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Parliament Square Massacre Bloody Thursday
Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Bullet holes from the massacre in Parliament Square restored
Location	Kossuth tér, Budapest, Hungary
Date	25 October 1956
Target	Hungarian demonstrators
Attack type	Massacre
Deaths	Between 100 and 1,000 (see text)
Perpetrators	State Protection Authority Soviet Army (according to some accounts)

The Parliament Square Massacre, also known as the Kossuth Square Massacre, Kossuth tér Massacre, or Bloody Thursday, was an armed attack by elements of the Communist Hungarian secret police force, the State Protection Authority (ÁVH), on an unarmed crowd of demonstrating civilians during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It took place on Thursday, October 25, 1956 in Kossuth tér, the large square facing the Hungarian Parliament Building, and was perpetrated by ÁVH snipers atop the Ministry of Agriculture and other adjacent buildings and Soviet troops in the square.

The massacre, the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution and once of the bloodiest in postwar Europe [cite], galvanized support for the Revolution among ordinary Hungarians. It

Background

On October 23, 1956, a massive popular uprising broke out in Hungary against the country’s Soviet-backed Communist regime. After members of the ÁVH secret police fired on unarmed demonstrators in Budapest—and the latter began to fire back with weapons provided by the Hungarian army and regular police—the government of Ernő Gerő had called in Soviet troops, and a full-scale uprising began. However, in the early days of the rising the Soviet Army was not fully engaged in combat against the revolutionaries; the wrath of the latter was largely focused on the ÁVH, and many Soviet soldiers even showed sympathy for the demonstrators. Appeals were even made by protesting students and workers to the Soviet troops not to shoot, and the two groups were often seen fraternizing with each other.

At the same time, Ernő Gerő, the General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party, was under great pressure. He was widely loathed by the Hungarian public at large as a symbol of the repression they had experienced, and his recalcitrant rejection of the revolution's demands only added to their fury [cite]. His own Soviet superiors had begun to doubt his governing abilities, and many had become disillusioned with him.

The massacre

Around noon on October 25, a crowd of around 3,000 protesters began to move towards Parliament Square to join them, with many riding there on Soviet tanks displaying Hungarian flags. They joined a crowd of another 5,000 people which had already formed in the square, which had been the site of earlier protests in the previous few days. The protesters carried slogans calling for Ernő Gerő's dismissal from the government, the firing of other Stalinist hardliners, and another public speech by Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Soon, around 20,000 people were gathered in the square; despite martial law being in effect and demonstrations being banned, most of the protesters were not worried and the demonstration was allowed to continue for around half an hour. An ÁVH officer ordered the crowd to disperse, but was ignored. Unbeknownst to the demonstrators, a group of secret policemen had been stationed on the rooftop of the nearby Ministry of Agriculture building to control the crowd.

Accounts differ as to what happened next. According to British journalist Noel Barber, who was in Budapest at the time, the ÁVH opened fire suddenly and without warning at the crowd, killing hundreds. Some shots, either on purpose or by accident, hit the Soviet troops in the square, who returned fire and silenced the ÁVH guns. But many of said soldiers, believing that they had been led into a trap by the protesters, also opened fire and added to the massacre.

According to then-Budapest police chief Sándor Kopácsi, ---

Other firsthand accounts state that the Soviet troops were the first to open fire, as many of the victims were of shellfire and other weaponry the ÁVH did not have access to. ----

Estimates for the casualties of the massacre vary by source. According to the 1957 UN report of the events, between 300 and 800 were acounted as dead, and the British Embassy reported twelve truckloads of corpses being carried from the square. http://www.hungarianreview.com/print/20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre (Mention Kádár regime lies about 22 killed)

Aftermath

The massacre was the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution, and indeed one of the bloodiest in postwar Europe. In its aftermath, thousands of young Hungarians flocked to the revolutionary bannder, galvanized in their support of the uprising by the atrocity. ---

Research into the massacre was suppressed for decades by the Kádár regime, which maintained the line that only 22 people had died and that it had been the "counter-revolutionaries" who opened fire first.

References

• Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
• Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact negotiations
• Germany-Soviet Union relations, 1918-1941
• Nazi-Soviet economic relations (1934-1941)
• German-Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)
• German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)
• German-Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
• Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)
• Nazi–Soviet population transfers

Polish Wars of Independence
Part of Aftermath of World War I
Date 11 November 1918 – 18 March 1921 (2 years, 4 months and 1 week) Location Central and Eastern Europe Result Decisive Polish victory Peace of Riga Independence of Poland after 123 years of partition Territorial changes Poland is restored as an independent state, gaining the territories of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Greater Poland, Volhynia, the Suwałki Region and Vilnius Region, parts of Upper Silesia, and modern Western Belarus through armed action
Belligerents
Poland Ukraine (from 1920) Latvia (1920) Support: France United Kingdom Romania Hungary	1918–19, 1919–21 Germany 1918–19 Ukraine WUPR 1919–21 Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR 1919 Czechoslovakia 1919, 1920 Lithuania

