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List of republics

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This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

State Date of existence Notes
Mahajanapada c. 600 – c. 345 BC A clan confederacy of two oligarchic republics and other states (kingdoms) in ancient India
Licchavis[1] c. 600 – c. 345 BC One of the eight confederate clans of the Vajji Clan Mahajanapada;[2] the city of Vaishali was the republic's capital.[3]
Roman Republic 509–27 BC
Classical Athens 508–322 BC Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
Ancient Carthage 308–146 BC In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage becoming a republic.[4]

Middle Ages

Maritime republics

A maritime republic was a thalassocratic city-state during the Middle Ages in which the merchant class had considerable power.

Free imperial cities

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

Early modernity

Sister republics

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity

19th century

Africa

North America

South America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

20th century

Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

21st century and later

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[10] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy)[11] is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (i.e. North Korea, which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.

Arab republics

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

Crowned republics

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics

These are republics that use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can vary considerably.

Federal republics

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's republics

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

Former people's republics

Socialist republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 103: "the Licchavis had a council of 9 though the membership of their Assembly numbered 7,707. ... [The Assembly] normally met once a year for important and grave public business."
  2. ^ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.– 500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 82.
  3. ^ Vaishali – Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Andrew Lintott, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City: 750-330 BC, Routledge, 2014, p. 66.
  5. ^ "Brief history of Novgorod". waytorussia.net. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  6. ^ Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503
  7. ^ Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974). The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
  8. ^ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, p. 1, 1 November 1895
  9. ^ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  10. ^ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
  11. ^ Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, The Economist: The World in 2007
  12. ^ a b c d e Wells, H. G. (1 December 2005). A Short History of the World. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 9781596055858.
  13. ^ Willoughby, Westel Woodbury; Fairlie, John Archibald; Ogg, Frederic Austin (1918). The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
  14. ^ Patmore, Glenn (2009). Choosing the Republic. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781742230153.
  15. ^ "Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα)" [Greece (Form of Government)]. www.anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Publishing. 1934. p. 239. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece.
  16. ^ "Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος" [Constitution of Greece] (PDF). www.hellenicparliament.gr (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Parliament. 1952. p. 6. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution.
  17. ^ "The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889". Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  18. ^ "Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  19. ^ "Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan - State Owned Newspaper". Archived from the original on 26 July 2007.
  20. ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. – 1992. – № 2. – Art. 62
  21. ^ Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  22. ^ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  23. ^ "Korea, North". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  24. ^ "Algeria". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  25. ^ "Laos". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  26. ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  27. ^ "China". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

Further reading

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