In early February 1819 a party from Volunteer investigated the wreck, finding it on the rocks, full of water, with hundreds of Haida on board or nearby, determined to repel any attempt to salvage anything. Returning later they found the Borneo stripped of anything of value.[235]
  • USA: Brig Brutus under Thomas Meek to NW Coast from Hawaii. In February 1819 near Kaigani learned of the wreck of Borneo. Took over half the men from Borneo to Hawaii. In late 1819 James Bennett of the Volunteer delivered most of his furs and things from Borneo wreck. Howay writes that "later" (?) the Brutus was sold to the RAC and delivered to Hawaii.
  • USA/UK: Ship Nautilus, under Charles Pearson arrives at Fort George (Astoria). Ship of 340 tons, built at Boston in 1818, owned by John P. Cushing and the firm J. & T.H. Perkins. The North West Company hired J. & T.H. Perkins to transport NWC furs to Canton (being cheaper than dealing with the East India Company).From 1817 to 1821 J. & T.H. Perkins provided one ship a year for the purpose, of which Nautilus was one. Left Boston 17 Oct 1818, arrived at Fort George 11 Feb 1819. Then to Canton via Hawaii. Left Canton on 2 Oct 1820 for England, arriving in Feb 1821. Then made more voyages to India and Europe before returning to Boston in April 1823. Sold in 1829. Long career as a whaler, lost at sea in 1843.[236]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, under James Bennett, continues cruising the NW Coast. On 31 January 1819 received news of the wreck of the Boston ship Borneo near Klinkwan three days earlier. Shortly after arrived at the scene. The two crews began to salvage the cargo and fitting of the wreck, but found "the natives had stripped her of every thing that they could possibly obtain". On 12 February 1819 the Brutus arrived and took nine of the Borneo crew off the Volunteer. The Volunteer and Brutus continued to cruise through the winter without stopping, sometimes finding items from the Borneo in native villages throughout Haida Gwaii. Eventually took the native chief Idsenoo and his family captive, holding them as hostages until the bulk of the Borneo cargo was received. Remained in Haida territory until the middle of the summer, trading mostly molasses for furs, and regularly carrying native passengers from place to place. On 3 July 1819 was back at Nahwitti. Then cruised the west coast of Vancouver Island, where Captain Bennett purchased oil, fish, and a 9 year old male slave, to trade up north. The pattern of trading between Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, with an occasional venture into Russian waters, continued. On 11 September 1819 Captain Bennett delivered most of his cargo of furs to the Brutus, including "654 Prime Skins, 346 Cub Otter skins, 104 Red Sea Otter Skins, 600 Prime tails & 100 Cub ditto, 935 Beaver skins", and also an assortment of muskets, blankets, and duffill recovered at Kaigani from the Borneo wreck. Because competition for furs was by this time becoming ruinous to all American vessels, Bennett entered into a fur-sharing agreement with the captains of the Hamilton and Ann (the latter owned jointly by Boardman & Pope and Brytant & Sturgis). Remained on the NW Coast into 1820.[237]

1820

edit
  • Spain: Ships to California and/or NW Coast: Dos Hermanos (Mazatlán->CA); Europa (Callao->CA); San Francisco de Paula (?->CA); San Francisco Javier (San Blas->CA); Señoriana (San Blas->CA).[1]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Baranov; Finlandia.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Ann; Arab; Clarion; Hamilton; Levant; Mentor; Pedler; Thaddeus; Volunteer.[18]
  • Hawaii: Capital of Hawaiian Kingdom moved to Lahaina, Hawaii (1802-1812; 1820-1845)
  • Russia: Brig Buldakov, about 220 tons, built at Fort Ross Colony by shipwright Grudinin. Deemed unreliable by 1825 due to poorly built frame.[226][6]
  • Russia: RAC brig Il’mena AKA Ilmena or Il’men’ (Lydia), due to the carelessness of its American navigator, Christopher Stevens, wrecked on 19 June 1820, at Point Arena, California. All people and cargo saved and taken to nearby Fort Ross.[6]
  • USA: The Arab (I), under Isaiah Lewis sailed from Polynesia to California, then to the NW Coast for a cargo of lumber for the Chilean shipbuilding and repairing industry. Eventually sailed to Canton and then Boston, arriving home in May 1822.[238]
  • USA: Brig Clarion, under Henry Gyzelaar arrives at Sitka in late 1819 or early 1820. Built at New Bedford, MA; 149 tons. Gyzelaar had been at Sitka on the schooner Lydia in 1815 where he was persuaded to join a venture with the Winship family to try the illegal California trade. The Clarion Boston in September 1817 and sailed "a circuitous route" to Sitka. By February 1820 was cruising the California coast. In July was in Hawaii. Sailed to Canton then Boston.[239]
  • USA: Mentor, now under Lemuel Porter, on NW Coast. Left Boston in September 1819. Spent 1820 and 1821 seasons on NW Coast, wintering on coast. Cruised mostly in Haida Gwaii area. Then to Hawaii and Canton. Arrived back to Boston in May 1822. Back on NW Coast in 1823.[240]
  • USA: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), now under John Meek, arrives in Hawaii. Owned by John Jacob Astor since 1814, sent by Astor on voyage to NW Coast. Left New York on 27 Nov 1819. Arrived at Hawaii on 18 May 1820, then to NW Coast in early July. Sighted Fox Islands in Aleutians on 12 July 1820, arrived at Sitka to trade with Russians on 8 Oct 1820. On 21 Sept left Sitka for Hawaii. Returned to NW Coast in 1821.[241]
  • USA: Brig Sylph arrives in Hawaii from NW Coast, and bound for Manila. First record of the vessel since 1811. Owned by John Jacob Astor.[242]
  • USA/Hawaii: Brig Thaddeus, under Andrew Blanchard, arrives in Hawaii. Boston brig of 241 tons. Left Boston on 23 October 1819. Arrived in Hawaii in the spring of 1820, bringing the first missionaries to Hawaii, a significant historic event. Then sailed to the NW Coast for the 1820 trading season from Sitka southward. Returned to Hawaii in the fall of 1820, where the vessel was sold in October 1820.[243]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, under James Bennett, continues cruising the NW Coast. On 24 June 1820 arrived at Tongass, finding the Arab, Mentor, and Hamilton at anchor. On 17 August 1820 arrived at Tattiskey, finding the Hamilton, Mentor, Thaddeus, and Ann. At this point there was a major exchange of furs and remaining cargo, according to a fur-sharing agreement made in 1819. On 5 September 1820 the Volunteer left Tattiskey in company with the Hamilton. On 14 September 1820 the guns were dismounted from the Volunteer. On 17 September 1820 the Volunteer left the NW Coast, after a long continuous sojourn of 29 months. Arrived in Hawaii on 14 October 1820, remaining until 21 November 1820. Arrived in Canton on 29 December 1820. Left for home on 5 February 1821. Arrived at "India Wharf", Boston, on 1 June 1821. Returned to the NW Coast in 1824.[244]

1821

edit
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chirikov; Fortuna.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alexander; Arab; [Becket?]; Frederick; Hamilton; Lascar; Mentor; Pedler; Sultan.[18]
  • Spain/Mexico/California: Mexico gains independence from Spain; altering trade situation in California; California hide trade.
  • UK: Fort Alexandria established by 'NWC on Fraser River north of Chilcotin River. Acquired by HBC later in 1821.
  • UK: Hudson's Bay Company takes over North West Company, gaining control of Columbia District.
  • Russia: Ukase of 1821 issued by Alexander I of Russia, claiming Russian control south to 45°50' (withdrawn by 1824-25).
  • USA/UK: Alexander (II), under Fred W. Comerford, arrives on NW Coast for 2nd time. Left Boston in June 1820, sailed directly to Columbia River, again collecting North West Company furs and taking them to Canton via Hawaii per contract between NWC and J. & T.H. Perkins.[245]
  • USA: Brig Arab (II), under Thomas Meek, arrives on NW Coast at Kaigani. Brig of 225 tons was built at Medford, MA, in 1818. Left in late 1820 apparently from Bristol, RI. From Kaigani cruised the northern part of the NW Coast in 1821, encountering the Hamilton, Lascar, Pedler, and Mentor. Meek then sailed to Hawaii and Canton, then home. Returned to NW Coast the next year.[246]
  • USA: Brig Becket, under Charles Preble, arrives on NW Coast. Brig of 130 tons, 71 feet long, built in Salem, MA, in 1818, named after the builder Retire Becket. Owned by Bryant & Sturgis. Sailed in 1820 as a tender for the Lascar under James Harris. Cruised the NW Coast with Lascar, 1821–1823. In late 1823 the Becket cruised on the California coast. In 1826 sailed to Hawaii and was sold.[247]
  • USA: Mentor, under Lemuel Porter, still on NW Coast (see 1820).[248]
  • USA: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), still under John Meek, sails again from Hawaii to NW Coast. Leaves Hawaii on 7 Jan 1821. Arrived at Nahwitti on 31 Jan 1821, begins cruising the coast, north to Haida Gwaii. Encounters several Yankee vessels wintering on the coast, including Hamilton, Mentor, Lascar, and Arab. On 28 Aug 1821 sailed in company with Mentor and Arab for Hawaii and Canton, arriving in late Dec 1821. Returned to NW Coast in 1822.[249]
  • USA: Brig Rob Roy under Daniel Cross (of Beverly) arrives in Pacific. Brig of 201 tons built for the firm Bryant & Sturgis by Noah Brooks of Boston in 1821. The firm, in partnership with Lemuel Porter and John Suter, sent Rob Roy from New England on 16 August 1821. Arrived in Hawaii on 27 December 1821. Continued to NW Coast in 1822.[250]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, now under George Clark, sailed for the NW Coast on 24 February 1821, but not known to have arrived until May 1822.[251]