Five Years' War
Date April 12, 1861 – August 20, 1866 (5 years, 4 months, 1 week and 1 day) Location Europe, North America, and Mexico Result US–Russian–Prussian coalition victory Territorial changes Dissolution of the Confederate States of America and reunification of the United States Annexation of Canada to the United States Dissolution of the German Confederation Unification of the northern German states and creation of the North German Confederation The North German Confederation annexes Alsace-Lorraine from France Italy annexes Venetia, the Papal States, and parts of Friuli Mexican Republican victory—fall of the Second Mexican Empire
Belligerents
United States Russia Prussia Italy Mexican Republicans	Confederate States United Kingdom France Austria Mexican Empire
Commanders and leaders
Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Alexander II Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck Victor Emmanuel II Benito Juárez	Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Queen Victoria Henry John Temple Napoleon III Franz Joseph I Albrecht von Teschen Maximilian I

In postwar Hungary

After Soviet armies expelled Nazi German forces from Hungary in early 1945, Moscow decided to hold free elections in that country hoping that the local Hungarian Communist Party would win them. However, the general elections in November 1945 resulted in an overwhelming victory for the non-Communist Independent Smallholders' Party, which won a whopping 57% of the vote and 245 out of 409 Parliamentary seats. The Social Democratic Party of Hungary won 17.4% while the Communists won 17%.

The Communists set out to reverse this defeat by all possible means, with Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi declaring that the defeat would not impact their plans at all. They set up a Supreme Economic Council soon after the elections which had the power to sidestep the elected government itself. All parties had pledged to continue the coalition arrangement set up at the end of the war, but with the support of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary—dominated there by the Soviet Union—the Communists demanded key seats in the new government. These included the Deputy Premiership which went to Rákosi and the Interior Ministry which went to the Communists Imre Nagy and then László Rajk, giving the Communist Party control over the country's police forces. The Smallholder's Party leader Zoltán Tildy became Prime Minister of a cabinet in which his party held half the ministries, but the roots of a "people's democracy" had already been planted.

In February 1946, Hungary was formally proclaimed a republic, and Tildy became President while his ally Ferenc Nagy succeeded him as Prime Minister of the same cabinet. The Communists immediately set out to win total control of the government. On 5 March 1946, they formed a "Left-Wing Bloc" with the Social Democrats and National Peasant Party, which took the opposite position of the majority Smallholder's on every issue and caused a series of coalition crises intended to weaken the non-Communists. With the open backing of their Soviet sponsors, the Hungarian Communists began demanding the removal of ostensibly "reactionary" members of the Smallholders' Party from the coalition. Under extreme pressure, the Smallholder's Party leaders capitulated before most of these demands, soon losing their absolute majority in Parliament as a result. Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy believed that by doing so, he could put Hungary a in a better positions vis-à-vis the Soviets for the upcoming peace conference, as the Hungarian Communists would thus be able to negotiate better terms with Moscow in exchange for their domestic demands. The Hungarian government was hoping for some—however minor—revision of the country's borders as established at the Treaty of Trianon. This policy was a failure, as the Soviets and other Allies had no intention of any border changes for Hungary.

On 17 July 1946, there was a mysterious attack on Soviet troops in central Budapest, officially blamed on a member of the Catholic Scouts Association. The Communists used this as an excuse to systematically dismantle all independent civic institutions, including youth and religious groups.

Cold War
Date 1945/7–1989/91 Location Worldwide
Belligerents
Soviet Union Warsaw Pact: Albania (to 1961) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other Communist countries: Angola (1975–1991) Afghanistan (1979–1991) Benin (1975–1990) China (1949-1961) PR Kampuchea (1979–1989) People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1991) Cuba (from 1961) Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Grenada (1979–1983) Laos (from 1975) Mongolia Mozambique (1975–1990) Nicaragua (1979–1990) North Korea Somalia (1969–1977) Vietnam (North Vietnam until 1976) South Yemen Yugoslavia (until 1948) Socialist-leaning countries and other allies: Algeria (1962–1990) Bangladesh (1972–1976) Burkina Faso (1983–1987) Egypt (1954–1973) Ghana (1964–1966) Guinea (1960–1978) Guinea-Bissau from 1973 Iraq (1958–1963, 1968–1991) India (from 1955) Indonesia (1959–1965) Libya (from 1969 Palestine (from 1988) Peru (1968-1975) Madagascar (from 1972) Mali (1960–1968) Syria (1955–1991) Sudan (1968–1972) Uganda (1972–1979)	United States NATO: Belgium Canada Denmark France West Germany (from 1955) Greece (from 1952) Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain (from 1982) Turkey (from 1952) United Kingdom Other allies: Argentina Australia Bahrain Bolivia Botswana Brazil Cambodia (1953–1970) Chad Chile China (until 1949) Cuba (until 1959) Cyprus Dominican Republic Egypt (from 1981) Ethiopia (until 1974) Guatemala Haiti Honduras Indonesia (from 1965) Iran (until 1979) Iraq (until 1958) Israel Japan Jordan Kenya Khmer Republic (1970–1975) Laos (until 1975) Liberia Malaysia Mexico Morocco New Zealand Nicaragua (until 1979) Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa South Korea Sudan (1972–1985) Syria (1949–1953, 1961–1963) Francoist Spain (until 1975 Taiwan (1949–1978) Thailand Tunisia Uruguay United Arab Emirates South Vietnam (1955–1975) North Yemen Zaire Socialist countries, temporarily aligned: Albania (after 1961, part-time ally) Democratic Kampuchea in-exile China (from 1972) Romania (Warsaw Pact-aligned, part-time ally) Somalia (from 1978) Yugoslavia (after 1948, part-time ally) In exile: Byelorussia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Joseph Stalin (until 1953) Georgy Malenkov (1953–1955) Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964) Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991)	Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard M. Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977) James E. Carter (1977–1981) Ronald W. Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (from 1989)

