General elections were held in Japan on 5 December 1976. Voter turnout was 73.45%. This election was noted for seeing 124 newcomers win seats for the first time, along with the defeat of some legacy candidates, signalling a generational shift in the Japanese political landscape.[1] To date, the 1976 election has been the only post-war general election triggered by an expiration of the term of the House of Representatives; all other post-war elections have been instigated by a dissolution of the House by the Cabinet.[2]
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All 511 seats in the House of Representatives 256 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 73.45% ( 1.69pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Districts shaded according to winners' vote strength | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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While the Liberal Democratic Party wound up, as usual, with more seats than any competing party, it lost 22 seats to fall short of a majority, winning 249 of 511 races (47%),[3] making this the first time they lost their majority. The 1976 election was heavily informed by the Lockheed bribery scandals and became popularly known as the Lockheed Election (ロッキード選挙, rokkīdo senkyo).[2] The incumbent Prime Minister, Takeo Miki, was seen as a reformer within his own party, and he did not obstruct the investigations into the Lockheed scandal as some of those in his party had desired. Despite this, Miki's cabinet had lukewarm approval ratings, with positive ratings across different news sources ranging from 41-47% and negative ones being lower at 12-27%. The scandal reflected poorly on the LDP and the party lost 22 seats from the last election, in the process losing its majority control over the House of Representatives for the first time since the party's founding. However, when the LDP's showing is combined with the votes cast for the spin-off New Liberal Club as well as independents who were not endorsed by the LDP but joined the party after this election, the total number of votes for conservative candidates actually saw an overall increase.[1]
The two left-wing opposition parties, the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party, saw noticeable setbacks. The JSP did gain seats, but it was only five, and in the process two former chairmen (Kōzō Sasaki and Seiichi Katsumata) and the incumbent vice-chairman and former chairman Saburō Eda all lost their seats. The JCP suffered far worse, losing 21 seats and falling to less than half its number of seats compared to the last election, likely due to protest votes going towards the new moderate options such as the NLC instead of the JCP. The main winners among the traditional opposition were the moderate parties. In the case of Kōmeitō, the party recovered from scandals in the 1972 general elections by distancing itself from Soka Gakkai and putting up non-Soka Gakkai adherents as candidates in the 1975 local elections as well as this election. Komeito also reinforced its image as an anti-LDP party by endorsing various leftist campaigns. On the other hand, the Democratic Socialist Party, which did see a slight decrease in popular votes, nonetheless had managed to gain ten seats in this election.[1]
Following the election, Miki resigned as LDP leader after the LDP's poor showing and Takeo Fukuda was elected the new LDP leader and prime minister.
Results
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 23,653,626 | 41.78 | 249 | –22 | |
| Japan Socialist Party | 11,713,009 | 20.69 | 123 | +5 | |
| Komeitō | 6,177,300 | 10.91 | 55 | +26 | |
| Japanese Communist Party | 5,878,192 | 10.38 | 17 | –21 | |
| Democratic Socialist Party | 3,554,076 | 6.28 | 29 | +10 | |
| New Liberal Club | 2,363,985 | 4.18 | 17 | New | |
| Other parties | 45,114 | 0.08 | 0 | –2 | |
| Independents | 3,227,463 | 5.70 | 21 | +7 | |
| Total | 56,612,765 | 100.00 | 511 | +20 | |
| Valid votes | 56,612,765 | 98.91 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 623,857 | 1.09 | |||
| Total votes | 57,236,622 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 77,926,588 | 73.45 | |||
| Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan | |||||
By prefecture
edit| Prefecture | Total seats |
Seats won | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDP | JSP | Kōmeitō | DSP | JCP | NLC | Ind. | ||
| Aichi | 22 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
| Akita | 8 | 4 | 4 | |||||
| Aomori | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Chiba | 16 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Ehime | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Fukui | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Fukuoka | 19 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 2 | |||
| Fukushima | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | ||||
| Gifu | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Gunma | 10 | 7 | 3 | |||||
| Hiroshima | 12 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Hokkaido | 22 | 9 | 10 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Hyōgo | 20 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Ibaraki | 12 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Ishikawa | 6 | 5 | 1 | |||||
| Iwate | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Kagawa | 6 | 4 | 2 | |||||
| Kagoshima | 11 | 8 | 3 | |||||
| Kanagawa | 19 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | ||
| Kōchi | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Kumamoto | 10 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Kyoto | 10 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| Mie | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Miyagi | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Miyazaki | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Nagano | 13 | 8 | 4 | 1 | ||||
| Nagasaki | 9 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Nara | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Niigata | 15 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Ōita | 7 | 5 | 2 | |||||
| Okayama | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | ||||
| Okinawa | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Osaka | 26 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | |
| Saga | 5 | 4 | 1 | |||||
| Saitama | 15 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Shiga | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Shimane | 5 | 3 | 2 | |||||
| Shizuoka | 14 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Tochigi | 10 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Tokushima | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Tokyo | 43 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Tottori | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Toyama | 6 | 4 | 2 | |||||
| Wakayama | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yamagata | 8 | 5 | 3 | |||||
| Yamaguchi | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yamanashi | 5 | 4 | 1 | |||||
| Total | 511 | 249 | 123 | 55 | 29 | 17 | 17 | 21 |
References
edit- ^ a b c Dixon, Karl (1977). "The 1976 General Election in Japan". Pacific Affairs. 50 (2): 208–230. doi:10.2307/2756299. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2756299.
- ^ a b "これまでの衆議院選挙" (PDF). Japan Association of Corporate Executives (Keizai Doyukai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ 第27章 公務員・選挙 http://www.stat.go.jp/data/chouki/27.htm Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine