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FC Girondins de Bordeaux

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This article is about the men's football club. For the women's football club, see FC Girondins de Bordeaux (women).

Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃dɛ̃ də bɔʁdo]), commonly referred to as Girondins de Bordeaux (Occitan: Girondins de Bordèu) or simply Bordeaux, is a French football club based in the city of Bordeaux in Gironde, Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It competes in the Championnat National 2, the fourth tier of football in France, after an administrative double relegation in 2024.[4]

Girondins de Bordeaux
Full nameFootball Club des Girondins de Bordeaux
Nickname(s)Les Girondins (The Girondins)
le club au Scapulaire (the Scapular club),[1]
les Marines et Blanc (the Navy and Whites)[2]
Short nameFCGB
Founded1920; 104 years ago (1920) (Association football)
1 October 1881; 143 years ago (1 October 1881) (gymnastics and shooting club)
StadiumMatmut Atlantique
Capacity42,115[3]
ManagerBruno Irles
LeagueNational 2 Group B
2023–24Ligue 2, 12th of 20 (administratively relegated)
Websitewww.girondins.com
Current season
FC Girondins de Bordeaux active departments

Football
(men's)
Football
(women's)

Bordeaux was founded on 1 October 1881 as a multi-sports club and it is one of the most successful football clubs in France. The club has won six Division 1/Ligue 1 titles, the last in 2009. Bordeaux have also won four Coupe de France titles, three Coupe de la Ligue titles, and three Trophée des champions titles as well. In international competitions Bordeaux has reached the UEFA Cup final in 1996 and the Latin Cup final in 1950. From a year to its inception, the club's stadium was the Stade Chaban-Delmas, from 2015, Bordeaux's home ground is the Matmut Atlantique.[5][6]

History

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Beginnings

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The club took its name Girondins from the demonym for people from the region, and was founded on 1 October 1881 as a gymnastics and shooting club. The club, chaired by André Chavois, later added sports such as rowing, equestrian, and swimming, among others. It was not until 1910 when football was officially introduced to the club following strong urging from several members within the club, most notably club president Raymond Brard, though it was only available on a trial basis. The experiment with football lasted only a year before returning almost a decade later in 1919. The club contested its first official match in 1920 defeating Section Burdigalienne 12–0.[7]

Bordeaux achieved professional status in football on 2 July 1936, partly due to the club's merger with fellow Bordelais outfit Girondins Guyenne Sport, which resulted in the club that exists today. Bordeaux's rise to professionalism came about alongside the French Football Federation's plea to increase professionalism in French football, which prior to 1932, had been non-existent. The club was inserted into the second division of French football and made its debut appearance during the 1937–38 season. The club's first manager was Spaniard Benito Díaz. Diaz brought fellow Spanish players Santiago Urtizberea and Jaime Mancisidor to the team with the latter serving as captain. The club's most prominent Frenchmen on the team were homegrown attacker Henri Arnaudeau and goalkeeper André Gérard. Bordeaux played its first official match on 23 May 1937 defeating Rhône-Alpes-based FC Scionzier 2–1 at the Stade de Colombes. The club's first ever league match was contested on 22 August losing away to Toulouse 3–2. Bordeaux recorded its first league win against Nîmes. Unfortunately for the club, the team finished 6th in the Southern region of the division. Bordeaux's disappointing finish inserted the club into the relegation playoff portion of the league where the team finished a respectable 3rd. A year later, Bordeaux moved into a new home, the Stade Chaban-Delmas, which had previously been known as, simply Parc Lescure. The facility was built specifically for the 1938 FIFA World Cup and, following the competition's completion, was designated to Bordeaux. The club had formerly played its home matches at the Stade Galin, which today is used as a training ground.[7]

Success and stability

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Trophy of the centenary tournament of Girondins de Bordeaux

