COVID-19 apps include mobile-software applications for digital contact-tracing—i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual—deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.[2]

COVID-19 apps
TypeMobile software applications

Numerous tracing applications have been developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact-tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less overtly intrusive alternatives include the co-option of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. (Bluetooth technology has form in tracking cell-phones' locations.)[3]) On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems. India's COVID-19 tracking app Aarogya Setu became the world's fastest growing application—beating Pokémon Go—with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release.

Rationale

edit

Contact tracing is an important tool in infectious disease control, but as the number of cases rises time constraints make it more challenging to effectively control transmission.[4][5] Digital contact tracing, especially if widely deployed, may be more effective than traditional methods of contact tracing.[6] In a March 2020 model by the University of Oxford Big Data Institute's Christophe Fraser's team, a coronavirus outbreak in a city of one million people is halted if 80% of all smartphone users take part in a tracking system; in the model, the elderly are still expected to self-isolate en masse, but individuals who are neither symptomatic nor elderly are exempt from isolation unless they receive an alert that they are at risk of carrying the disease.[7][1] Some proponents advocate for legislation exempting certain COVID-19 apps from general privacy restrictions.[8]

Issues

edit

Uptake

edit

Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.[9] In Singapore, only one person in three had downloaded the TraceTogether app by the end of June 2020, despite legal requirements for most workers;[10] the app was also underused, as it required users to keep it open at all times on iOS.[11]

A team at the University of Oxford simulated the effect of a contact tracing app on a city of 1 million. They estimated that if the app was used in conjunction with the shielding of over-70s, then 56% of the population would have to be using the app for it to suppress the virus.[12] This would be equivalent to 80% of smartphone users in the United Kingdom. They found that the app could still slow the spread of the virus if fewer people downloaded it, with one infection being prevented for every one or two users.[12]

In August 2020, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argued that there were disparities in smartphone use between demographics and minority groups, and that "even the most comprehensive, all-seeing contact tracing system is of little use without social and medical systems in place to help those who may have the virus — including access to medical care, testing, and support for those who are quarantined."[13]

App store restrictions

edit

Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful apps, Apple, Google and Amazon set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.[14][15]

Ethical principles of mass surveillance using COVID-19 contact tracing apps

edit

The advent of COVID-19 contact tracing apps has led to concerns around privacy, the rights of app users, and governmental authority. The European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the United Nations and the Siracusa Principles have outlined 4 principles to consider when looking at the ethical principles of mass surveillance with COVID-19 contact tracing apps.[16] These are necessity, proportionality, scientific validity, and time boundedness.

Necessity is defined as the idea that governments should only interfere with a person's rights when deemed essential for public health interests.[17][18] The potential risks associated with infringements of personal privacy must be outweighed by the possibility of reducing significant harm to others.[19] Potential benefits of contact-tracing apps that may be considered include allowing for blanket population-level quarantine measures to be lifted sooner and the minimization of people under quarantine.[20] Hence, some contend that contact-tracing apps are justified as they may be less intrusive than blanket quarantine measures.[20] Furthermore, the delay of an effective contact-tracing app with significant health and economic benefits may be considered unethical.[citation needed]

Proportionality refers to the concept that a contact tracing app's potential negative impact on a person's rights should be justifiable by the severity of the health risks that are being addressed.[21] Apps must use the most privacy-preserving options available to achieve their goals, and the selected option should not only be a logical option for achieving the goal but also an effective one.[22]

Scientific validity evaluates whether an app is effective, timely and accurate.[16] Traditional manual contact-tracing procedures are not efficient enough for the COVID-19 pandemic, and do not consider asymptomatic transmission.[1] Contact-tracing apps, on the other hand, can be effective COVID-19 contact-tracing tools that reduce R value to less than 1, leading to sustained epidemic suppression.[1] However, for apps to be effective, there needs to be a minimum 56-60% uptake in the population.[1][23] Apps should be continually modified to reflect current knowledge on the diseases being monitored.[24] Some argue that contact-tracing apps should be considered societal experimental trials where results and adverse effects are evaluated according to the stringent guidelines of social experiments.[25] Analyses should be conducted by independent research bodies and published for wide dissemination. Despite the current urgency of our pandemic situation, we should still adhere to the standard rigors of scientific evaluation.[26]