1822

edit
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Fortuna; Rumyantsev.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Arab; Frederick; Hamilton; Hoqua; Lascar; Owhyhee; Parthian; Pearl; Pedler; Rob Roy; Sultan.[18]
  • UK: Fort Babine (AKA Fort Kilmaurs, later Old Fort) established by 'HBC on Babine Lake.In 1840s moved to the northern tip of the lake.
  • UK: Fort Fraser established by Simon Fraser of the North West Company on Nechako River east of Fraser Lake.
  • Russia: Brig Volga, about 160 tons, built at Fort Ross Colony by shipwright Grudinin.[226]
  • Russia: Volga, under Prokop Tamanin, on NW Coast. RAC brig based in Sitka. Sailed from Sitka, arrived atSan Francisco on 3 Dec, then at Monterey on 31 Dec. Then returned to Sitka. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
  • USA: Brig Arab (II), under Thomas Meek, arrives on NW Coast for 2nd time, this time trading exclusively with Russians at Sitka. Then to Hawaii and Canton. From Canton back to Honolulu in 1824, where Meek sold the Arab to the Russians and sailed it to Sitka for them. Under Russian ownership Arab renamed Baikal. Meek returned to Hawaii on a different Russian vessel.[252]
  • USA: Brig Becket, under Charles Preble trades on the NW Coast with Lascar.[253]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), under Eliab Grimes (or Eliah), begins NW/CA trade. Brig of 166 tons, 96 feet long, built at Boston in 1821 for the NW traders Josiah Marshall and Dixey Wildes. Owhyhee brought to Hawaii by William Henry McNeill, transfer to command in late 1821 to Eliab Grimes, an employee of Marshall and Wildes. Grimes found the trade cargo better suited for California, so Owhyhee to California coast, trading from March to Oct 1822. Then back to Hawaii with only 150 sea otter pelts. Second voyages in 1823.[254]
  • USA: Brig Pedler (or Pedlar), still under John Meek, at Canton in late Dec 1821. On 28 March 1822 was at Whampoa and soon left for the NW Coast. At Sitka on 12 May 1822. Sailed for Hawaii on 10 June 1822, arriving by late June. In early Dec 1822 sailed for Canton, then for home in April 1823. Second voyage of Pedler colorfully journaled by boatswain John Walters (unpublished, manuscript at Dauphin County Historical Society in Harrisburg, PA).[255]
  • USA: Brig Rob Roy under Daniel Cross, having arrived in Hawaii at the end of December 1821, sailed to Haida Gwaii, arriving on 25 February 1822, anchoring at Tattiskey. Had trouble trading due to lack of demand for the goods brought. Sailed up Chatham Strait looking for the Lascar, which they had orders to fall in with. On 11 April 1822 at Hutsnuwu (Tlingit village on Chatham Strait) in company with Lascar (under James Harris, same owners). Trading there marred by violence with natives (details unclear?). A few days later arrived at Kaigani. In July 1822 still cruising Haida Gwaii, together with the Sultan, Frederick, Lark, and Owhyhee. Continued on the NW Coast into 1823.[256]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under George Clark, on NW Coast by middle May 1822 (perhaps arriving much earlier), when the Rob Roy reported her at Nass. In September 1822 at Sitka, where the Arab traded cargo and provisions. Wintered on the coast and continued cruising in 1823.[257]

1823

edit
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Fortuna; Rurik.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Arab; Becket; Frederick; Lascar; Mentor; Octavia; Owhyhee; Parthian; Pearl; Rob Roy; Sultan; Volunteer.[18] Also Ann.
  • Spain: Mission San Francisco Solano (California) established, north of San Francisco Bay, Sonoma County.
  • Russia: Brig Predpriaetie ("Enterprise"), under Russian Naval Officer Otto von Kotzebue, with Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, in Pacific. Left Kronstadt, Russia, on 28 July 1823. Voyage lasted 3 years, into 1826. Visited Petropavlosk, Sitka, NW Coast, California, Hawaii, and elsewhere. Arrived home in July 1826.[258]
  • UK: HMS Blossom, under Frederick William Beechey, under order of the Admiralty sails around the world, including a study of the Bering Sea and the coast of Southeast Alaska.[2] Sloop Blossom, double-hulled for ice, crew of 102, 16 guns. Left England in May 1825. Explores Arctic Ocean in coordination with John Franklin and William Edward Parry. In the summer of 1826 sails through Bering Strait and reaches area of Point Barrow. Then sailed south along NW Coast to California. From 6 November to 28 December 1826 explores and charts San Francisco Bay. Continued in 1827.[259]
  • UK: Brig Lively, under Robert Ritchie, in Columbia River. Chartered by HBC from owner Robert Ritchie. Sailed from Cape of Good Hope in January 1823, arriving at Fort George on Columbia River on 15 July 1823. Left for London on 6 August, with cargo of furs. Arrived in London in March 1824.[260]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Ann, under Stephen Hersey, arrives on NW Coast. Details of the brig's 2nd voyage are lacking. Left Boston in 1822. Spent time in Hawaii and California and presumably the NW Coast. In December 1823 was sold to the Russians at Bodega Bay, CA. Captain Hersey then took passage to Canton aboard the Mentor, taking command in Canton after Captain Newell transferred to the Nile.[261]
  • USA: Brig Becket, under Charles Preble trades on the NW Coast with Lascar. In late 1823 sailed to California and cruised the coast there. In 1826 sailed to Hawaii and was sold. Unclear what it did between 1823 and 1826.[262]
  • USA: Mentor, now under George Newell, on NW Coast. Left Boston in June 1822, carrying supplies for Lascar and Rob Roy. Sailed to Hawaii, arriving in January 1823, to meet the Ann. By March 1823 Mentor on NW Coast. Met Rob Roy and traded supercargos. On 11 March 1823, borrowed supercargo reported an attempted mutiny on Mentor. Was back in Hawaii by 20 August. In September sailed to California, pioneering that trade for the Bryant & Sturgis firm. Leftover cargo from NW Coast sold to Russians at Bodega Bay (Fort Ross), for seal skins. Then sailed to Canton. Returned to California in 1824.[263]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), now under John Kelly, with better trade cargo brought from Boston by Captain Wildes (owner Dixey Wildes?). Owhyhee trading in California during 1823 and early 1824, then to NW Coast.[264]
  • USA: Brig Rob Roy under Daniel Cross, having arrived on the NW Coast in January 1822, apparently stayed over-winter. In February 1823 was at Tongass (prob. "Tamgas Harbor", Annette Island). In June and July at Nahwitti in company with the Mentor, Frederick, and Lascar. Malloy says, "The Rob Roy was never a happy ship", and cites some episodes. Over summer of 1823 traded between Nahwitti and Tongass, often with bad luck. Continued into 1824.[265]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under George Clark, on NW Coast, having wintered over from 1822. In February 1823 the Rob Roy reported hearing a "signal of distress" from the Sultan, though nothing else is known about this event. Vessel arrived in Hawaii in the middle of October 1823. Then made a trip to California and Mexico into 1824.[266]

1824

edit
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Fortuna; Golovnin.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Ann; [Becket?]; Convoy; Frederick; Herald; Mentor; Owhyhee; Rob Roy; Sultan; Tamaahmaah; Triton; Volunteer; Washington (II).[18] Also [Nile?], [Sachem and Spy?].
  • Russia/USA: Russo-American Treaty of 1824 establishes 54°40' boundary.
  • Hawaii: King Kamehameha II dies in England. Kamehameha III becomes king of Hawaiian Kingdom on 6 June 1825.
  • Russia: Brig Kyakhta, about 200 tons, built at Fort Ross Colony by shipwright Grudinin.[226]
  • Russia: Sloop Baikal, about 250 tons, bought from Americans.[226]
  • UK/Mexico: HMS Blossom, under Frederick William Beechey, again sails from California to Arctic Ocean, again not finding Franklin. Returns to California. From 18 November to 5 December again in San Francisco Bay, charting and sharing information with Mexican officials.[259] See Beechey, Frederick William (1832). Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait: To Co-operate with the Polar Expeditions : Performed in His Majesty's Ship Blossom, Under the Command of Captain F.W. Beechey, R.N. ... in the Years 1825,26,27,28. ... London: Carey & Lea. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  • USA: Mentor, under George Newell, returns from Canton to California, arriving by June 1824. Sailed back to Canton, arriving in February 1825. At some point George Newell left the Mentor to take command of the Nile, and Stephen Hersey, who had been captain of Ann took over Mentor. The Ann was sold to Russians in California. In 1825 the Mentor sailed home, stopping at Saint Helena to quell a mutiny onboard.[267]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), still under John Kelly, continues trading in California until Sept 1824. Then to NW Coast, trading through the winter. Still at Haida Gwaii the next year.[268]
  • USA: Brig Rob Roy under Daniel Cross, having arrived on the NW Coast in January 1822, traded through 1823 into 1824. Was at Tongass in January 1824, trading with a group of Stikine Indians. In February was at Skidegate, Haida Gwaii. In March in Chatham Sound; saw 400 canoes "on their way to Nass" to trade. In June was at Stikine again, trading with a village of Stikine Indians with "a good many Chilkart [Chilkat] among them". On 8 October 1824 sailed for Hawaii, arriving on 3 November with over 1,000 skins, some of which were presumably shipped to Canton on Mentor. Returned to NW Coast in 1825.[269]
  • USA: Ship Sachem, under Henry Gyzelaar, and schooner Spy, under John Bradshaw, leave Boston for California in August 1824. Ship Sachem of 396 tons, built at Medford in 1810. Schooner Spy of 98 tons, built at Medford in 1823. Records of the two vessels are intertwined and details sometimes confusing. Although said to be bound for the NW Coast, no evidence either was ever there, but it is possible. Apparently involved in the hide and tallow trade in California.[270]
  • USA: Ship Sultan, under George Clark, having arrived in Hawaii in late 1823 made a trip to California and Mexico, returning to Hawaii in June 1824 with the crew of the Frederick, which had been sold at Acapulco. Arrived at Canton in September 1824, then Boston on 21 July 1825. Appears to have made a third voyage to Hawaii under Captain Allen (Peter Allen?), but unknown if visited NW Coast.[271]
  • USA/Hawaii: Brig Tamaahmaah (II), under John Meek with John Ebbets on board, arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii, in early August 1824. Brig of 210 tons, built in New York City in 1824, and owned by John Jacob Astor in partnership with W. Roberts and John Ebbets. Left New York on 9 April 1824, arriving in Honolulu in August 1824. Meek tried for three months to sell the vessel in Hawaii, without success. Sailed to Sitka in November 1824. Continued cruising into 1825.[272]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, now under Seth Barker, arrives on the NW Coast from Boston. Few details are known about this second voyage of the Volunteer. Arrived on the coast in October 1824 and remained in the Pacific through at least 1829.[273]
  • USA: Schooner Washington (II), under Captain Stevens, with supercargo Mr. Elwell, on Pacific. Schooner of 122 tons, built in Plymouth, MA, and owned by Josiah Marshall. Following the lifting of the Ukase of 1821 in April 1824, John C. Jones and Dixey Wildes, both then residents of Honolulu, sent the Washington from Hawaii to California to find the brig Owhyhee. The Washington left Hawaii on 20 July 1824 and arrived in California in August 1824. In September 1824 met the Owhyhee at San Luis Obispo. The Washington transferred cargo, including blankets and muskets brought from Hawaii for the NW Coast, to the brig Owhyhee. It is unclear whether the Washington then cruised the NW Coast or not. Next known information has the Washington in New York City in July 1827. Returned to the Pacific in 1828.[274]