Date	Conflict	Allies	Enemies	Result
1861–1862	War of Secession	United States	Confederate States British Empire France	Defeat
1881–1882	Second Mexican War	United States	Confederate States British Empire France Mexican Empire	Defeat
1914–1917	Great War	United States Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Brazil Haiti Liberia Chile Paraguay	Confederate States British Empire France Russia Japan Mexican Empire Belgium Serbia Greece Argentina	Victory
1941–1944	Second Great War	United States Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire China Bulgaria Romania Poland Ukraine Ireland Brazil Netherlands Norway Finland Denmark Quebec Haiti Liberia	Confederate States United Kingdom France Russia Japan Australia New Zealand South Africa Mexican Empire Belgium Serbia Greece Spain Argentina Manchukuo	Victory

Historical affiliations

Proto-Canaanites (c. 4500–c. 1770 BC)

Canaanites (c. 1700–c. 1100 BC)

Egypt (c. 1550–c. 1100 BC)

Jebusites (?–c. 1010 BC)

Kingdom of Israel (c. 1010–930 BC)

Kingdom of Judah (930–586 BC)

Neo-Assyrian Empire (733–627 BC)

• Kingdom of Judah

Neo-Babylonian Empire (627–609 BC)

• Kingdom of Judah

Egypt (609–605 BC)

Neo-Babylonian Empire (605–539 BC)

• Kingdom of Judah (until 586 BC)

Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC)

Macedonian Empire (332-320 BC)

Ptolemaic Dynasty (320–315 BC)

Antigonid Dynasty (315–312 BC)

Ptolemaic Dynasty (312–311 BC)

Antigonid Dynasty (311–301 BC)

Ptolemaic Kingdom (301–219 BC)

Seleucid Empire (219–110 BC)

• Hasmonean Kingdom (from 140 BC)

Hasmonean Kingdom (140–37 BC)

Roman Republic (63–40 BC)

Parthian Empire (40–37 BC)

• Hasmonean Kingdom

Roman Republic (37–27 BC)

• Herodian Kingdom

Roman Empire (27 BC–395)

• Herodian Kingdom (until 4 BC)
• Herodian Tetrarchy (4 BC–6)

Eastern Roman Empire (395–614)

Sasanian Empire (614–629)

Eastern Roman Empire (629–637)

Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Abbasid Caliphate (750–969)

Fatimid Caliphate (969–1073)

Great Seljuk Empire (1073–1098)

Fatimid Caliphate (1098–1099)

Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)

Ayyubid Sultanate (1187–1229)

Kingdom of Jerusalem (1229–1244)

Ayyubid Sultanate (1244–1260)

Mamluk Sultanate (1260–1516)

Ottoman Empire (1516–1831)

Egypt Eyalet (1831–1840)

Ottoman Empire (1840–1917)

United Kingdom (1917–1948)

• Mandatory Palestine

Jordan (partially, 1948–1967)

Israel (1948–present)

Conflict		Belligerents		Result
Date	Name	Allies	Enemies	Outcome
1526–1527	Jovan Nenad uprising	Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire	Serbian rebels	Victory
1527–1528	Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Hungarian Civil War)	Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire Moldavia	Habsburg Monarchy Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary Rascians	Indecisive Part of Hungary comes under Habsburg rule
1529	Suleiman's Hungarian campaign	Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire	Habsburg Monarchy Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary	Victory Ottomans retake western and northern Hungarian territories