Time boundedness describe the need for establishing legal and technical sunset clauses so that they are only allowed to operate as long as necessary to address the pandemic situation. Apps should be withdrawn as soon as possible after the end of the pandemic. If the end of the pandemic cannot be predicted, the use of apps should be regularly reviewed and decisions about continued use should be made at each review. Collected data should only be retained by public health authorities for research purposes with clear stipulations on how long the data will be held for and who will be responsible for security, oversight, and ownership.[27]

Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns

edit

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has published a set of principles for technology-assisted contact tracing and[28] Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement[29] calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.[30] The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:[29]

  1. surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
  2. extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
  3. the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
  4. data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
  5. digital surveillance would have to address the risk of exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
  6. any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
  7. there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
  8. "meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.

The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC)[31] and Reporters Without Borders[32] also issued checklists.

The Exposure Notification service intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.[33]

On 20 April 2020, it was reported that over 300 academics had signed a statement favouring decentralised proximity tracing applications over centralised models, given the difficulty in precluding centralised options being used "to enable unwarranted discrimination and surveillance."[34][35] In a centralised model, a central database records the ID codes of meetings between users. In a decentralised model, this information is recorded on individual phones, with the role of the central database being limited to identifying phones by their ID code when an alert needs to be sent.[36]

In Moscow use of the tracking app was made mandatory during the lockdowns in April 2020 when most Muscovites were mostly required to stay indoors. Vladimir Putin signed laws introducing criminal penalties, including up to seven years imprisonment, for quarantine violations that led to others being infected. Moscow also implemented government-issued QR codes that were made mandatory. It was not disclosed what information the codes contain, but they must be shown to police when requested. Opposition members were uncomfortable with the Russian government's introduction of COVID surveillance tools.[37] In May 2020 Human Rights Watch reported that the authorities in Moscow had wrongly fined hundreds of Muscovites for breaching self-quarantine. The dubious behavioral interpretations recorded by the social monitoring tracking application led to the mistaken fining of hundreds of people in Moscow.[38]

Contact-tracing apps were deployed rapidly by governments and other organisations in spring and summer 2020. Initial releases were found to come with incongruent privacy policies, hidden built-in surveillance and location-tracing functions, and generally contained few cues about a proper specification and quality assurance process.[39][40] Code quality in several apps was found to be poor, while hardly any of 28 apps surveyed in May and June 2020 managed to address all privacy principles laid forth in the EU's GDPR.[41]

Accuracy of proximity reports

edit

According to ZDNet, Bluetooth-based proximity detection carries a risk of over-reporting interactions and leading to "a huge amount of false positives"; hypothetically, a system could flag an interaction with "(a) person waiting for the bus on the (opposite) side of the road". One problem is that using Bluetooth signal strength to infer distance can be unreliable; the range of a given Bluetooth device can vary due to the environment or the way the device is held. False positives could result in needless self-isolation, or could cause users to ignore warnings if the warnings are perceived as unreliable.[42] GPS-based proximity detection can also be unreliable: according to the United States' GPS.gov, "GPS-enabled smartphones are typically accurate to within a 4.9 meter (16 ft.) radius under open sky", with accuracy decreasing further in the presence of signal blockage. In contrast, social distancing guidelines are usually 2 m (6 ft).[43][44]

In the Google/Apple mechanism, a log entry is only added on the phone if Bluetooth proximity persists for five minutes (or possibly longer, depending on app configuration). Logs are retained for 14 days.[45] Bluetooth tracking is prone to false negatives; for example, unlike time-stamped GPS matching, Bluetooth cannot detect that a user has entered a possibly-infected space that an infected person has just left.[46]

General approaches

edit
International Telecommunication Union

Centralized contact tracing

edit

Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. Israel authorized its secret service (Shin Bet) to use its surveillance measures for network-based tracking.[47][48] Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.[49] However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).[50]

In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing. Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.[51] In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.[52] This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.[52]

Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems. As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.[53]

Decentralized contact tracing

edit

Development

edit
 
A simplified explanation of how DP-3T and TCN Protocol (and similar protocols, such as the Exposure Notification API[54][55]) can anonymously warn users about contact with an infected person.

Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.[56][57][58]

On 17 March 2020 the CEN protocol developed by Covid Watch, later renamed the TCN Protocol, was first released.[59][60][61]

Covid Watch was the first organization to develop[62] and open source[63][64] an anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth digital contact tracing protocol, publishing their white paper on the subject in March 2020.[65][66][67][68][69] The group was founded as a research collaboration between Stanford University and the University of Waterloo.[70][71][72]

On 1 April 2020, the CEN Protocol was presented at Stanford HAI's COVID-19 and AI virtual conference.[73][74][75]

As of 1 April 2020, a group of European researchers, including from the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), were under the umbrella of the Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project,[76] developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state.[77][78][79] However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches.[80]

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.[30] Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.[30]

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced a reference implementation of the BlueTrace protocol, used by TraceTogether, its official government app.[81][82] As of 23 March 2020, Mary-Louise McLaws, professor at the University of New South Wales' School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Australia, a technical adviser to the World Health Organization's Infection Prevention and Control Global Unit and a member of European, US and UK epidemiology and infection control bodies recommended the idea for wider adoption.[82][83][84]

On 17 April 2020, EPFL and the ETH Zurich pulled out of PEPP-PT, criticizing PEPP-PT for a lack of transparency and openness, and for not respecting personal privacy enough.[85] Later it was reported that KU Leuven, the CISPA Helmholz Center for Information Security, the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems and the Technical University of Denmark, also withdrew from the project.[86][87][88][89] On 26 April 2020, Germany switched to decentralised approach to support solutions like DP-3T.[90]

Methods

edit

Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T),[53][91] The Coalition Network's Whisper Tracing Protocol,[92] the global TCN Coalition's TCN ("Temporary Contact Numbers") Protocol,[93][94] and the MIT Media Lab's SafePaths.[95][96] The goal of decentralization is to reduce the loss of privacy, by exchanging anonymous keys that do not include identifiable information.[97]

COCOVID[98] is being developed as a common effort of several European companies and institutions. The Mobile Application, the Big Data and the Artificial Intelligence components will be available to any government. The COCOVID app is Open Source and the backend is based on a highly scalable solution that is already used by several of the largest financial institutions in Europe. COCOVID will support the coordination of tests at medical institutions, allowing users with a high infection risk to book a test slot directly from the app. This will reduce the effort and increase the efficiency of the medical test processes. COCOVID will use both location and Bluetooth contact data, allowing a high level of effectiveness. The solution is designed following the EU data privacy recommendations. The team working on the project includes persons from Orange, Ericsson, Proventa AG, Stratio, TH Köln and Charta digitale Vernetzung.[citation needed]

Apple / Google Exposure Notification protocol

edit

On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they stated would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.[99][100] They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.[101][102] According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:[103][104]

  • API specification and publication
  • rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
  • integration of this functionality directly into iOS and Android

Google and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.[33]

The ACLU stated the Google and Apple's approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".[105]

By 20 April 2020, Google and Apple described the systems as "Exposure Notification" rather than "contact tracing", stating the system should be "in service of broader contact tracing efforts by public health authorities".[106] The name change was received positively by journalists in Vox/Recode[107] and Salon, who stated "Exposure notification schemes like the Apple-Google system aren't true contact tracing systems because they don't allow public health authorities to identify people who have been exposed to infected individuals."[108]

List of frameworks

edit
Name Centralized / Decentralized Author/promoter Licence Homepage Ref
ViraTrace Biohazard Containment Tools Partially-Centralized w/ SGX backend ViraTrace, LLC (Wayne Thornton, Andrei Taranu, Ivan Bestvina, Anjana Pai) Restricted Public Source License (ViraTrace Public Source License 1.0.1) https://www.viratrace.org/
https://github.com/ViraTrace/
[109][110]
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project partially-centralized Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Robert Koch Institute, Technische Universität Berlin, TU Dresden, University of Erfurt, Vodafone Germany multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications, MPL https://www.pepp-pt.org/ Archived 2020-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
https://github.com/pepp-pt/pepp-pt-documentation
https://nadim.computer/res/pdf/PEPP-PT_NTK_High_Level_Overview.pdf
[111]
Coalition Network Coalition Foundation, Nodle, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, Berkeley, California GPL 3 https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/ [112][113]
Exposure Notifications System decentralized Google, Apple Inc. public specification https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing [114]
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) decentralized EPFL, ETHZ, KU Leuven, TU Delft, University College London, CISPA, University of Oxford, University of Torino / ISI Foundation publicly developed Apache 2.0 reference implementation, MPL 2.0 iOS/Android code. https://github.com/DP-3T [115]
BlueTrace / OpenTrace partially-centralized Singapore Government Digital Services public specification, GPL 3 code bluetrace.io
https://github.com/opentrace-community
[116]
Privacy-Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms

for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) / CovidSafe

Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington public specification, MIT License code https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03544
https://github.com/covidsafe
[117]