1825

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: William and Ann.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Baranov; Fortuna; Rurik.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Convoy; Griffon; Lapwing; Owhyhee; Paragon; Parthian; Rob Roy; Tamaahmaah; Volunteer.[18]
  • Russia: Alexander I of Russia dies. Nicholas I of Russia becomes Emperor of Russia.
  • World: Panic of 1825; tea prices plummet, general crisis for trade in China. Old China Trade hurt and declines until dying in the 1840s.
  • Russia/UK: Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825) (Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825) establishes 54°40' boundary, "panhandle", and border along 141°W.
  • UK: Fort Colvile founded by Hudson's Bay Company at Kettle Falls.
  • UK: HBC vessel William and Ann, under Henry Hanwell Jr, on NW Coast. Vessel of 161 tons, built in Bermuda in 1818, bought by HBC in 1824 in England. Left Gravesend, England, 27 July 1824. Arrived at Columbia River and Fort George in April 1825. In June 1825 sailed north for Portland Canal, trading and obtaining information about US trade in the region. Returned to Fort George on 5 September 1825. On 25 October 1825 left for London, arriving in April 1826.[275]
  • USA: Brig Chincilla, under Thomas Meek, on NW Coast. Brig of 139 tons, built at East Haddam, CT, in 1823; registered in New York in 1824. Details lacking: Mentioned in 1827 as sailing from Hawaii to Norfolk Sound (Sitka Sound); in 1832 in Hawaii. By that time Thomas Meek had been involve in NW trade for over 20 years as captain of Amethyst, Arab, Eagle, Brutus, and Chincilla.[276]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, under William H. McNeill arrives on the NW Coast. Brig of 135 tons owned by Josiah Marshall, left Boston in October 1824. Spent season of 1825 trading on NW Coast. Wintered in Honolulu where Captain William H. McNeill took command of the Tally Ho and John Dominis became captain of Convoy. Returned to NW Coast for 1826 season.[277]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), still under John Kelly, continues trading on NW Coast. In Haida Gwaii in July 1825. Details unclear until 1826.[278]
  • USA: Brig Rob Roy under Daniel Cross, having arrived on the NW Coast in January 1822, traded through 1823 into 1824. Was in Hawaii in December 1824, then returned to NW Coast and traded over the 1825 season. On 29 September 1825 was back in Hawaii, then sailed to Canton with a cargo of sandalwood and furs augmented by furs transferred from the Griffin and Volunteer. The Rob Roy was sold in Boston in 1827, presumably soon after returning there, and was lost on the coast of California on 4 November 1830. Daniel Cross died at sea in 1850 when the Eclipse of Salem was lost in a storm in the Indian Ocean.[279]
  • USA/Hawaii: Brig Tamaahmaah (II), under John Meek with John Ebbets on board, having sailed to Sitka from Hawaii, sailed down the NW Coast to California, reaching San Francisco in January 1825. Then returned to Hawaii, with unprofitable results. Planned to sail to Canton but apparently remained in Hawaii into 1826. Never returned to the NW Coast, instead sailing to the coast of South America, and from Hawaii to Manila and Canton, apparently in 1827. Then returned to Hawaii where, in February 1828, the Tamaahmaah was sold to King Kaahumanu [or Kauikeaouli], who assumed the name Kamehameha III.[280]
  • USA: Schooner Tartar, under Benjamin Morell, in Pacific, mainly for sealing. Schooner of 154 tons, built in Saybrook, CT, in 1821. Left New York City in the summer of 1824, arriving on the California coast in 1824. Morell intended to sail north to the NW Coast, reaching Cape Blanco on 20 May 1825. Morell was "dismayed to find his further progress blocked by Russians". Morell later became famous for his book Narrative of Four Voyages in the South Seas and Pacific Ocean, published in 1832.[281]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, under Seth Barker, continues cruising the NW Coast. Few details are known. In July 1825 was trading in company with the Owhyhee in Haida Gwaii. Spent part of the winter of 1825-1826 in Hawaii, then returned to the NW Coast. Details lacking until 26 April 1827, when the Owhyhee spoke with the Volunteer at Tongass. The next clear information comes from the published journal of the missionary Jonathan S. Green, who took passage on the Volunteer from Honolulu to the NW Coast in February 1829.[282]

1826

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Dryad.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Fortuna; Rurik.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chinchilla; Convoy; Griffon; Louisa; [Owhyhee?]; Sultan; Tally Ho; Volunteer.[18]
  • Russia: Cog Unalaska, about 30 tons, built at Sitka by shipwright Grudinin.[226]
  • UK: Brig Dryad, under James Davidson (died en route) and A. Dunn (Chief Mate), on NW Coast. Brig of 203 tons, built at Isle of Wight, 1825. Chartered by HBC from owners Williams Alfield and Robert Shepard. Sailed from England in 1825, arriving on NW Coast on 1 June 1826. Sailed back to England 1826–1827; returned to NW Coast in 1830.[283]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, built at Fort Vancouver. Details lacking; noted in 1827–1830, 1832, 1836; probably working out of Fort Vancouver from 1826 to at least 1836.[284]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, under John Dominis returns to NW Coast after wintering in Honolulu. Then to Hawaii, California, Tahiti, and South America. Command changed again to Dixey W. Thompson for 1827 season.[285]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), now under Eliab Grimes again, spends year sailing between Hawaii and California, trading in California. To NW Coast in 1827.[286]
  • USA: Ship Parthian, under Captain T. Rodgers, in Pacific. Ship owned by Marshall and Wildes of Boston. Details uncertain. In Hawaii spring 1826, and again in fall of 1827, under Richard C. Blinn. Continued in 1828.[287]
  • USA: Brig Tally Ho, under William Henry McNeill, at Hawaii in early 1826. Brig one of several vessels owned by Josiah Marshall of Boston, and managed almost exclusively from Hawaii by John C. Jones with occasional assistance by Dixey Wildes. Other vessels owned by Josiah Marshall included Owhyhee, Convoy, and Parthian. In 1826 and 1827. Tally Ho participated in the trade moving between Hawaii, California, and the NW Coast. Sold in 1827 for 8,500 seal skins.[288] Probably became RAC Chichagov (or Chirikov).[6]

1827

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; William and Ann.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Fortuna; Rurik.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Albatross; Chinchilla; Convoy; Courier; Diana; Griffon; Louisa; Owhyhee; Tally Ho; Triton; Volunteer.[18]
  • UK: Fort Langley established by HBC on lower Fraser River. Moved/rebuilt in 1839.
  • UK: HBC vessel William and Ann, under Henry Hanwell Jr, on NW Coast, second voyage from England. Left Gravesend, England, 25 September 1826, in company with the Cadboro. Stopped in Hawaii in spring 1827, then arrived at Columbia River and Fort Vancouver On 6 July 1827 left Fort Vancouver for England (did not get out of Columbia River until 23 August), arriving in February 1828.[275]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James P. Swan (1826-1827) and/or Aemilius Simpson (1827-1831), arrives at Columbia River. Schooner of 71 tons, built at Rye, England, 1826, for HBC. Left England in 1826, stops in Hawaii, then arriving at Columbia River in May 1827, then "travelled north (to Fraser River area?), then south to Monterey." Stayed in PNW for many years working the NW Coast trade for the HBC.[289]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "operating with temporary sails"; noted in 1827–1830, 1832, 1836.[284]
  • USA: Brig Active, under William Cotting, on NW Coast. Left Boston in July 1826. Often sailed with Louisa, captain William Martain. Seen by Owhyhee at Henya [Tlingit?] in March 1827. Active was a 211-ton brig built in Ipswich in 1822. Active and Louisa owned by a consortium of ten Boston men including Martain and Cotting. Was in the Pacific again in 1829–1930.[290]
  • USA: Brig Chincilla, under Thomas Meek, still trading around the Pacific (see 1825 for details).[291]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, under Dixey W. Thompson in Pacific. Unclear whether went to Boston or stayed in Pacific. Maybe have traveled with Tally Ho. Reported on NW Coast in 1829.[292]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), now under John Dominis, in Hawaii in Jan 1827. Ordered to go to NW Coast, incl Fort Vancouver area, and trade remaining cargo with Russians in California. Owhyhee to northern NW Coast in Feb 1827, Columbia River in early June, and Bodega Bay in late June. Back at Oahu in July, cargo of beaver skins. Then to Canton, then Boston, arriving in May 1828. On NW Coast again in 1829.[293]
  • USA: Brig Diana, under Andrew Blanchard, on NW Coast. Brig of 199-tons owned by Marshall and Wildes. In October 1827 reported at Hawaii, where Blanchard sold the Diana to the Russians for 8,000 seal skins, vessel to be given up at Sitka. At some point the Diana was sold by the Russians to "French & Company", an American firm in Honolulu.[294]
  • USA: Ship Triton, under William Bryant, arrives on NW Coast. Ship of 344 tons, built by Thatcher Magoun in Medford, MA, in 1816, and owned by the firms Bryant & Sturgis and Boardman & Pope (former competitors, the firms often collaborated in the declining years of the Northwest Trade). Left Boston in the fall of 1826. Little is known. Was seen by the Owhyhee at Tongass on 26 April 1827.[295]