Conflict	Start date	End date	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result	Location	Region
Dekemvriana	December 3, 1944	January 11, 1945	Kingdom of Greece United Kingdom	ELAS	British and Greek Royal victory Treaty of Varkiza	Greece	Southern Europe
Anti-Communist resistance in Poland	Late 1944	Mid-Late 1947 (scattered resistance until 1963)	Soviet Union Polish People's Republic	Cursed Soldiers	Soviet and Polish Communist victory Defeat of resistance	Poland	Central Europe
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states	Summer 1944	March 1953 (scattered resistance until 1960s)	Soviet Union	Forest Brothers: Estonia Latvia Lithuania	Soviet victory Defeat of national partisans	Baltic States	Northeastern Europe
Korean conflict	August 15, 1945	April 27, 2018	North Korea Supported by: China Soviet Union (until 1991)	South Korea Supported by: United States Japan	Indecisive; partially ongoing	Korean Peninsula	Eastern Asia
War in Vietnam (1945–46)	September 13, 1945	March 30, 1946	United Kingdom France Japanese holdouts	Việt Minh	Allied victory Beginning of the First Indochina War	French Indochina	Southeast Asia
Iran crisis of 1946	November 15, 1945	December 15, 1946	Iran Supported by: United States United Kingdom	Azerbaijan People's Republic Republic of Mahabad Supported by: Soviet Union	Iranian victory Soviet withdrawal from Iran and collapse of puppet regimes	Iran	Southern Asia
Greek Civil War	March 30, 1946	October 16, 1949	Kingdom of Greece Supported by: United Kingdom (until 1947) United States (from 1947)	Provisional Democratic Government Supported by: Yugoslavia Albania Bulgaria	Greek Monarchist victory Defeat of Communist forces	Greece	Southern Europe
Corfu Channel incident	May 15, 1946	November 13, 1946	United Kingdom	Albania	Corfu Channel Case of 1949	Straits of Corfu	Southern Europe
Chinese Civil War (post-WWII)	March 31, 1946	May 1, 1950	Republic of China Supported by: United States	Chinese Communist Party (until 1949) People's Republic of China (from 1949) Supported by: Soviet Union	Chinese Communist victory Communist takeover of Mainland China Nationalist government retreats to Taiwan	China	Eastern Asia
Hukbalahap Rebellion	July 4, 1946	May 17, 1954	Phillipines Supported by: United States	Hukbalahap	Phillippine government victory	Philippines	Southeast Asia
First Indochina War	December 19, 1946	August 1, 1954	Việt Minh Lao Issara and Pathet Lao Khmer Issarak Japanese holdouts Supported by: Soviet Union China (from 1949) East Germany Poland	France Kingdom of Cambodia} Kingdom of Laos State of Vietnam Supported by: United States	Việt Minh victory French withdrawal Partition of Vietnam Start of the Second Indochina War	French Indochina	Southeast Asia
1948 Palestine war	November 29, 1947	July 20, 1949	Until May 14, 1948: Yishuv After May 14, 1948: Israel	After November 29, 1947: Holy War Army ALA After May 14, 1948: Egypt Iraq Transjordan Syria Lebanon (limited involvement)	Decisive Israeli victory 1949 Armistice Agreements Independence of the State of Israel secured Arab League invasion of former Mandatory Palestine repelled. Minor territorial gains by Egypt and Transjordan	Levant	Western Asia
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état	February 20, 1948	February 25, 1948	Government of Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovak Communist Party Supported by: Soviet Union	Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovakia	Central Europe
Arab–Israeli conflict (from 1948–1991)	May 15, 1948	Present	Israel Palestine	Western Asia
Malayan Emergency	June 16, 1948	July 12, 1960	Federation of Malaya	Southeast Asia
Berlin Blockade	June 24, 1948	May 12, 1949	Allied-occupied Germany	Western Europe
Korean War	June 25, 1950	July 27, 1953	North Korea South Korea	Eastern Asia
Egyptian Revolution of 1952	July 22, 1952	July 26, 1952	Kingdom of Egypt	North Africa
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany	June 16, 1953	June 17, 1953	East Germany	Western Europe
Cuban Revolution	July 26, 1953	January 1, 1959	Cuba	Caribbean
1953 Iranian coup d'état	August 15, 1953	August 20, 1953	Iran	Southern Asia
Laotian Civil War	November 9, 1953	December 2, 1975	Kingdom of Laos	Southeast Asia
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état	June 18, 1954	June 27, 1954	Guatemala	Central America
First Taiwan Strait Crisis	September 3, 1954	May 1, 1955	Taiwan Strait	Eastern Asia
Vietnam War	November 1, 1955	April 30, 1975	North Vietnam South Vietnam	Southeast Asia
Poznań 1956 protests	June 28, 1956	June 30, 1956	Polish People's Republic	Central Europe
Hungarian Revolution of 1956	October 23, 1956	November 10, 1956	Hungarian People's Republic	Central Europe
Suez Crisis	October 29, 1956	November 7, 1956	Egypt	North Africa
14 July Revolution	July 14, 1958	July 14, 1958	Arab Federation	Western Asia
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis	August 23, 1958	October 6, 1958	Taiwan Strait	Eastern Asia
1959 Tibetan uprising	March 10, 1959	March 21, 1959	Tibet	Central Asia
1960 U-2 incident	May 1, 1960	May 1, 1960	Soviet Union	Eastern Europe
Congo Crisis	June 30, 1960	November 25, 1965	Congo	Central Africa
Guatemalan Civil War	November 13, 1960	December 19, 1996	Guatemala	Central America
Portuguese Colonial War	February 4, 1961	April 25, 1974	Portuguese Angola Portuguese Mozambique Portuguese Guinea	Western/Southern Africa
Angolan War of Independence	February 4, 1961	January 15, 1975	Portuguese Angola	Southern Africa
Bay of Pigs Invasion	April 17, 1961	April 19, 1961	Cuba	Caribbean
Berlin Crisis of 1961	June 4, 1961	November 9, 1961	East Germany	Western Europe
Nicaraguan Revolution	July 23, 1961	April 25, 1990	Nicaragua	Central America