[118][119]

PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Media Lab, Boston University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Brown University public specification, MIT License code https://pact.mit.edu [120]

[121] [122] [123]

Covid Watch / TCN Coalition / TCN Protocol decentralized Covid Watch, CoEpi, ITO, Commons Project, Zcash Foundation, Openmined, Coalition Network public developed specification, MIT License code https://tcn-coalition.org Archived 2021-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
https://github.com/TCNCoalition/TCN
[114]
OpenCovidTrace decentralized Nebula Ventures, open source community,[124] Quantstellation, MLM Holdings, Evocativideas, 1Checkin public developed specification, LGPL iOS/Android code. https://opencovidtrace.org Archived 2020-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace
[125]
ReCoVer Centralized, Hybrid

Stefano Piotto, Luigi Di Biasi,[126] Softmining, Minervas, PushApp, NexusTlc, University of Salerno, dibiasi.it Materiale Electrico,[127] BiTS Community beta volunteers

multiple protocols, partially closed source, partially private specifications, MPL https://smcovid19.org/recover/ [128]

List of countries/territories with official contact tracing apps

edit
Australia
COVIDSafe is a digital contact tracing app announced by the Australian Government on 14 April 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app is based on the BlueTrace protocol developed by the Singaporean Government, and was first released on 26 April 2020.[129][130] The efficacy of the app was questioned over its lifetime, ultimately identifying just 2 confirmed cases by the time it was decommissioned on 16 August 2022.[131][132]
Austria
Stopp Corona is the contact tracing app published by the Austrian red cross on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health. The app is supported both on Android and IOS platforms. The source code was released on 24 April 2020 as open source on GitHub.[citation needed]
Azerbaijan
e-Tabib is an official contact tracing and informational mobile app, prepared by Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan. 'e-Tabib' is designed to be an application which will inform the users in real-time about the number of patients (both sick and recovered from COVID-19) in Azerbaijan. The app will provide daily updates on the status of COVID-19 from the Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan (or other applicable authorities designed in the Republic of Azerbaijan). 'e-Tabib' application was created with the assistance of "The Association for the Management of Medical Territorial Units" public entity (TƏBİB), which was established by the decree of the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated 20 December 2018.[133][134]
Bahrain
BeAware Bahrain is the official mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by The Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA), in collaboration with the National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19). The application aims to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by implementing contact tracing efforts to identify and keep track of all active cases and their contacts. It also uses location data of citizens to alert individuals in the event they approach an active case or a location an active case has visited, as well as track the movement of quarantine cases for a duration of 14 days. It also posts health recommendations and live data of global COVID-19 developments; iGA Chief Executive Mohammed Ali Al Qaed said: "The application deploys a tamper-proof GPS Tracking Bracelet to share real time-tracking information with health workers. Health workers are notified when quarantine cases exit their pre-set area by 15 meters, in which case the team will respond by reminding individuals of the importance of following procedures to safeguard the well-being of citizens and residents."[135]
Bangladesh
People's Republic of Bangladesh Government announced & launched a mobile app named Corona Tracer BD in May 2020 in Google Play Store.
Brazil
The public ministry of RN launched "Tô de Olho", a multipurpose app (including contact tracing, agglomeration denunciation, selective infectious testing), released in Rio Grande do Norte starting 4 April 2020.[136] The "Tô de Olho" research paper has more details on platform's design.[137]
Canada
On 31 July 2020, the Canadian federal government launched their voluntary, "private, and anonymous" COVID-19 exposure notification app, called COVID Alert which was developed along with Shopify and BlackBerry as technology partners, and has both an iOS and an Android version.[138][139][140] The federal COVID Alert exposure notification app is not a contact tracing app and does not have access to information such as user names, health information, addresses, smartphone contacts, or GPS location.[139] The app uses Bluetooth technology to check and share a random list of codes from any nearby smartphones held by people who have tested positive.[139] By mid-November, all the provinces except Alberta and British Columbia had access to the app.[141] The Alberta government had launched their own app in May and in October said that the delay in signing on to the federal COVID Alert app, was to ensure all the existing 247,000 ABTraceTogether app accounts could be "transitioned" to the federal app.[141] On 28 September 2021, the Citizen Lab published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[142]
China
The Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay and WeChat, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19. It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.[143]