1828

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro.[18]
  • Hawaii: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Kamolilani; Tamaolani.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Chinchilla; Griffon; Louisa; Owhyhee; Paragon; Parthian; Sultan; Volunteer; Washington.[18]
  • Russia: Cog Beaver, about 30 tons, built at Sitka.[226]
  • Russia: Cog Sea Lion, about 30 tons, built at Sitka.[226]
  • Russia: Brig Chichagov or Chirikov, about 160 tons, bought from Americans (in 1827 or 1828). Wrecked in 1845.[226][6] Was the US Tally-ha (probably Tally Ho).[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under Aemilius Simpson, continues working the PNW Coast Trade, including at Port Townsend and Gulf (of Georgia?).[289]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "appears on Wilson's list (Dick Wilson)"; noted in 1827–1830, 1832, 1836.[284]
  • UK: HBC brigantine Eagle, under John Costellow Grave, arrives on NW Coast. Brigantine of 194 tons, built at Lynn, Norfolk, England, in 1824; purchased by HBC in 1827 for use on the NW Coast. From 1826 to 1834 returned to England every two years, with stops at Hawaii and Rio de Janeiro. Transferred to the HBC's NW Coast Trade in 1834, then in 1836 transferred to HBC's Hudson Bay service region.[296]
  • USA: Ship Parthian, now under Richard C. Blinn, sails from Hawaii to NW Coast, 1827-1828-ish, returning to Hawaii in March 1828. To NW Coast again in April 1828, returning to Hawaii in fall 1828. Then to Canton in Oct 1828, "with a full cargo of Sandal Wood to the address of Messrs Sturgis & Co., Canton."[297]
  • USA: Schooner Washington (II), returned to the Pacific. In July 1827, in New York City, the schooner's registration was changed from Boston to New York City, although Josiah Marshall remained owner. On 4 March 1828 arrived in Oahu with "Captain Grimes passenger". Information comes from John C. Jones, American resident in Honolulu, who had the vessel overhauled and repaired. Jones sent the Washington to "Norfolk Sound" (Sitka) with a cargo of rice, molasses, and sugar. Washington left Hawaii on 15 May 1828 for Sitka, and returned to Hawaii on 13 July 1828. Apparently sailed to Sitka again on 28 September 1828, presumably returning to Honolulu where Jones had her fitted out for a voyage to California, "where at the present time owing to certain advantages we have obtained the prospect is great for a good voyage". There is no evidence that the vessel ever returned again to American waters.[298]

1829

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Ganymede; William and Ann.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Alabama; Convoy; Griffon; Herald; Louisa; Owhyhee; Plant; Volunteer.[18]
  • Russia: Sloop Sea Lion, about 210 tons, built at Sitka.[226]
  • UK: HBC vessel William and Ann, now under John Swan, tries to enter Columbia River, third voyage from England. Left Plymouth, England, 16 September 1828, in company with the Ganymede, parting ways in the Bay of Biscay. Wrecked on the bar Columbia River on 10 March 1829, all hands lost.[275]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under Leonard John Hayne, arrives at Oahu, Hawaii, then sails to NW Coast. Barque of 213 tons, built at Chepstow, Wales, in 1827; chartered by HBC in 1828 for a voyage to the NW Coast. Bought by the HBC in 1830 and continued working through most of the 1830s.[299]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under Aemilius Simpson, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "hauled up to be repaired" in Fall 1829; noted in 1827–1830, 1832, 1836.[284]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, under Dixey W. Thompson, on NW Coast as reported in log of Owhyhee. Sailed for Hawaii in September 1829. Native oral tradition near Fort Vancouver identifies Convoy and/or Owhyhee as bringing "intermittent fever" to region in winter of 1829-30.[300]
  • USA: Brig Owhyhee (or Owyhee), still under John Dominis, leaves Boston in Aug 1828, arrives at Columbia River in Feb 1829. Then cruises NW Coast between Haida Gwaii and Columbia River until Sept 1830, then to Hawaii. In Nov 1830 sails for Boston directly. Native oral tradition near Fort Vancouver blames Owhyhee and/or Convoy for bringing "intermittent fever" to region in winter of 1829-1830.[301]
  • USA: Ship Volunteer, now under Charles Taylor, and owned by Bryant & Sturgis, still in Pacific. Details lacking. The missionary Jonathan S. Green took passage on the Volunteer from Honolulu to the NW Coast in February 1829. The Volunteer cruised the coast through the 1829 season, arriving in Sitka on 31 August 1829. From there sailed to San Francisco, then returned to Hawaii on 9 November 1829. Further information lacking. Sources: Very complete log of the first voyage in Boston Public Library, titled "Volunteer, James Bennett, from Boston toward the NWC, Sandwich Islands, Whampoa, and return. 30 October 1817—1 June 1821." Later voyage: Missionary Jonathan S. Green kept a Journal of a Tour on the North West Coast of America in the Year 1829, Containing a Description of a Part of Oregon, California and the Northwest Coast and the Numbers, Manners and Customs of the Native Tribes, published in 1915 (New York: Hearman's Historical Series No. 10).[302]

1830

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Eagle; Isabella; Vancouver.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Convoy; Griffon; Louisa; Owhyhee; Sultan; Volunteer.[18]
  • Hawaii: Sandalwood in Hawaii depleted.
  • Russia: Brig Polifem, about 200 tons, built at Okhotsk.[226]
  • Russia: RAC bot Karluk wrecked at Kodiak Island.[6]
  • UK: Brig Dryad, under John Minors, on NW Coast. Bought by HBC from owners Alfield & Shepard in 1829. Sailed from England, arriving on NW Coast in 1830 "with 8 apprentices from the Royal Hospital, Greenwich". Remained on NW Coast through 1836.[283]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under Aemilius Simpson, continues working the PNW Coast Trade, including visiting Nass "to choose a site and establish a Post".[289]
  • UK: HBC schooner Vancouver (I, another HBC Vancouver came later), under William Ryan, begins service for HBC's NW Coast Trade. Schooner of 60 tons, built at Fort Vancouver in 1826 but not launched until 1830. In 1830–1831 reported "trips on coast to Langley and to Oahu." Continued working the NW Coast trade for the HBC until 1834.[303]
  • UK: HBC brig (or snow) Isabella, under William Ryan, Hawaii, then NW Coast. Brig of 195 tons, built at Shoreham, Sussex, England, in 1825; bought by HBC on 10 October 1829. Left London on 30 October 1829. Arrived at Columbia River on 3 May 1830 and wrecked on Columbia bar. Crew arrived at Fort Vancouver on 4 June 1830. In 1831 HBC recovered the insurance. In 1986 the wreck was discovered.[304]
  • UK: HBC brigantine Eagle, under John Costellow Grave, on NW Coast, presumably after a trip to London in 1829.[296]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under Leonard John Hayne, returns to England from NW Coast, via "Van Dieman's Land" (Tasmania ). Bought by HBC and began voyage to NW Coast, arriving in 1831.[299]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "lost in Spring flood of Columbia River" in March 1830; but again noted in 1832 and 1836.[284]
  • USA/UK: Brig Lama (sometimes spelled Llama), under William Henry McNeill, sailed from Boston to NW Coast. Brig and cargo bought by HBC, with McNeill retained as captain, who became a British citizen and was later captain of Beaver.[305]
  • USA: Brig Active, now under captain John Lambert, in Pacific. Details unknown except was "surrendered at the Hawaiian Islands".[306]
  • USA: Brig Convoy and the Owhyhee reported traveling the Strait of Juan de Fuca.[307]

1831

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Little; Vancouver.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Bolivar Liberator; Crusader; Diana; Griffon; Lama; Louisa; Smyrna.[18]
  • Russia: RAC bot Sivuch wrecked at Atka Island.[6]
  • UK: Fort Simpson built, HBC. Near mouth of Nass River. Moved in 1834 to Tsimpsean Peninsula, about halfway between Nass River and Skeena River, today Lax Kw'alaams/Port Simpson. First colonist settlement in Tsimshian territory; later followed by William Duncan's mission town Metlakatla, and Robert Cunningham's Port Essington.
  • UK: HBC brig Dryad remains on NW Coast. Captain John Minors forced to resign ("drunken, incompetent") in 1831; replaced by Aemilius Simpson, who died at Nass in September 1831. Made an early winter voyage to California. Remained on NW Coast through 1836.[283]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under Aemilius Simpson, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC schooner Vancouver (I), under William Ryan, then Charles Kipling, continues service for HBC's NW Coast Trade. In 1830–1831 reported "trips on coast to Langley and to Oahu." Continued working the NW Coast trade for the HBC until 1834.[303]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under Charles Kipling, arrives at Columbia River from England on 15 May 1831. Leaves for Hawaii on 7 November 1831. Remained in the region through 1832, under William Ryan.[299]
  • Russia: Cog Aleut, about 30 tons, built at Sitka.[226]