Eritrean War of Independence	September 1, 1961	May 29, 1991	Ethiopia	Eastern Africa
Cuban Missile Crisis	October 14, 1962	October 28, 1962	Cuba	Caribbean
Sino-Indian War	October 20, 1962	November 21, 1962	China/India border	Southern Asia
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence	January 23, 1963	September 11, 1974	Portuguese Guinea	Western Africa
1964 Brazilian coup d'état	July 4, 1964	April 1, 1964	Brazil	South America
Rhodesian Bush War	March 31, 1964	December 12, 1979	Rhodesia	Southern Africa
Mozambican War of Independence	September 25, 1964	September 8, 1974	Portuguese Mozambique	Eastern Africa
Colombian conflict	May 27, 1964	Present	Colombia	South America
Dominican Civil War	April 24, 1965	September 3, 1965	Dominican Republic	Caribbean
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)	April 28, 1965	July 1, 1966	Dominican Republic	Caribbean
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965	August 15, 1965	September 23, 1965	India	Indian subcontinent
30 September Movement	September 30, 1965	October 1, 1965	Indonesia	Southeast Asia
Indonesian killings of 1965–66	October 1, 1965	March 1966	Indonesia	Southeast Asia
South African Border War	August 26, 1966	March 21, 1990	South-West Africa Angola	Southern Africa
Namibian War of Independence	August 26, 1966	March 21, 1990	South-West Africa	Southern Africa
Ñancahuazú Guerrilla	November 3, 1966	October 9, 1967	Bolivia	South America
Greek military junta of 1967–74	April 21, 1967	July 23, 1974	Greece	Southern Europe
Six-Day War	June 5, 1967	June 10, 1967	Egypt Syria Jordan Israel	Western Asia
War of Attrition	July 1, 1967	August 7, 1970	Sinai Peninsula	Western Asia
Communist Insurgency in Malaysia	June 17, 1968	December 2, 1989	Malaysia	Southeast Asia
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia	August 20, 1968	August 21, 1989	Czechoslovakia	Eastern Europe
Sino-Soviet border conflict	March 2, 1969	September 11, 1969	China/ Soviet Union border	Eastern Asia
1969 Libyan coup d'état	September 1, 1969	September 1, 1969	Libya	North Africa
1969 Somali coup d'état	October 21, 1969	October 21, 1969	Somalia	Eastern Africa
Black September in Jordan	September 1, 1970	July 1971	Jordan	Western Asia
Cambodian Civil War	October 9, 1970	April 17, 1975	Cambodia	Southeast Asia
First Quarter Storm	January 1970	March 1970	Philippines	Southeast Asia
Bangladesh Liberation War	March 26, 1971	December 16, 1971	Bangladesh	Southern Asia
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971	December 3, 1971	December 16, 1971	Bangladesh Pakistan	Southern Asia
1973 Chilean coup d'état	September 11, 1973	September 11, 1973	Chile	South America
Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90)	September 11, 1973	1990	Chile	South America
Yom Kippur War	October 6, 1973	October 25, 1973	Egypt Syria Israel	Western Asia
Carnation Revolution	April 25, 1974	April 25, 1974	Portugal	Southern Europe
Ethiopian Civil War	November 28, 1974	May 21, 1991	Ethiopia	Eastern Africa
Operation Independence	February 5, 1975	September 28, 1977	Argentina	South America
Cambodian–Vietnamese War	May 1, 1975	September 26, 1989	Cambodia Vietnam Thailand	Southeast Asia
Lebanese Civil War	April 13, 1975	October 13, 1990	Lebanon	Near East
Angolan Civil War	November 11, 1975	April 4, 2002	Angola	Southern Africa
Indonesian invasion of East Timor	December 7, 1975	July 17, 1976	East Timor	Southeast Asia
Operation Entebbe	July 4, 1976	July 4, 1976	Uganda	Western Africa
1976 Argentine coup d'état	March 24, 1976	March 24, 1976	Argentina	South America
Shaba I	March 8, 1977	May 26, 1977	Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo)	Central Africa
Mozambican Civil War	May 30, 1977	October 15, 1992	Mozambique	Southern Africa
Ethio-Somali War	July 13, 1977	March 15, 1978	Ethiopia	Eastern Africa
Shaba II	May 11, 1978	June 1978	Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo)	Central Africa
Korean Air Lines Flight 902	April 20, 1978	April 20, 1978	Soviet Union	Eastern Europe
Iranian Revolution	January 16, 1979	February 1979	Iran	Southern Asia
Sino-Vietnamese War	February 17, 1979	March 16, 1979	China / Vietnam border	Southeast Asia
Salvadoran Civil War	May 9, 1979	January 16, 1992	El Salvador	Central America
Soviet–Afghan War	December 24, 1979	February 15, 1989	Afghanistan	Central Asia
Internal conflict in Peru	May 17, 1980	Present	Peru	South America
Iran–Iraq War	September 22, 1980	August 20, 1988	Iran Ba'athist Iraq	Persian Gulf
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War	June 23, 1982	August 3, 1982	Somalia	Eastern Africa
Korean Air Lines Flight 007	September 1, 1983	September 1, 1983	Soviet Union	Eastern Asia
Invasion of Grenada	October 25, 1983	December 15, 1983	Grenada	Caribbean
People Power Revolution	February 22, 1986	February 25, 1986	Philippines	Asia
1986 United States bombing of Libya	April 15, 1986	April 15, 1986	Libya	North Africa
8888 Uprising	March 12, 1988	September 21, 1988	Burma	Asia
United States invasion of Panama	December 20, 1989	January 31, 1990	Panama	Central America
Revolutions of 1989	March 9, 1989	April 27, 1992	Countries of the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact	Central/Eastern Europe
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	April 15, 1989	June 4, 1989	China	Eastern Asia
Velvet Revolution	November 17, 1989	December 29, 1989	Czechoslovakia	Central Europe
Mongolian Revolution of 1990	December 10, 1989	March 9, 1990	Mongolia	Central Asia
Romanian Revolution	December 16, 1989	December 25, 1989	Romania	Central Europe
Gulf War	August 2, 1990	February 28, 1991	Iraq	Western Asia
Yugoslav Wars	March 31, 1991	November 12, 2001	Yugoslavia	Eastern Europe
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt	August 19, 1991	August 21, 1991	Soviet Union	Eastern Europe