In China, within these apps pose three colors as a result of the risk they pose. For example, green is good and can go about normal activities. On the other hand, yellow indicates the user they have been in contact with someone who tested positive with the virus and should exercise precaution. Lastly, red indicates to the user they have the virus and should remain quarantined to not expose others. These tests and colors are shared with the local police. So every QR code is central to a city/district.[144]
Colombia
CoronApp is the mobile app for Android and iOS –and available for the Huawei AppGallery– developed by the Colombian government. The app, downloaded more than 12 million users (March, 2021), is a free application, which does not consume data; it helps detect affected areas and nearby people with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. CoronApp facilitates the real-time monitoring of data collected to the Emergency Operations Center of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Health Institute, INS). It incorporates technologies such as those developed by the Governments of Singapore and South Korea, as well as Apple.[145] Privacy, the major concern with these applications from organizations around the world, has not been the exception for Colombia: Fundación Karisma points out some vulnerabilities of CoronApp.[146] Along with the criticisms, there were analysis that found strengths and weaknesses in it.[147] As an additional benefit of the app, the Colombian Government financed 1 gigabyte per month and 100 minutes for users of prepaid lines that install it.[148]
Croatia
Stop COVID-19 is a mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by an agency of the Croatian government.[citation needed]
Czech Republic
The government launched a Singapore-inspired tracing app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by the local IT community, released as open-source software and will be handed over to the government.[149]
Denmark
Smittestop is a digital contact tracing app developed by the Ministry of Health and the Elderly, the Danish Agency for Patient Safety, the National Board of Health, the Danish Serum Institute, the National Board of Digitization and Netcompany. It was released on 18 June 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app uses Bluetooth technology to alert the user if they have been within one meter for more than fifteen minutes of a person who tested positive. Available on the Google Play store and Apple store.[citation needed]
Fiji
The Fijian government launched the country's contact tracing app which is known as careFIJI. The app uses Bluetooth Low Energy Technology and is based on the BlueTrace protocol developed by the Singaporean Government.[150]
Finland
The Finnish app Koronavilkku launched on 31 August 2020 with Finnish and Swedish localizations. An English translation was released later on.[151]
France
The French National Assembly approved the release of "StopCovid" on 27 May 2020 to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. StopCovid is a digital contact tracing app based on a bluetooth tracing protocol developed specially for the app. It was released on 2 June 2020.[152] The app was later renamed TousAntiCovid.[153] Updates have also included the addition of a "News" section with daily information about the state of the pandemic in France, as well as a "Forms" section to generate the travel declaration forms needed to go outside during the various lockdowns and curfews.
Germany
The official app called "Corona-Warn-App" was made available for download on 16 June 2020 and presented in a press conference the same day. It was developed as open-source software jointly by Deutsche Telekom and SAP with scientific advice from the federal Robert Koch Institute and uses the Exposure Notification APIs from Google and Apple.[154]
Greece
The official platform in Greece against covid, called Covid Checker, is one of the first solution in Europe against COVID-19 pandemic that was approved and made available on 29 March 2020. Covid Checker is a mobile & web solution designed to identify coronavirus symptoms and associated risk, provide reliable guidance, & connect qualified patients with a doctor for further assistance. Covid Checker powered by Docandu was first released as a widget attached to the governmental websites such as the patt.gov.gr while few weeks later was released as an app in Google Playstore. It was developed jointly by DOCANDU, the Region of Attica and the Medical Association of Athens.[155]
Ghana
The government launched "GH COVID-19 Tracker App", an Android and IOS app equipped with location tracking technology to provide detailed information about people who have been at the same event, location, country or other defined locations in order to provide accurate information to health authorities overtime to know who to screen and provide needed assistance. The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.[156] As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store.[157]
Gibraltar
The "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" App, based on the App from Ireland, was launched on 18 June[158] with downloads of 15,000 by 8 August, from an estimated 20,000 phone users.
Hong Kong
The government launched LeaveHomeSafe on 16 November 2020. It was initially not compulsory for people to use but starting from 18 February 2021, customers are required to scan the QR code with the app or register their contact details before entering some of the restaurants.[159][160] However, the government refused to open the source code for peer-review by using an excuse of protecting the intellectual property of the program.[161]