1832

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Eagle; Lama; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Polifem.[18]
  • Hawaii: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Victoria.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Active; Bolivar Liberator; Convoy; Crusader; Diana; Griffon; Hamilton; Smyrna.[18]
  • UK: Fort Nisqually built, HBC.
  • UK: Fort Umpqua established by Hudson's Bay Company at Umpqua–Calapooya confluence; moved in 1836 to present-day Elkton, Oregon.
  • Russia: Galiot Seafarer, about 40 tons, built at Sitka.[226]
  • Russia: Brig Okhotsk, about 180 tons, built at Okhotsk.[226]
  • UK: HBC brig Dryad, under Alexander Duncan (March–October 1832) remains on NW Coast. Remained on NW Coast through 1836.[283]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, unknown captain (?), continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC schooner Vancouver (I), under Charles Kipling, continues service for HBC's NW Coast Trade. Noted for 1832: "Got carried out to sea in a gale and almost wrecked". Continued working the NW Coast trade for the HBC until 1834.[303]
  • UK: HBC brigantine Eagle, under John Costellow Grave, on NW Coast, presumably after a trip to London in 1831.[296]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "transporting empty barrels from Fort Vancouver to Pillar Rock"; again noted 1836.[284]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under William Ryan, back in England? Starts a return voyage to NW Coast.[299]
  • USA: Brig Bolivar or Bolivar Liberator arrives in Pacific. Brig of 212-tons was built in Chatham, MA, in 1825. Stayed in the Pacific for at least 15 years, trading back and forth between NW Coast, Canton, Hawaii, and California.[308]
  • USA: Brig Chincilla, under Thomas Meek, still trading around the Pacific (see 1825 for details).[309]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, now under John Bancroft and owned by New Englanders in Hawaii, cruises between Hawaii, California, and NW Coast. Apparently continued to at least 1837.[310]
  • USA: The Crusader, under Benjamin Pickens, enters NW Coast fur trade. Purchased in Hawaii by New England agents acting for Boston firms. They sent Crusader to poach sea otters in California. First sailed to Sitka, then picked up 35 Kaigani Haida hunters and 60 canoes to hunt. Arrived in California on 4 July 1832 and hunted until September, then returned to Hawaii. Owners tried unsuccessfully to have a Mexican citizen join in partnership in order to avoid problems of illegal hunting in Spanish California.[311]
  • USA: Schooner Victoria, under Charles Brewer, sails from Hawaii to NW Coast and California. Details lacking, but Victoria was the first vessel purchased by William French, an American resident of Honolulu. French would eventually also own the Diana and invest in the Crusader with other Americans in Honolulu, including John C. Jones and Eliab Grimes. The Victoria left Honolulu on 10 December 1831 for the NW Coast, "presumably to hire native hunters", then proceeded to the California coast, arriving at Monterey on 14 August 1832.[312]

1833

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Ganymede; Lama; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Convoy; Diana.[18]
  • Russia: RAC establish Mikhailovskii Redoubt on an island in the Bering Sea, near the mouth of the Yukon River. To be a base for opening up the Yukon basin.[6]
  • UK: Fort McLoughlin built, HBC. Milbanke Sound area. Linked to Heiltsuk and Bella Bella.
  • UK: Fort Nisqually established by Hudson's Bay Company on Puget Sound.
  • Russia: Schooner Kvikhpak, about 50 tons, built at Sitka.[226]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, unknown captain (?), continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC brig Dryad still on NW Coast, no additional information?[283]
  • UK: HBC schooner Vancouver (I), under William Ryan, continues service for HBC's NW Coast Trade. Continued working the NW Coast trade for the HBC until 1834.[303]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under Robert Royal, arrives on NW Coast and Columbia River. Then returns to England, arriving in 1834. In later 1834 makes a voyage to Moose Factory (Hudson Bay), then back.[299]
  • USA: Brig Diana, now under Joseph O. Carter, sailed in May 1833 from Callao to Hawaii, then to Sitka, presumably to trade with Russians. THen returned to Hawaii and on to China.[313]

1834

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Eagle; Lama; Nereide; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov; Chilkat.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Bolivar Liberator; Diana; Europa; Joseph Peabody; La Grange.[18]
  • Russia/UK: Redoubt San Dionisio/Redoubt Saint Dionysius/Svyatogo Dionisiya built, today Wrangell, Alaska. In 1839 became HBC post named Fort Stikine.
  • USA/UK: Fort William established by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth on Wappatoo Island (Sauvie Island), Columbia River. In 1837 sold to HBC.
  • USA: The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under William Ryan, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC brig Dryad, now under Charles Kipling, still on NW Coast. In September 1834 visited Nass, experienced "Indian opposition". Then to Stikine River in June 1834 with Peter Skene Ogden to found a new HBC post. "Had an encounter with the Russians who had occupied the site"; at the hurriedly built small fort Redoubt St. Dionysius at the mouth of the Stikine River, with the armed brig Chichagoff. Withdrew after an 11 day standoff. The Dryad remained on NW Coast through 1836.[283][314]
  • UK: HBC schooner Vancouver (I), under Alexander Duncan, continues service for HBC's NW Coast Trade. Wrecked at Rose Point, northeast tip of Haida Gwaii. Notes for March 1834: "Wrecked on Point Rose, Queen Charlotte Islands & crew forced to flee leaving wreck & cargo in possession of natives".[303]
  • UK: HBC brigantine Eagle, under William Darby, on NW Coast, presumably after a trip to London in 1833. Transferred to HBC's NW Coast Trade, then sailed to London, arriving in June 1835, after which sold and/or transferred to Hudson Bay operations.[296]
  • USA: Brig Bolivar or Bolivar Liberator (see 1832), under John Dominis, brings 20 natives from Tongass to California to hunt sea otters. Later in the year takes some Tlingit from Fort Simpson to California for same purpose.[315]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, now under Benjamin Pickens, reported at Oahu, from California, with cargo of sea otter pelts.[316]
  • USA: Brig May Dacre, under James L. Lambert, on NW Coast. Brig of 194-tons built at Calais, Maine, in 1833. Owned by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and others. In 1834 and 1835 reported in the Columbia River "for trade and salmon". In 1806 returned to Boston and was sold. Wyeth tried twice to establish a US trade post on the Columbia. The supply ship for the 1st attempt in 1832 sank en route. The May Dacre was connected to the 2nd attempt in 1834–35.[317]
  • Japan/UK: Hojunmaru, under navigator Iwakichi, wrecks near Cape Flattery on the Olympic Peninsula, in Jan 1834. Hojunmaru was a sengokubune cargo ship, 50 feet long, carrying about 150 tons of rice and porcelain, crew of 14. On 11 Oct 1832 it left Ise Bay at its home port of Onoura (now part of Mihama, Aichi) bound for Edo. Damaged in a storm, drifted across the ocean for over a year. Only three survived: Iwakichi (28 years old), Kyukichi (15), and Otokichi (14) (the crew had plenty of rice, but most died of scurvy). They were the first Japanese to visit what is now Washington (and later London), and were never able to return to Japan. Enslaved by the Makah, who found them and salvaged goods from the wreck. News of "Chinese" sailors reached John McLoughlin, who sought to rescue them from May-July 1834. They were ransomed and brought to Fort Vancouver by the HBC brig Lama, under William Henry McNeill. They then spent a few months at Fort Vancouver, learning some English. Learning they were Japanese, McLoughlin thought they might help open trade between Britain and Japan, so sent them to London and eventually to China. They left Fort Vancouver on 15 Nov 1834 aboard HBC brig Eagle—becoming the first Japanese to visit London. Unsure what to do, officials in London had them taken to Macau, where they were essentially abandoned with German missionary Karl Gützlaff. In 1837 US merchant Charles W. King took them and four other Japanese who had wrecked in the Philippines, to Japan, but was driven away from Uraga Channel (entrance to Tokyo Bay ("Edo Bay")) and then Kagoshima by cannon fire, forced to return to Macau—event known as the Morrison incident.[318]

1835

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Cadboro; Dryad; Ganymede; Lama.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov; Chilkat.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Bolivar Liberator; Diana; Europa.[18]
  • Spain: Franciscan friars from Mission Santa Barbara send schooner Peor es Nada to San Nicolas Island to rescue/evict the few Nicoleño survivors of the 1811 Russian massacre. Juana Maria is left behind.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
  • USA: Brig of 95 tons, Clementine, reported by "Dana" (Richard Henry Dana Jr.) as transporting Alaskan natives to California to hunt sea otters. Little known: According to Dana, owned by "sundry Americans at Oahu" and was carrying on "a great trade—legal and illegal—in otter skins, silks, teas, specie, etc." Was apparently attacked by Tlingits in 1842.[319]
  • USA/Russia: Brig Diana, probably still under Joseph O. Carter, sailed again from Hawaii to Sitka. Hired a party of natives for a cruise in California, where Richard Henry Dana saw Diana on 27 December 1835. In March 1836 sailed to Honolulu, then Canton.[320]
  • USA: Brig May Dacre, under James L. Lambert, in Columbia River again (see 1834).[321]