24th National Assembly of Hungary
Overview
Jurisdiction	Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian Republic
Term	29 November 1945 – 25 July 1947
Election	4 November 1945
National Assembly
Members	421
Speaker	Ferenc Nagy (1945–46) Béla Varga (1946–47) Árpád Szabó (1947)
Prime Minister	Zoltán Tildy (1945–46) Ferenc Nagy (1946–47) Lajos Dinnyés (1947)
Party control	Independent Smallholders' Party

This is a list of members of the unicameral National Assembly of Hungary according to the results of the elections of 1945. This was the first legislature in Hungary's history to be freely and fairly elected by full and universal suffrage, and would be the last such parliament until 1990.

Composition

At the opening of Parliament

List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary, 1945–1947

Party	MPs	Of total
Independent Smallholders' Party	245		58.19%
Hungarian Communist Party	70		16.63%
Hungarian Social Democratic Party	69		16.39%
National Peasant Party	23		5.46%
Civic Democratic Party	2		0.48%
Independents	12		2.85%
Total	421	100%

At the closing of Parliament

Party	MPs	Of total
Independent Smallholders' Party	187		44.52%
Hungarian Communist Party	70		16.67%
Hungarian Social Democratic Party	69		16.42%
National Peasant Party	21		5.00%
Hungarian Freedom Party	21		5.00%
Civic Democratic Party	1		0.24%
Independents	49		11.67%
Total	420	100%

List of members

Members and their parties upon the opening of Parliament, 29 November 1945.

  Independent Smallholders' Party
  Hungarian Communist Party
  National Peasant Party
  Social Democratic Party
  Civic Democratic Party
  Independents

County	Seats	Members
Baranya and Tolna	22		Jenő Dulin
			Viktor Perr
			János Taksonyi
			Pál Rőth
			János Borbély
			Antal Lábady
			Nándor Koszér
			Béla Szécsey
			Béla Padányi Gulyás
			Jenő Czövek
			Vendel Barkóczy
			János Babody
			Sándor Dömötör
			László Samu
			Lajos Matzkó
			Mihály Farkas
			Pál Krancz
			Gyula Hajdu
			József Czéh
			József Tolnai
			Péter Bechtler
			Gyula Pozsgay
Somogy	15		József Kovács
			Olivér Gaál
			József Jónás
			János Gabriél
			Mihály Hompola
			János Molics
			József Németh
			Tibor Fekete
			Gyula Papszt
			Ödön Antl
			Ferenc Kiss
			József Zákányi
			István Sinkovics
			Ferenc Erdei
			Anna Kéthly
Zala	14		Ferenc Kovács
			Győzo Drózdy
			Ferenc Bekéfi
			Imre Bencze
			Lajos Németh
			Károly Mangliár
			László Cifra
			János Magyar
			Ernő Megyesy
			Lajos Ledniczky
			László Fillér
			Károly Bedő
			Mátyás Rákosi
			János Dombáy
Vas	10		Sándor Mándli
			Tibor Hám
			János Janzsó
			Imre Pászthory
			Gyula Belső
			János Czeiczel
			Jenő Katona
			Kálmán Erőss
			Imre Szabó
			György Marosán
Győr-Moson-Sopron	15		György Parragi
			Lajos Hajdu Németh
			Ernő Meixner
			András Szalay
			Pál Jaczkó
			György Horváth
			Géza Komlós
			Bálint Czupy
			József Pécsi
			István Kossa
			Zoltán Szantó
			Imre Szomogyi
			Géza Malasits
			Vilmos Zentai
			István Udvaros
Vesprém	9		Dezső Sulyok
			Lajos Kocsi
			Ferenc Vidovics
			Jenő Ruip
			György Farkas
			József Antall, Sr.
			Pál Kocsi
			István Horváth
			Károly Peyer
Fejér-Komárom-Esztergom	18		István Dobi
			István Kovács
			László Cseh-Szombathy
			István Tőke
			Ferenc Vócsa
			József Gróh
			József Dancs
			Ignác Nagy
			Sándor Nyirjessy
			Kálmán Szabó
			László Rajk
			György Osztrovszki
			János Zgyerka
			Lajos Jócsik
			Árpád Szakasits
			Miklós Vas
			Dénes Czézner
			János Borbély
Budapest	68		Zoltán Tildy
			Imre Oltványi
			Albert Bereczky
			Viktor Csornoky
			Jószef Kővágó
			József Bognár
			Pál Auer
			György Gulácsy
			Erzsébet Gyenis
			László Jékelyi
			Gyula Dessewffy
			Zoltán Pfeiffer
			Tamás Pásztor
			Ilma Oberschall
			László Pesta
			László Felvinczi
			Anna Veress
			László Gyulai
			Sándor Eckhardt
			Kálmán Saláta
			Gyula Jármay
			János Horváth
			Dezső Futó
			Pál Tessik
			István Csurgai
			Ferenc Palinay
			József Szenner
			István Szolnoki
			Ferenc Gordon
			György Esterhás
			Ignác Sári
			Béla Halter
			József Szemes
			Zoltán Vas
			Ernő Gerő
			Károly Kiss
			Piroska Szabó
			István Kovács
			Lajos Drahos
			Anna Ratkó
			Antal Apró
			István Rusznyák
			József Prieszol
			Aranka Némety
			István Varga
			Jenő Gyósci
			József Sipka
			Imre Kovács
			István Ries
			István Száva
			Gyula Kelemen
			Mihály Révész
			Lajos Szamay
			János Dávid
			Alfréd Halász
			László Faragó
			Jolán Koronya
			István Ivanics
			Tibor Vágvölgyi
			Imre Jancsecz
			Béla Lányi
			Lajos Gallai
			Antal Kárpáti
			Károly Gyurkovits
	János Popik
	Sándor Visnyei
	Sándor Szent-Iványi
	Margit Slachta
Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun and Bács-Bodrog	48		Ferenc Nagy
			Lajos Dinnyés
			László Révész
			Gyula Bencsik
			József Bácsalmási
			Aladár Pongrácz
			Elek Patonay
			Imre Almási
			István Csala
			Jenő Némethy
			Ferenc Kiss
			László Kiss
			Gedeon Vargha
			András Palásti
			Imre Veér
			Tibor Pongrácz
			István Kiss
			Alfréd Ofner
			József Szenthe
			József Sisitka
			György Hódy
			Antal Kovács
			Dömötör Balla
			Sándor Vass
			István Blaskó
			Imre G. Fülöp
			Antal Balla
			János Rózsahegyi
			Bódog Nagy
			Endre Reicher
			Mihály Haluska
			Erik Molnár
			Ferenc Donáth
			József Gábor
			József Macskasi
			Márton Horváth
			János Török
			Géza Losonczy
			Pál S. Szabó
			János Adorján
			János Válóci
			Imre Szélig
			Ödön Kisházi
			István Turi
			Lászó Tóth
			István Bundzsák
			Fanni Auer
			László Csala
Csongrád and Csanád	22		István Balogh
			János Márk Nagyiván
			János S. Saghy