On 15 October 1940, Bordeaux merged with local club AS Port and took on one of the club's most prestigious traditions, the scapular. Bordeaux ASP, which the club was now known, adorned the scapular during its run to the 1941 edition of the Coupe de France final. The match, played in occupied France at the Stade Municipal in Saint-Ouen, saw Bordeaux defeat SC Fives 2–0 with Urtizberea netting both goals. The Coupe de France triumph was the club's first major honour. Following the liberation of France, Bordeaux returned to league play and earned promotion to the first division following its 2nd-place finish during the 1948–49 season. After the season, André Gérard, now manager of the club, signed Dutchman Bertus de Harder. Led by the three-headed monster of De Harder, Édouard Kargu, and Camille Libar, Bordeaux captured its first-ever league championship, in just the club's first season in the first division, winning by six points over second place Lille. The league success led to Bordeaux being selected to participate in the second edition of the Latin Cup. In the competition, Bordeaux reached the final drawing 3–3 with Portuguese outfit Benfica. The draw forced a second match with Benfica claiming victory following an extra time goal after over two hours and 25 minutes of play.[7]

Bordeaux maintained its title-winning aspirations finishing runners-up to Nice two seasons after winning its first title. The club also performed well in cup competitions reaching the Coupe de France final in 1952 and 1955. In 1952, Bordeaux suffered defeat to the team it finished runner-up to the same year, Nice, following a thrilling match in which eight goals were scored with five of them coming in the first 40 minutes. Bordeaux drew the match at 3–3 following a 55th-minute goal from Henri Baillot, but Nice countered minutes later with two goals in a span of four minutes to go up 5–3, which was the final result. In 1955, Bordeaux were trounced 5–2 by Lille who went up 4–0 within 35 minutes. The resulting struggles in the cup competitions led to struggles domestically with the club suffering relegation in the 1955–56 season. The club returned to the first division for the 1959–60 season, but failed to make an impact falling back to Division 2 after finishing last in the standings with 21 points.[7]

Bordeaux returned to its former selves in the 1960s under new manager and former player Salvador Artigas. Under the helm of Artigas, Bordeaux returned to the first division and finished in a respectable fourth place for the 1962–63 season. The following season, Bordeaux returned to the Coupe de France final where the club faced off against Lyon. Bordeaux, once again, were defeated 2–0 courtesy of two goals from the Argentine Nestor Combin. The club's runner-up finish resulted in the team qualifying for the 1964–65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The appearance was brief with the club losing 4–3 on aggregate to German club Borussia Dortmund. Four seasons later, Bordeaux again reached the final of the Coupe de France, the club's seventh appearance overall. The team faced Saint-Étienne and, again failed to match the achievement reached in 1941 losing 2–1. The following season, Bordeaux earned another appearance in the final, but again, failed to win the trophy losing 2–0 to Marseille. The team suffered an extreme decline during the 1970s, despite the arrival of Alain Giresse. The club played under seven different managers during the decade and consistently finished at the bottom half of the table. In 1979, the club was sold to the influential and ambitious real estate mogul Claude Bez, who positioned himself as president of the club. In the summer of 1983, Girondins de Bordeaux organised a centenary tournament; Bordeaux won a 2–0 victory over Barcelona in the semi-finals of this tournament, and in the final, the club was defeated by VfB Stuttgart.[7][8]

Return to prominence in the 1980s

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Bordeaux's home kit of their victorious 1984–85 Division 1 season
 
Alain Giresse, influential Bordeaux player in the '70s and '80s and the club's all-time top scorer.

Under the helm of Claude Bez, who injected millions into the club, Bordeaux flourished winning three league championships, two Coupe de France titles, and also performed well in European competitions, most notably reaching the European Cup semi-final in 1985. During Bez's run presiding over the team, he recruited several French internationals such as Bernard Lacombe, Jean Tigana, René Girard, Jean-Christophe Thouvenel, and Thierry Tusseau. Bez also brought in established manager Aimé Jacquet. Led by 1970s mainstays Giresse and Gernot Rohr, Bordeaux captured its first league championship since 1950 in the 1983–84 season finishing equal on points with Monaco, however, due to having a better goal difference, Bordeaux were declared champions. The next season, Bordeaux again won the league claiming the title by four points over second place Nantes. In Europe, Bordeaux played in the 1984–85 European Cup and reached the semi-finals, defeating Spanish club Athletic Bilbao, Romanian club Dinamo București, and Soviet outfit Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk before losing to Italian club Juventus. In the Coupe de France, Bordeaux finally achieved cup glory defeating Marseille 2–1 in the 1986 edition of the final with Tigana and Giresse recording both goals. The Coupe de France trophy was the club's first since 1941 after eight agonising attempts in finals. The following year the club responded by winning the trophy again; in a re-match with Marseille, Bordeaux won its second consecutive cup courtesy of goals from Philippe Fargeon and Zlatko Vujović. Bordeaux then capped off the 1986–87 Division 1 season by winning its fourth league title and achieving the double as well.

Bordeaux ended the decade with a 13th place finish in their 1989 league campaign.

Rising from the ashes in the 1990s

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Due to administrative problems, the club was relegated just two years thereafter. In 1992, however, Les Girondins won that year's Division 2 title, thus being elevated to the top tier of French football. In the emergence of young and exciting players such as playmaker Zinedine Zidane, striker Christophe Dugarry and left back Bixente Lizarazu, the club ascended even higher to win the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1995. With this talented trio, the club defeated FC Rotor Volgograd (the 1995 King's Cup Winner), Real Betis, Milan and Slavia Prague in the second, third, quarter- and semi-finals respectively to reach the 1996 UEFA Cup final where they were beaten by Bayern Munich 5–1 on aggregate. Bordeaux witnessed further glory only three years later, winning their fifth French league title in the 1998–99 season with winger Sylvain Wiltord winning the Golden Boot of that season with 22 goals.[9]

Into the 2000s

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During the 1999–2000 season, the club played in the new UEFA Champions League for the first time. In two seasons time Bordeaux won another piece of silverware, beating Lorient 3–0 in the 2002 Coupe de la Ligue final. Le club au scapulaire then two seasons later defeated Club Brugge 4–1 on aggregate in the fourth round to reach the 2004 UEFA Cup quarter-finals, where the club fell to eventual winners Valencia.[9] Bordeaux got to another final in 2007 where there were eventually victorious in winning the Coupe de la Ligue of that year. Bordeaux then achieved further honours in winning the Ligue 1 and Coupe de la Ligue titles of the 2008–09 French footballing season thus achieving the first ever double in the club's history.[10] In 2013, Bordeaux won the Coupe de France defeating Evian 3–2 in the final.[11] In the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season, Bordeaux finished 7th in the table.[12] In 2015, Bordeaux appointed Willy Sagnol but in 2016 Sagnol was terminated after only winning one match in the first eight games of the season and was replaced by Ulrich Rame.[13] On 27 May 2016, Rame was replaced by Jocelyn Gourvennec.[14] On 20 January 2018, Gourvennec was fired and was replaced by Gus Poyet. Poyet guided Bordeaux to a 6th-placed finish at the end of the season.[15]

In July 2018, General American Capital Partners's CEO Joseph DaGrosa pursued the purchase of the French professional football team for €70 million after 19 years of M6's ownership. [16][17]

On 18 August 2018, Poyet was suspended by Bordeaux after labelling the situation as "embarrassing" when Gaëtan Laborde was sold to Montpellier without his knowledge or consent. On 5 September 2018, Ricardo Gomes was appointed as "General Manager" — he did not possess the necessary coaching badges to be officially appointed the first-team coach.

The purchase of the club by General American Capital Partners would be completed in November 2018, before they sold their stake to majority shareholder King Street Capital in December 2019.[18][19]

COVID-19 financial crisis

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On 23 April 2021, the club cited a decreased revenue due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, there was the loss of income of Mediapro, the TV rights holder who went bankrupt after missed payments the year prior. The club was placed in administration when the American owners, King Street stated they would no longer support the club financially.[20] On 22 June 2021, Girondins de Bordeaux announced that Gérard López acquired the club.[21]

For the first time since the 1990–91 season, Bordeaux finished last in the 2021–22 Ligue 1 season and were relegated to the Ligue 2. That was when the club were administratively relegated as a consequence of financial difficulties.[22] On 14 June 2022, the DNCG administratively relegated Bordeaux to the Championnat National due to financial issues. The club confirmed it would appeal the decision, citing it as 'brutal'.[23] On 27 July 2022, Bordeaux won its appeal and was officially reinstated in Ligue 2 for the 2022–23 season.[24][25]

Financial administration

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At the end of the 2023–24 season, Bordeaux was administratively relegated to the Championnat National. Although the club had initially appealed the decision, it later withdrew the appeal.[26]

On 25 July 2024, it was announced that the club informed the French Football Federation that they would officially give up their status as a professional football club, with current player contracts being terminated and the team's training centre closing indefinitely. In a press release, the club stated that they would still be promoting their youth academies, and hoping they could play in the Championnat National next season and get back to Ligue 1 with "sound finances and a renewed ambition".[27] Then, on 1 August 2024, due to bankruptcy, Bordeaux was forcibly relegated to the Championnat National 2 and put into financial administration by the French football controlling body, the National Directorate of Management Control/DNCG (French: Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion).[28]

Rivalries

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Bordeaux has two main rivalries, firstly the Derby de la Garonne with Toulouse FC, so named because Bordeaux and Toulouse are the two major clubs that play in cities in south-western France, both of which are on the river Garonne. The consistency and competitiveness of the rivalry developed following Toulouse's return to Ligue 1 after being administratively relegated to the Championnat National in 2001. Les Girondins also contest the Derby de l'Atlantique [Fr] with their other main rival FC Nantes, with the name stemming from the two cities' proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. The history of this rivalry transcends to over 50 years and 90 derby games have been played between the two clubs altogether.[29][30][31] Bordeaux also held a 44-year-old record against another big rival, Marseille. From October 1977 to January 2022, Marseille did not win away at Bordeaux's home ground.[32]

Sponsors

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Since July 2020, the equipment manufacturer of the Girondins de Bordeaux was Adidas.[33] The club's main sponsors are the restaurant chain Bistro Régent, the online betting company Betclic and the car dealership SEAT Cupra.

Other sponsors are UNMI, Abatilles, Carlsberg, Mumm, Coca-Cola, La Bordelaise de Lunetterie, TBM, Bordeaux City Council, Gironde General Council, and New Aquitaine Region.

Players

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Current squad

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As of 26 October 2024[34]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
— GK   MLI Lassana Diabaté
— GK   FRA Over Mandanda
— DF   BEN Youssouf Assogba
— DF   FRA Nathanaël Bai
— DF   FRA Nama Fofana
— DF   FRA Jean Grillot
— DF   SEN Elhadji Pape Diaw
— DF   FRA Sékou Fofana
— DF   FRA Adrien Louveau
— DF   FRA Nassim Ranem
— DF   FRA Driss Trichard
— DF   CTA Cédric Yambéré
— DF   COM Glenn Younousse
— MF   FRA Soufiane Bahassa
— MF   TUN Issam Ben Khemis
No. Pos. Nation Player
— MF   FRA Nolan Bonte
— MF   FRA Emeric Depussay
— MF   FRA N'Famady Diaby
— MF   ENG Amadou Diallo
— MF   FRA Younès Kaabouni
— MF   MAR Safouane Karim
— MF   UGA Travis Mutyaba
— MF   CIV Trazié Thomas
— FW   ENG Andy Carroll
— FW   SEN Pape Massar Djitte
— FW   FRA Jérémy Grain
— FW   FRA Yanis Merdji
— FW   FRA Malhory Noc
— FW   FRA Noah Ramon
— FW   SEN Malick Seck

Reserve squad

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As of 26 October 2024[35]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
— GK   FRA Tom Ducou
— GK   FRA Georges Grimaud
— DF   FRA Jonathan Abonckelet
— DF   FRA Paul Baysse
— DF   FRA Hugo Capblanne
— DF   FRA Adam Daoudi
— DF   FRA Maël Morigny
— DF   FRA Omar Sané
— MF   FRA Nathan Benmoussa
No. Pos. Nation Player
— MF   FRA Rio Mavuba
— MF   FRA Ranhi Moreau Nguyen
— MF   FRA Whissy Ndong
— MF   FRA Tom Poittier
— MF   FRA Junah Zucolotto
— FW   FRA Sofiane Achour
— FW   FRA Dian Jacky
— FW   FRA Nolan Muteba
— FW   FRA Hamidou Yameogo

Club records

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Most appearances

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# Name Matches
1°   Alain Giresse 592
2°   Ulrich Ramé 525
3°   Jean-Christophe Thouvenel 490
4°   Guy Calléja 441
5°   Gernot Rohr 430
6°   René Gallice 390
7°   Marc Planus 381
8°   Edouard Kargulewicz 341
9°   Jean Tigana 326
10°   Christophe Dugarry 324

Top Scorers

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# Name Goals
1°   Alain Giresse 182
2°   Edouard Kargulewicz 151
3°   Bernard Lacombe 138
4°   Laurent Robuschi 130
5°   Pauleta 91
6°   Bertus de Harder 90
7°   Didier Couécou 89
8°   Marouane Chamakh 76
9°   Hector De Bourgoing 72
10°   Lilian Laslandes 70

[36]

Management and staff

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Club Management[37]
  • President: Gérard Lopez
  • Deputy General Director: Pit Schanen
  • Director of Football: Admar Lopes
  • Sporting director: John Williams
  • Director in charge of Legal Affairs: Pierre Hammerel
  • Administrative and Financial Director: François Netgen
  • Sales Director: Gérard Wiseler
  • Stadium Manager: Luc Mayrisch
  • HR Director and Technical Resources: Clément Turpel
  • Safety and Security Director: Aurélien Bausch
Men's Football / Professional Squad[37]
Position Name
Head coach   Bruno Irles
Assistant coach   Dado Pršo
Goalkeeper coach Vacant
Fitness coach   Quentin Barat
Doctor Vacant
Physiotherapist   David Das Neves
  Jacques Thébault

Coaching history

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In its history, Bordeaux have had 46 coaches. The first was the Spaniard Benito Díaz. Díaz was the first Bordeaux coach to achieve an honour when, in 1941, the club won the Coupe de France. The first Bordeaux coach to win the league was André Gérard. Gérard led the team to the league crown in 1950. He also has the honour of being the club's longest-serving coach having spent a decade with the club from 1947 to 1957. Gérard is followed by Aimé Jacquet who spent nine seasons with the club in the 1980s. Under Jacquet, Bordeaux won three league titles and two Coupe de France titles.

Affiliated clubs

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  • Newell's Old Boys, ARG
  • Proyecto Crecer, ARG
  • Moorside Social, ENG
  • Wardley Rangers, ENG
  • Walkden Legion, ENG

Honours

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Domestic competitions

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Source: [7][9]

Reserves

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Youth

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International competitions

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FC Girondins de Bordeaux in European football

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FC Girondins de Bordeaux first competitive European match was in the 1968–69 European Cup Winners' Cup, beating 1. FC Köln 2–1 before ultimately losing 2–4 on aggregate. Since then, the club has participated in 30 UEFA competitions, its peak being the co-champions of the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup and the final game of the 1995–96 UEFA Cup.

Main article: FC Girondins de Bordeaux in European football

UEFA Club Coefficient Ranking

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As of March 2022[38]

Rank Team Points
120   AS Saint-Étienne 11.483
121   Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace 11.483
122   FC Girondins de Bordeaux 11.483
123   Wolfsberger AC 11.000
124   PFC CSKA-Sofia 10.500

Media

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From 14 August 2008 to 30 October 2018, the M6 Group carried a network about the club's activity known as "Girondins TV".[39] It carried pre-recorded matches during the season, reserve team games, training session rundowns, and a daily talk show.