1836

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Cadboro; Columbia; Dryad; Ganymede; Lama; Nereide.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov; Chilkat.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Bolivar Liberator; Convoy; Diana; Europa; Joseph Peabody; La Grange; Loriot; Rasselas.[18]
  • UK: HBC steamship Beaver arrives at Fort Vancouver; serves HBC coast trade until wrecked in 1888.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under William Heath, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • UK: HBC brig Dryad, under Charles Kipling still on NW Coast. Sailed back to England in 1836 and sold in June to Thomas Gillespy Jr. In November 1839 "a ship by that name sunk off coast of Cuba for insurance".[283]
  • UK: HBC barque Ganymede, under William Eales, voyages from England to Columbia River, and back, from 1834–1837. Sold on 5 June 1837.[299]
  • UK: HBC sloop Broughton, under Henry Edward Boulton, based at Fort Vancouver, noted as "carried supplies to the Ganymede."[284]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, now under John Bancroft again, reported at Oahu, from California, with cargo of sea otter pelts. Returned immediately to California. Seen by Richard Henry Dana Jr. on California coast in 1836.[322]

1837

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Cadboro; Lama; Nereide.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Aktsiya; Chichagov.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Hamilton; Jones; Loriot.[18]
  • World: Panic of 1837; causes major depression of 1841-43 and basically ends the Maritime Fur Trade and Old China Trade. US traders largely abandon the PNW Coast trade. HBC takes over remains.
  • USA: Whitman Mission founded by Marcus Whitman and Narcissa Whitman just west of present-day Walla Walla.
  • Russia: RAC schooner Chil’kat (or Chilkat), under Vasilii Kirillovich Voronkovskii, staff captain in the Corps of Naval Navigators, vanished at sea without a trace near Baranof Island. A loss of 22,205 silver rubles.[6]
  • Russia: RAC bot Sivuch wrecked at Atka Island.[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under William Brotchie, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • USA: Brig Bolivar or Bolivar Liberator, under John Dominis (see 1832), reported present in Hawaii with cargo of sea otter pelts (presumably from California or NW Coast) bound for Canton.[323]
  • USA: Brig Clementine reported at Oahu, under Captain Kilham, might be the same Clementine that was in Pacific since at least 1835. See 1835 entry.[324]
  • USA: Brig Convoy, under John Bancroft, again reported at Oahu, from California, with cargo of sea otter pelts.[325]
  • USA: Brig Diamond, under Captain Carter, reported at Hawaii in February 1837, having come from Norfolk Sound (Sitka Sound). Boston brig of 199-tons had a crew of 13 and a cargo of "general merchandise" bound for Canton. Little else known.[326]

1838

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Columbia; Lama; Nereide.[18] Also Cadboro.
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Joseph Peabody; Suffolk.[18]
  • UK: HMS Sulphur, under Edward Belcher, with HMS Starling, under Henry Kellett, sent to NW Coast for hydrographic survey and investigation of Russian colonies. Voyage from 1836 to 1842. Visited Sitka in 1837 and 1839. Also stopped at other Russian settlements including Fort Ross.[2] See: Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (1843). (Vol. 1 / Vol. 2).
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • USA: Bark Suffolk, under Peter Allen, in Hawaii from 18 July to 11 September 1838. Owned by "experienced Boston Men" William Boardman, John Suter, and Seth Barker. Records say vessel had been at Norfolk Sound (Sitka Sound), but the cargo of "hides oil and general merchandise" indicates that the vessel was also on the coast of California.[327]
  • USA: United States Exploring Expedition (AKA Wilkes Expedition) (1838–1842), under Charles Wilkes, departs New York City on 18 August 1838.. Vessels: USS Vincennes (780 ton sloop-of-war), USS Peacock (650 ton sloop-of-war), USS Relief (468 ton ship), USS Porpoise (230 ton brig), USS Sea Gull (110 ton schooner), USS Flying Fish (96 ton schooner), USS Oregon.

1839

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Nereide; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Chichagov; Nikolay I.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Clementine; Joseph Peabody; Le Lorio; Thomas Perkins.[18]
  • Russia: RAC establish Nulato trading post on the Yukon River, Alaska.[6]
  • Russia/UK: RAC–HBC Agreement, giving the HBC a lease of southeastern Alaska up to 56°30'N.
  • UK: Fort Cowlitz (AKA Cowlitz Farm) founded by Hudson's Bay Company, Pugets Sound Agricultural Company, on Cowlitz River near present-day Toledo.
  • USA: United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes explores South Pacific, including Samoa, Australia, Antarctica.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade through the 1840s and 1850s.[289]

1840

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Cadboro; Columbia; Vancouver.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Nikolay I.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Alciope; Don Quixote; Joseph Peabody; Lausanne.[18]
  • UK: Fort Durham (Fort Taku, Taco, Tacouw) built, HBC. Near Taku River and Juneau.
  • Russia/California: By 1840 California sea otter population "severely depleted".
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 13 people.[328]
  • USA: United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes continues exploring Pacific, including New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji; arrived at Hawaii on 23 September 1840. Some ships split up to explore different areas.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • USA: Brig Maryland, under Captain Couch ("presumably John H. Couch"), on NW Coast. Brig of 100-tons built at Wareham in 1830. Registered in Boston in late 1839. Owned by Philip Cushing of Newburyport, MA. Traded for salmon in the Columbia River in 1840. Further details unknown?[329]

1841

edit
  • UK: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Beaver; Cadboro; Columbia; Lama.[18]
  • Russia: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Nikolay I.[18]
  • USA: Trading/hunting vessels on NW Coast: Morea.[18]
  • Russia/USA: RAC sells Fort Ross, California to John Sutter.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 24 people.[328]
  • USA: United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes continues exploring Pacific. Vincennes, under Wilkes, arrives at mouth of Columbia River in late April 1841, then to Puget Sound, surveying the region for about six months, including 3 exploring expeditions inland. Surveys up the Columbia River, Willamette River, then California. Left NW Coast on 28 November 1841, returning home through 1842 via Hawaii, Philippines, SIngapore, Capetown, and St. Helena. Arrives at New York City on 10 June 1842.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1842

edit
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 125 people.[328]
  • Russia: RAC bark Naslednik Aleksandr, under Nikolai Kondrat'evich Kadnikov, almost lost during a bad storm when Captain Kadnikov drowned in his wardroom and five crew were lost overboard. The bark was saved by its Creole navigator Illarion Ivanovich Arkhimandritov and the courage of the crew.[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • USA: Brig Clementine, in Pacific since at least 1835, "apparently attacked after a storm by the Tlingits, while it was en route south and 'the crew left with little more than the bare ship'." See 1835 entry.[330]
  • USA: Brig Nereus, under I.N. Chapman, arrives at Columbia River. Brig built at Haverhill, MA, in 1818; was a "24-year-old tramp freighter". Sailed from New England to Oahu with goods for American settlers there, then to Columbia River. Hired an Indian guide at Fort George (Astoria), traveled upriver to Willamette. There met Chenamus engaged in similar trade. Five months spent packing salmon. Left on 26 Sept 1842 for Hawaii, then New Zealand, Australia, Tahiti, and home, arriving in Salem on 1 Sept 1843. Was "broken up" upon return.[331]

1843

edit
  • UK: Fort Victoria built, HBC.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 875 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1844

edit
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 1475 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]
  • USA: Brig Bolivar or Bolivar Liberator, underwent a complete refit, name changed to Oajaca, and registered under the Mexican flag (still owned by New Englanders). Remained active in the trans-Pacific trade.[332]
  • USA: Brig Chenamus, under John H. Couch, arrives at the Columbia River via Hawaii. Built at Newburyport, MA, in 1841; 201-ton vessel. Owned by William Cushing's father (Philip Cushing, also owner of Maryland?). Sailed from Newburyport in 1843. Brought people and goods from Hawaii to Columbia River, including missionaries, settlers, and entrepreneurs. From the Columbia took a cargo mainly of lumber and salmon. Remained in Columbia River until October 1844, then returned to Hawaii.[333]

1845

edit
  • Hawaii: Capital of Hawaiian Kingdom moved to Honolulu (1845-1893)
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 2500 people.[328]
  • Russia: RAC brig Chichagov wrecked on Medny Island; crew and some of cargo saved. Vessel was old and valued at only 3,000 silver rubles. It had been purchased from Americans in 1827.[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1846

edit
  • War: USA/Mexico: Mexican–American War starts.
  • USA/UK: Oregon Treaty.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 1200 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Allan Scarborough, continues working the PNW Coast Trade. In 1846 into 1847 was chartered by Captain Howison of the Shark to convey the crew to California after it was wrecked; left January and returned 17 February 1847.[289]

1847

edit
  • UK: Fort Yukon established by HBC at Yukon–Porcupine confluence.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 4000 people.[328]
  • USA: Whitman massacre; on 30 November 1847. Begins the Cayuse War.
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Sangster, continues working the PNW Coast Trade. In 1846 into 1847 was chartered by Captain Howison of the Shark to convey the crew to California after it was wrecked; left January and returned 17 February 1847.[289]

1848

edit

1849

edit
  • UK: HBC founds Fort Rupert on northern Vancouver Island.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 450 people.[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 25,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Sangster, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1850

edit
  • UK: Nahwitti shelled and burned by British Navy.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 6,000 people.[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 44,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Sangster, continues working the PNW Coast Trade. Was "seized by US Forces at Nisqually" in 1850 (presumably returned).[289]

1851

edit
  • UK: Nahwitti shelled and burned by British Navy again. Residents mostly flee to Hope Island (new village of Meloopa) and later to Alert Bay.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 3,600 people.[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 4,700 people.[328]
  • Russia: RAC bark Shelikhov (formerly Lina) struck a submerged rock in the Sea of Okhotsk near the mouth of the Amur River, and sank within view of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (then the "Petropavlovsk winter settlement").[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Sangster, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1852

edit
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 10,000 people.[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 50,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under James Sangster, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1853

edit
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 7,500 people.[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 20,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under C.E. Stuart, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1854

edit
  • Hawaii: King Kamehameha III dies. Kamehameha IV becomes king of Hawaiian Kingdom on 11 Jan 1855.
  • USA: Oregon Trail emigration: 6,000 people (rest of 1850s 500–2000 per year).[328]
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 12,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro, under C.E. Stuart, continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1855

edit

1856

edit
  • USA: Guano Islands Act.
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 8,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro continues working the PNW Coast Trade.[289]