Hungary
VírusRadar, an Android app, was launched on 13 May and an iOS version on 30 May 2020. The app uses Bluetooth technology to track unique, random application IDs within a proximity of 2 meters for more than 20 minutes in the previous 14 days. The system has been developed by Nextsense, based on the company's contact tracing technology.[162] According to the developer, a version of the application integrating Google and Apple's API is currently under testing.[163] The app is operated under the umbrella of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary, operated by the Governmental Agency for IT Development and supported by Biztributor.[164]
Iceland
Rakning C-19 route tracking is a GPS logger app for Android and iOS, with a user interface and content from the national COVID-19 web page. When infection is confirmed the route data is used to support more traditional contact tracing. According to MIT Technology Review as of 11 May 2020 it had the largest national market penetration rate of contact trackers in the world, having been downloaded by 38% of Icelanders.[165]
India
The Aarogya Setu app is developed by the National Informatics Centre that comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.[166]
The MyGov app is developed by the National Informatics Centre that comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.
Ireland
The official COVID Tracker app was launched by the Irish government on 7 July 2020. Within two days of launch, the app had been downloaded by one million people.[167] The Health Service Executive subsequently made the code behind the app available to other countries.[168]
Israel
On 22 March 2020 the Ministry of Health launched "HaMagen" (המגן,"the shield"), an iOS and Android contact tracing app.[169] Hamagen tracks a user's whereabouts using standard location APIs and then compares them to known movements of those diagnosed with COVID-19, in order to check if their paths crossed within the previous 14 days. The Hamagen app was specifically designed with a privacy-first approach where information about locations and times is cross-referenced on the user's device, and not transmitted on to the cloud database.[170]
Italy
On 1 June 2020 the Ministry of Health launched the Italian Government's exposure notification solution, "Immuni", an iOS and Android contact tracing app build on top of the Google/Apple API. The solution was realized by the Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 emergency (Presidency of the Council of Ministers), in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization. It only uses public infrastructures located within the national borders. It is exclusively managed by the public company Sogei S.p.A. The source code has been developed for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers by Bending Spoons S.p.A., and it is released under a GNU Affero General Public License version 3.[171][172]
Japan
On 19 June 2020 the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare released COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri, COCOA).[173] It is available on iOS 13.5 or above and Android 6 or above.[173]
Jersey
Jersey COVID Alert is the official contact tracing mobile app for Jersey that was released on 14 October 2020.[174]
Jordan
The AMAN App - Jordan app is developed for Jordan's Ministry of Health. AMAN is a privacy-conscious exposure detection App. The App was released on 21 May 2020 and is currently available on Google Play Store and App Store.[175]
Latvia
A consortium of IT companies and volunteers launched decentralized proximity tracing Apturi Covid application on 29 May 2020. It is Android and Apple compatible. The county's president and government ministers installed the application on their phones on the launch day. Application developers hoped to reach 400 000 users, approximately 20% of the country's population.[176]
Malaysia
The government launched MySejahtera on 16 April 2020,[177] one of three tracing app that released alongside MyTrace and Gerak Malaysia. MySejahtera is a contact tracing app introduced by the National Security Council and the Ministry of Health on 16 April 2020 to retrieve updated information and statistics of the pandemic. MyTrace is a tracing app that utilizes Bluetooth to detect how long a user smartphone are in close proximity with other smartphone users with a similar app installed, and is currently available on Android.[178] Gerak Malaysia is a tracing app which allows police and the Ministry of Health to track and analyze users movement, and register for permission to allow state border crossing.
Nepal
Nepal Engineers Association Launched COVIRA app, developed by Science Hub on 22 June 2020.[179] COVIRA has been developed on a multidisciplinary framework where several facctors are considered to provide the risk level.[180] It can be used for individual risk assessment which can be assessed from all over the world, and regional risk are provided for Nepal in palika level.[181] This is available on web application platform.[182]
Netherlands
The official contract tracing app by the Dutch government is called CoronaMelder.
New Zealand
The Health Ministry launched the NZ COVID Tracer on 20 May, though some users reported being able to access the App on 19 May.[183] The app is available on Apple's App Store and Google Play. NZ COVID Tracer allows users to scan their own QR codes at businesses, public buildings and other organisations to track where they have been for contract tracing purposes.[184][185] Bluetooth Exposure Notification System was added in December, 2020.
North Macedonia