References

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  1. ^ "#44 – FCG Bordeaux : le club au Scapulaire" (in French). Footnickname. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  2. ^ "#497 – FCG Bordeaux : les Marines et Blancs" (in French). Footnickname. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  3. ^ "The Stadium | Girondins.com". Archived from the original on 4 August 2017.
  4. ^ Cheval, Bastian (12 August 2024). "Bordeaux's appeal to overturn National 2 demotion is rejected". Get Football News France.
  5. ^ "FC Girondins de Bordeaux". Girondins.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  6. ^ "FC Girondins de Bordeaux: Profile". UEFA.com.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Les Girondins: Historie". Girondins.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Centenary of Girondins de Bordeaux 1983". RSSSF. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  9. ^ a b c "Club History". Girondins.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
  10. ^ "FC Girondins de Bordeaux". Football History.org.
  11. ^ "Bordeaux win the Coupe de France in thrilling final". June 2013.
  12. ^ "Girondins de Bordeaux: 2013/14 Season Review". 26 May 2014.
  13. ^ "Bordeaux sack Willy Sagnol | Get French Football News".
  14. ^ "Jocelyn Gourvennec takes over at Bordeaux after Guingamp exit".
  15. ^ "Poyet named new Bordeaux manager". BBC Sport.
  16. ^ Rondeau, Pierre. "Le foot français, nouvel eldorado des investisseurs étrangers".
  17. ^ "Bordeaux, le rachat américain qui coince, mauvaise ou bonne nouvelle ?". SOFOOT.com.
  18. ^ "Bordeaux sold 2018". espn.com.
  19. ^ "GACP sell stake in Bordeaux". chroniclelive.co.uk.
  20. ^ "Bordeaux enter administration after US owners King Street pull out of investment". espn.com. 23 April 2021.
  21. ^ "An official statement from the Club". Girondins de Bordeaux. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Bordeaux are going down to Ligue 2 and may not return for some time". The Guardian. 16 May 2022.
  23. ^ "Communiqué du Club" (in French). Girondins de Bordeaux. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  24. ^ "Le Club maintenu en L2 : la FFF accepte la conciliation du CNOSF" (in French). Girondins de Bordeaux. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  25. ^ "La FFF donne son accord pour le maintien de Bordeaux en Ligue 2" (in French). L'Équipe. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  26. ^ Ouest-France (23 July 2024). "Football. Bordeaux officiellement rétrogradé en National après avoir renoncé à son appel". Ouest-France.fr (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  27. ^ Sudouest (25 July 2024). "Girondins de Bordeaux. Le club va abandonner son statut professionnel, les joueurs seront libérés et le centre de formation fermé". Sudouest.fr (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  28. ^ "Foot : Bordeaux rétrogradé en National 2 par la Commission fédérale de contrôle des clubs de la DNCG". L'Équipe (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  29. ^ "Didot-Gourcuff, le duel breton du derby de la Garonne" (in French). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  30. ^ "Football en chiffres : 50 ans de derby de l'Atlantique Bordeaux-Nantes". France Bleu.fr (in French). 8 November 2013.
  31. ^ "Ligue 1 : Nantes-Bordeaux, l'une des 5 rivalités qui ont fait l'histoire du championnat". Europsort.fr (in French).
  32. ^ "L'OM gagne et brise la malédiction à Bordeaux" [OM wins and breaks the curse at Bordeaux]. L'Équipe (in French). 7 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  33. ^ "Découvrez les nouveaux maillots du Club !". Girondins.com (in French). 22 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  34. ^ "Squad". FC Girondins de Bordeaux. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  35. ^ "Effectif – Equipe réserve". FC Girondins de Bordeaux. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  36. ^ "Les Meilleurs Buteurs". La Légende Des Girondins.com (in French). Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  37. ^ a b "About the Club". FC Girondins de Bordeaux. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  38. ^ UEFA.com. "Club Coefficients".
  39. ^ RTL Group. "Football 24/7 – Jean-Phillipe Doux on the launch of Girondins TV" (PDF). www.rtlgroup.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
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