1857

edit
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 4,000 people.[328]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro apparently ceases working the PNW Coast Trade. Noted: "The Cadboro is laid up in harbour, not having been required for any service since last year..., being dismantled and at present of little use will remain unemployed."[289]

1858

edit
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 6,000 people.[328]

1859

edit
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 17,000 people.[328]

1860

edit
  • USA/California: California Gold Rush emigration: 9,000 people.[328]
  • Russia: RAC ship Kad’yak, under Arkhimandritov, sailed from Alaska for San Francisco with a load of ice, struck a rock and sank at Spruce Island. Ship of 500 tons, built in 1851 in Lübeck. RAC administration publicized this rock at San Francisco [which one today?] and stationed a baidarka at it, later replaced by a buoy.[6]
  • UK: HBC schooner Cadboro sold to Captain Edward Howard, "wrecked in October carrying lumber from Puget Sound."[289]

1861

edit

1862

edit

1863

edit

1865

edit
  • Russia: RAC ship Nikolai I, on 18 June 1865 while sailing from Sitka to Ayan in the Sea of Okhotsk, wrecked at night in fog at Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands.[6]
  • USA: Confederate cruiser CSS Shenandoah sails to North Pacific and seizes 22 whaling ships from northern states, most of which were burned.[2]

1867

edit

1869

edit
  • Japan: Unknown junk, probably Japanese, washed up on Adak Island, Aleutians, in April 1869.[335]

1871

edit
  • Japan: Unknown junk, probably Japanese, washed up on Attu Island, Aleutians.[336]

1872

edit

1874

edit

1891

edit

1898

edit
  • Hawaii/USA: US annexation of Hawaii.

Places

edit
  • Auke (Ark, Auk): Auke Tlingit village of Auke on Auke Bay, north of Juneau. Called "ark" by Robert Kemp on Otter in 1810.[337] "Former Tlingit Indian village of the Auk tribe. The name "Ak an" means "lake town" according to J. R. Swanton in 1904. The name "Anchguhlsu (or Antcgaltsu)" is reported by Swanton to mean "town they abandoned," a name obviously applied after abandonment about 1902."[338] "Name reported by Spencer and Wright (1906, pl37), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The name is from the Auk Tlingit Indians, who occupied the north end of Admiralty Island, Douglas Island, and the mainland from Juneau, north to Berners Bay It is said the Indians derived their name from the work "Ak!u" meaning "little lake." It was one of the few Indian names in this area retained by the miners (Dearmond, 1957, p6)."[339]
  • Carter's Bay (Carter Bay): Bay near the head of Finlayson Channel. Named and charted by Vancouver. Used by various American vessels. In summer 1805 was rendezvous for Lydia, Atahualpa, and Vancouver, of Boston.[337] "Named 17 June 1793 by Captain George Vancouver, after John Carter, able seaman aboard the Discovery, who at the age of 24, died after eating poisonous mussels whilst on a boat expedition examining this part of the coast; he had been buried here the previous day, 16 June 1793."[340]
  • Chilkat or Klukwan (Chilcart, Chilkark): Tlingit village on Chilkat Inlet, known today as Klukwan. Visited by Atahualpa in 1801 (and others before probably). In 1810 the Otter was attacked and journal-keeper Robert Kemp was killed. Village avoided for several years afterwards. By 1821 Mentor and other ships were again making it part of their regular cruising route. Chiefs mentioned: Ziahduce, Kataneker.[337] "Originally a Tlingit Indian village the name of which, as reported by the U.S. Navy in 1880, was "Chilcat of Klukquan," which is said to mean "the old town." W. H. Dale (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1883 p. 198), U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS), reported the inhabitants called the village "Klu-kwan." At that time it consisted of 65 houses and 560 inhabitants. Aurel and Arthur Krause (1883, map) reported the name as "Kloquan." It was listed in the 11th Census in 1890 as "Klakwan," and it had 30 houses and 326 inhabitants, of which only three were non-Indian. The spelling "Klukwan" was adopted by the Canadian Board on Geographic Names."[341][342] "Former Tlingit Indian village; abandoned about 1910. The name "Chilkat" refers to a tribe of Tlingit, and means "salmon storehouse."; on the Chilkat Peninsula, on E shore of Chilkat Inlet, 2 mi. S of the center of Haines, 18 mi. SSW of Skagway, Coast Range".[343]
  • Chat-chee-ni/Chuckenhoo/Chartsena (Charsena, Chartseana, Chartseny, Chatseana, Chatseanoe, Chucknahoo, Chucqueneque, Chuckanuck, Kukkunuque): Called "Chatchini" in Swanton. A camp or summer village of Kasaan Haida near their permanent city on Prince of Wales Island, probably at Chasina Point[344] where Cholmondeley Sound meets Clarence Strait. An island by the same name, Chasina Island,[345] protects a small harbor there. The island and village were near but not identical. Log of Volunteer in 1818-19 refers to "Chuckenhoo Island" and "Charsena Village". Log of Lydia in 1805 calls them "Chatseanoe" and "Chatseana"; the Caroline "Chartseny" and "Chuckanahoo". Visited by many ships over the years. Chief mentioned: Kiangah.[337] On Cholmondeley Sound: "Named by Captain George Vancouver, Royal Navy (RN), August 21, 1793, for Hugh, Earl of Cholmondeley (Wagner, 1937, p. 380). Captain Tebenkov (1852, map 9) published the name "Zaliv Chasiny (Kalmondeley)," or "Chasiny (Kalmondeley) Bay." It is shown as "Bukhata i Reid Cholmondelei," meaning "Cholmondeley Bay and Roadstead," on Russian Hydrographic Dept. Chart 1493 published in 1853."[346] See also U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chasina Anchorage
  • Clemencitty (Clemelseda, Clemel Ceede, Clemming Cettee, Clemming Cutter, Clemming Celtee, Chig-wan-seaty, etc.):