			János Mihály
			Ferenc Tárkány Szücs
			Imre Szőnyi
			Bálint Józsai
			Gyula Dobó
			Tamás Keresztes
			István Dénes
			Ferenc Implom
			Sándor Bálint
			József Révai
			Imre Kiss
			Imre Dadi
			Imre Tombácz
			Mihály Oláh
			János Pap
			Ferenc Takács
			Ágoston Valentiny
			István Erdei
			Ernő Kiss
Békés	14		István B. Szabó
			Árpád Szabó
			Lajos Rácz
			József Futó
			Antal Ravasz
			János Gálik
			János Gyuska
			István Szirmai
			Imre Birkás
			András Vári
			János Hegyesi
			Ferenc Szeder
			Erzsébet Müller
			Péter Kurunczi
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	16		János Gyöngyösi
			Mihály Guba
			Ferenc Z. Nagy
			Kornél Milassin
			Béla Mizsei
			Mihály Kerék
			Sándor Csíkos
			Dezső Udvary
			Ferenc Gaál
			Antal Ragó
			Antal Gyenes
			Kálmán Bakó
			Győző Vidor
			László Nánási
			József Takács
			József Kiss
Hajdú-Bihar	19		István Vásáry
			Lajos Bihari Nagy
			Ferenc Kálmán
			Lászó Csősz
			Lajos Csizmadia
			Miklós Zsom
			Zoltán Lévay
			Gyula Szigethy
			Kálmán Hajdu
			Lajos N. Gál
			Gyula Kállai
			István Szabó
			Sándor Zöld
			Pál Szabó
			Imre Kondor
			Ferenc Gém
			István Szabó
			János Kovács
			Sándor Kállai
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	21		Mária Bende
			János Erőss
			István Szabó
			Mihály Tomasosvszky
			József Virág
			Sándor Kiss
			Dániel Andrássy
			Menyhért Veress
			István Ternay
			József Gyulai
			György Papp
			Sándor Csoma
			Sándor Lengyel
			József Mócsán
			Imre Nagy
			András Pintér
			László Bartha
			János Tóth
			István Mikita
			Roland Kiss
			József Pásztor
Borsod-Gömör-Zemplén-Abaúj	25		József Vásáry
			Gábor Rácz
			Tivadar Pártay
			László Acsay
			Endre Cziáky
			József G. Tóth
			István Dubay
			Ferenc Augusztin
			János Szabó Pap
			József Szabó
			József Szakács
			László Pocsai
			Sándor Illés
			István Brunszvik
			János Bodnár
			Sándor Nógrádi
			Mihály Fekete
			Gyula Leniczky
			Mihály Urbancsek
			József Fülöp
			József Darvas
			Sándor Rónai
			Ferenc Reisinger
			Júlia Nemes
			István Juhász
Heves-Nógrád-Hont	23		Géza Mátéffy
			József Adorján
			Ender Baráth
			István Szántó Vezekényi
			János Piatrik
			Jószef Csépány
			Károly Vértesy
			László Nagy
			Ferenc Szabó
			István Miskolczy
			Lajos Nagy
			János Nagy
			László Kováts
			János Kádár
			János Oczel
			György Sulyán
			Ferenc Hermann
			Ferenc Dömötör
			Péter Veres
			Márton Buzás
			Antal Bán
			István Szurdi
			Károly Spitálszky
National list	50		Béla Varga
			Béla Kovács
			Lajos Szentiványi
			Samu Filó
			Zoltán Tildy Jr.
			Gergely Kiss
			Vince Nagy
			Vince Vörös
			Gyula Ortutay
			Mihály Vaskó
			Jenő Tombor
			Gyula Kanta
			Béla Andaházi-Kasnya
			Vince Gáspár
			Lajos Harmathy
			Lajos Györgyi
			Pál Hegymegi Kiss
			Ferenc Dajkovich
			István Reők
			Albert Bartha
			László Vatai
			József Törő
			István B. Rácz
			György Szintén
			Iván Lenárt
			Ferenc Juhász
			Sándor Pali
			Tibor Horányi
			István Kiss
			András Szobek
			László Rudas
			Károly Olt
			Erzsébet Andics
			Miklós Somogyi
			Aladár Mód
			Lajos Papp
			László Orbán
			László Piros
			Gyula Illyés
			Ferenc B. Farkas
			Ferenc S. Szabó
			Manó Buchinger
			Pál Justus
			Miklós Kertész
			József Kőmüves
			János Pintér
			Imre Vajda
			Ferenc Révész
			Pál Schiffer
			Imre Pásztor
Honorary mandates	12		György Bölöni
			Sándor Juhász Nagy
			Mihály Károlyi
			Zoltán Kodály
			Béla Miklós
			Gyula Moór
			Pál Pátzay
			Albert Szent-Györgyi
			István Szőnyi
			Áron Tamási
			Rusztem Vámbéry
			Béla Zsedényi
Total	421

Source (in Hungarian): Az 1945. november 29-ére összehívott nemzetgyűlés képviselőinek lakáskönyve (1946. január)

Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Category:Massacres in Hungary Category:Hungarian People's Republic Category:Protests in Hungary Category:Conflicts in 1956 Category:Mass murder in 1956 Category:1950s in Budapest Category:October 1956 events