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Sánchez, Joseph P. (2019). El Camino Real de California: From Ancient Pathways to Modern Byways. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 195–197. ISBN 978-0-8263-6103-5. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2017). "Foreign Ships along the Shores of Russian America". Alaska History. 32 (2). Translated by Bland, Richard. Alaska Historical Society: 29–51. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  3. ^ Black, Lydia (2004). Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867. University of Alaska Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-889963-04-4. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b Barratt, Glynn (2011). Russia in Pacific Waters, 1715-1825: A Survey of the Origins of Russia's Naval Presence in the North and South Pacific. University of British Columbia Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7748-4122-1. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Barratt2011" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Little, Margaret E. (1973). Early Days of the Maritime Fur Trade, 1785–1794 (Thesis). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0302164. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2011). "Russian Maritime Catastrophes during the Colonization of Alaska, 1741–1867". The Pacific Northwest Quaterly. 102 (4). Translated by Bland, Richard L. University of Washington: 178–194. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  7. ^ Pethick (1976), p. 27
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich (2018). Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741-1799. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 229–234. ISBN 978-1-4962-1085-2. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  9. ^ Pethick (1976), p. 27
  10. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks (U-V-W)". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  11. ^ Barratt (2011), p. 46
  12. ^ Black (2004), p. 90
  13. ^ "Haida Gwaii". BC Geographical Names.
  14. ^ "Spanish Exploration: Juan Perez Expedition of 1774 — First European Discovery and Exploration of Washington State Coast and Nueva Galicia (the Pacific Northwest)". HistoryLink. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  15. ^ Owens, Kenneth N. (2016). Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California. University of Washington Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-295-80583-2. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  16. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Three Saints Harbor
  17. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks (U-V-W)". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq Gibson, James R. (1999). Otter Skins, Boston Ships and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 299–310. ISBN 978-0-7735-2028-8. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Pethick, Derek (1976). First Approaches to the Northwest Coast. J. J. Douglas. pp. 78–80. ISBN 978-0-88894-056-8. Retrieved 3 May 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Pethick1976" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Ogden, Adele (1975). The California Sea Otter Trade, 1784-1848. University of California Press. pp. 155–182. ISBN 978-0-520-02806-7. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  21. ^ Hudson, Millard F. (1907–1908). "The Battle of San Diego" (PDF). Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California. 7 (2/3): 103–113. JSTOR 41168628.
  22. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cape Fairweather
  23. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lituya Bay
  24. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cenotaph Island
  25. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 101–106
  26. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 96–97
  27. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 96–97
  28. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 91–94
  29. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 91–94, 99–100
  30. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 100–101
  31. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 101–106
  32. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 97–100
  33. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 97–100
  34. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 111–112
  35. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 111–112
  36. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 93–98
  37. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 107–111
  38. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 98
  39. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 101–106
  40. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 112–113
  41. ^ Pethick (1976), pp. 112–113
  42. ^ Pethick (1976), p. 111–112
  43. ^ Owens, p. 44
  44. ^ "2014 Tongass National Forest Monitoring and Evaluation Report; 36. Heritage Resources" (PDF). US Forest Service.
  45. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 98
  46. ^ a b c Pethick, Derek. The Nootka Connection (1980), pp. 45–52
  47. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kenai
  48. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 65
  49. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 98
  50. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 115, 152
  51. ^ a b Pethick, Derek. The Nootka Connection (1980), pp. 127–128, 201–202, 205
  52. ^ a b c Pethick, Derek. The Nootka Connection (1980), pp. 131–132, 187, 192, 205, 210
  53. ^ a b c d Pethick, Derek. The Nootka Connection (1980), pp. 117, 123–124, 156, 170–171
  54. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 65
  55. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 129–130
  56. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 157
  57. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Nuchek (historical)
  58. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 115, 152
  59. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 69–70
  60. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 129–130
  61. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 115, 152
  62. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 96
  63. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 98
  64. ^ John Bartlett. "A narrative of events in the life of John Bartlett of Boston, Massachusetts, in the years 1790-1793" – via Internet Archive.
  65. ^ Richards, Rhys (1991). Captain Simon Metcalfe: Pioneer Fur Trader in the Pacific Northwest, Hawaii and China 1787-1794. Kingston, Ontario: Limestone Press. ISBN 0-919642-37-3.
  66. ^ Report for the Year 1957, Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology, Province of British Columbia Department of Education.
  67. ^ Pethick, Derek (1980). The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790-1795. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 198–200. ISBN 0-88894-279-6.
  68. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 157
  69. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks U-V-W". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  70. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Glory of Russia (historical)
  71. ^ New Russia Site, National Historical Landmarks Program (NHLP)
  72. ^ [1]
  73. ^ [2]
  74. ^ a b Bloxam, Andrew. Diary of Andrew Bloxam, Naturalist on the "Blond"1824–25. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication 10. 1925
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Polich, John (Spring 1983). "Joseph Burling O'Cain in Spanish California". Southern California Quarterly. 54 (1). University of California Press: 95–106. doi:10.2307/41171021. JSTOR 41171021. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  76. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 94–95
  77. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 133
  78. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 157
  79. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 168
  80. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 139
  81. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 156
  82. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 157
  83. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 69–70
  84. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  85. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 94–95
  86. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 157
  87. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 68–69
  88. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 84
  89. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 94–95
  90. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 167
  91. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 67
  92. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 68–69
  93. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 78–79
  94. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 155
  95. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 78
  96. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  97. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 84–85
  98. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 85–86
  99. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 94–95
  100. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 129
  101. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 151–152
  102. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 164
  103. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 67
  104. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  105. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 73
  106. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 84–85
  107. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 129
  108. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  109. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  110. ^ Owens, Kenneth N. (2016). Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California. University of Washington Press. pp. 211, 220. ISBN 978-0-295-80583-2. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich; Pierce, Richard Austin; Khvostov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich; Langsdorff, G.H. von (1972). Pierce, Richard Austin (ed.). Rezanov Reconnoiters California, 1806: A new translation of Rezanov's letter, parts of Lieutenant Khvostov's log of the ship Juno, and Dr. Georg von Langsdorff observations (PDF). San Francisco: The Book Club of California. OCLC 571672. Retrieved 14 December 2020 – via Fort Ross Conservancy Library.
  112. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 67
  113. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 68–69
  114. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 98
  115. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 130
  116. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 138–139
  117. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  118. ^ a b c "William Shaler and the Lelia Byrd". Los Angeles Almanac. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  119. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  120. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  121. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 84–85
  122. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  123. ^ Owens, Kenneth N. (2016). Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California. University of Washington Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-295-80583-2. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  124. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks (U-V-W)". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  125. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  126. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 84–85
  127. ^ "D'Wolf, John". ABC BookWorld. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  128. ^ a b D'Wolf, John (1861). A Voyage to the North Pacific and a Journey Through Siberia: More Than Half a Century Ago. Cambridge, MA: Welch, Bigelow. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  129. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 130
  130. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 147
  131. ^ a b c d Howay, Frederic William (1937). "The Ship Pearl in Hawaii in 1805 and 1806" (PDF). Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. 46: 27–38.
  132. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 162
  133. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  134. ^ Owens, p. 214–216
  135. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  136. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 146
  137. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 162
  138. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 147
  139. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  140. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 97
  141. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  142. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  143. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 146
  144. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 93–94
  145. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  146. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 150–151
  147. ^ The Wreck of the St. Nicholas
  148. ^ Owens, p. 219–222
  149. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  150. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 97
  151. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 147
  152. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  153. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  154. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  155. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 140–141
  156. ^ a b c Malloy, Mary (2006). Devil on the deep blue sea: The notorious career of Captain Samuel Hill of Boston. Bullbrier Press. ISBN 978-0-9722854-1-4.
  157. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 147
  158. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 168–169
  159. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  160. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  161. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 140–141
  162. ^ Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich. Richard A. Pierce (ed.). "Rezanov Reconnoiters California, 1806" (PDF). Fort Ross Conservancy Library.
  163. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  164. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 93–94
  165. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 127–128
  166. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  167. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 140–141
  168. ^ Howay, Frederic William (1930). "The Attempt to Capture the Brig Otter". Washington Historical Quarterly. 21 (3): 179–188. JSTOR 40475341.
  169. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 164–165
  170. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  171. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 127–128
  172. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 136
  173. ^ Reynolds, Stephen (1938). F.W. Howay (ed.). The voyage of the New Hazard to the Northwest coast, Hawaii and China, 1810-1813. Peabody Museum. OCLC 7001517.
  174. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 159
  175. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  176. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  177. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  178. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  179. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 70–71
  180. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 76–77
  181. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 86
  182. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 127–128
  183. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 136
  184. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 143–144
  185. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  186. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  187. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 133–134
  188. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  189. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 127–128
  190. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 128–129
  191. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 143–144
  192. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  193. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 150
  194. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 160–61
  195. ^ a b c d e Porter, Kenneth W. (October 1932). "The Cruise of the Forester: Some New Sidelights on the Astoria Enterprise". Washington Historical Quaterly. 23 (4). University of Washington: 261–285. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  196. ^ "Stranded on the Island of the Blue Dolphins: The True Story of Juana Maria". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  197. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tarakanov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  198. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 127–128
  199. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  200. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 86
  201. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 143–144
  202. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 74–75
  203. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  204. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 64
  205. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  206. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 92
  207. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 128–129
  208. ^ Schodt, Frederik L. (2003). Native American in the Land of the Shogun: Ranald MacDonald and the Opening of Japan. Stone Bridge Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-880656-77-8.
  209. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 137–138
  210. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 66–67
  211. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 75–76
  212. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 76
  213. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 128–129
  214. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 144
  215. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  216. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 68
  217. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 69
  218. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 76
  219. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  220. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 92
  221. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 97
  222. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  223. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 156
  224. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  225. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 165
  226. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gibson, James R. (1972). "Russian America in 1833: The Survey of Kirill Khlebnikov". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 63 (1): 1–13. JSTOR 40488966.
  227. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 139
  228. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 78
  229. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 97
  230. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  231. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  232. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  233. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 71–72
  234. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 72
  235. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 81
  236. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 135
  237. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  238. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 72
  239. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 88
  240. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  241. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  242. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 159
  243. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 163
  244. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  245. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 69
  246. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 72–73
  247. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 77
  248. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  249. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  250. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 153–154
  251. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  252. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 72–73
  253. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 77
  254. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  255. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 148–150
  256. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 153–154
  257. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  258. ^ Kotzebue, Otto von; Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich von (1830). A New Voyage Round the World in the Years 1823, 24, 25, and 26. London: H. Colburn & R. Bentley. OCLC 606123019.
  259. ^ a b "Frederick Beechey". Social Studies Fact Cards. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  260. ^ "Lively" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  261. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 71–72
  262. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 77
  263. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  264. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  265. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 153–154
  266. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  267. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 132–133
  268. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  269. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 153–154
  270. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 155
  271. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 158–159
  272. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 161–162
  273. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  274. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 172–173
  275. ^ a b c "William and Ann" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  276. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 87
  277. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  278. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  279. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 153–154
  280. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 161–162
  281. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 162–163
  282. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  283. ^ a b c d e f g "Dryad" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  284. ^ a b c d e f g "Broughton" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  285. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  286. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  287. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 144–145
  288. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 160
  289. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Cadboro" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  290. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 65
  291. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 87
  292. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  293. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  294. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 96
  295. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 166
  296. ^ a b c d "Eagle" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  297. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 144–145
  298. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 172–173
  299. ^ a b c d e f "Ganymede" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  300. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  301. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 141–142
  302. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 170–172
  303. ^ a b c d e "Vancouver (I)" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  304. ^ "Isabella" (PDF). Hudson’s Bay Company Archives – Ships’ Histories. Archives of Manitoba. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  305. ^ McClary, Daryl C. "McNeil Island and the Federal Penitentiary, 1841-1981". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  306. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 65
  307. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  308. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 79–80
  309. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 87
  310. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  311. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 93
  312. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 170
  313. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 96
  314. ^ McLoughlin, John (October 1946). "McLoughlin's Statement of the Expenses incurred in the "Dryad" Incident of 1834". British Columbia Historical Quarterly. X (4). Introduction by W. Kaye Lamb. British Columbia Historical Association: 291–297. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  315. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 79–80
  316. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  317. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 131
  318. ^ Tate, Cassandra. "Japanese Castaways of 1834: The Three Kichis". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  319. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  320. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 96
  321. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 131
  322. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  323. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 79–80
  324. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  325. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 90–92
  326. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 95
  327. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 158
  328. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Unruh, John David (1993). The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60. University of Illinois Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-252-06360-2. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  329. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 131
  330. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 83
  331. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), p. 135
  332. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 79–80
  333. ^ Malloy, Mary (1998), pp. 86–87
  334. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks U-V-W". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  335. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks U-V-W". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  336. ^ "South West Alaska Shipwrecks U-V-W". Alaska Shipwrecks. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  337. ^ a b c d e Malloy, Mary (1998). "Boston Men" on the Northwest Coast: The American Maritime Fur Trade 1788-1844. The Limestone Press. ISBN 978-1-895901-18-4.
  338. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Auke (historical)
  339. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Auke Bay
  340. ^ "Carter Bay". BC Geographical Names.
  341. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Klukwan
  342. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chilkat
  343. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chilkat
  344. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chasina Point
  345. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chasina Island
  346. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cholmondeley Sound

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pfly/Sandbox2b&oldid=1244712271"