The government launched "StopKorona!" on 13 April 2020, becoming the first country in the Western Balkans to launch a COVID-19 tracing app. The Bluetooth-based app traces exposure with potentially infected persons and is designed to help healthcare authorities provide a fast response. The app was developed and donated by Skopje-based Software company Nextsense. To comply with laws on data protection, the app does not use the users' locations nor personal information. The users' mobile phone numbers are the only user-related data, stored on servers managed by the Ministry of Health.[186][187][188]
Norway
The Smittestopp app is developed by the Norwegian government, and uses Bluetooth and GPS signals.[189] On 15 June 2020 the country halted the app over privacy concerns after the Norwegian Data Protection Authority said low infections could no longer justify the risk of privacy invasion by the end user. The app ceased collecting new data and plans to delete all data collected so far with any additional collections effectively paused indefinitely.[190]
Philippines
Staysafe is the official contact tracing app for the Philippines.[191]
Portugal
Stayaway COVID is the official contact tracing mobile app for Portugal.[192]
Qatar
Ehteraz application (app) has allowed Qatar citizens and residents to move with ease and responsibly in the country while helping the authorities prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). A Cabinet decision, which came into effect on 22 May, requires citizens and residents to mandatorily install and activate the mobile app on their smartphones when leaving the house for any reason. Since then, more and more entities in the country have made it compulsory for clients and visitors to show the green status on the Ehteraz app to be allowed entry into their premises. Apart from hypermarkets and other retail outlets, banks, as well as several commercial buildings and offices, in Qatar have put in place similar measures to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[193]
Saudi Arabia
Tabaud is the official mobile app for Web, Android and iOS, developed by the National Health Information Center (NHIC). It allows users to track and trace via Apple/Google Exposure Notification API. More than 1,000,000 users have downloaded the app.[194]
Scotland
Protect Scotland is the official contact tracing app for Scotland. Scotland uses the Test and Protect method. Throughout the country they test people with symptoms, isolate people who were in close contact with positive testers, and limit exposure to as many people as possible.
Singapore
An app called TraceTogether is being used.[195] It uses a digital contact tracing protocol called BlueTrace, developed with an open source reference implementation called OpenTrace.[196]
South Africa
COVID AlertSA is a digital contact tracing app announced by the Government of South Africa on 8 August 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Spain
The official app called Radar COVID has been released by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation for Android and iOS for a pilot test in La Gomera. The app is based on the DP-3T protocol and uses the Apple/Google API for contact tracing and it is expected to be rolled out to further Spanish regions in September. In its first year, it only notified 74.280 out of more of 4 million infections. Less than 20% of citizens had installed it. Bugs and battery exhaustion discouraged further usage.[197]
Slovenia
ZVem is a e-government platform for public health in the Republic of Slovenia. Citizens can access the web based platform and associated mobile app via SI-PASS, a secure authorization software developed for public platforms. Users of the service can make a doctor's appointment with few simple clicks. They can see their prescriptions and e-documents. During COVID-19 pandemic, e-documents were usable for the COVID-19 vaccination certificates. Health insurance information is available via the platform as well.[198] The solution was developed by National Institute for Public Health and the Ministry for Health. And the mobile application for protecting public health and lives, #OstaniZdrav (#StayHealthy), is a tool that informs you if you have been in contact with an infected person. With its use and the observance of recommendations, each person contributes their share to restricting the spread of the virus and the protection of our own health, the health of our loved ones and that of society as a whole.[199]
Switzerland
An app called SwissCovid which uses the DP-3T protocol and is built top of Apple/Google bluetooth API. Application is licensed under Mozilla Public License 2.0.[200][201]
Taiwan
Taiwan AILabs in conjunction with the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control on 12 March 2021 released the Taiwan Social Distancing app for Android and iOS.[202]
Turkey
Security was ensured by checking the HES codes received by the users at the entrances to closed areas. The HES codes of people who were in contact or became ill were processed as "sick" and kept in quarantine for 14 days. With this separate application, citizens could control the health status of people's immediate environment (mother, father, sibling). If someone with covid positive is too close to you, you can see this in the application and take precautions. It also counts how many people you have come into contact with who are covid positive.
United Kingdom
A brief video, showing the Wales and England app in action, produced by the Welsh Government.
The NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app for England and Wales was released on 24 September 2020. The NHS app uses Google/Apple exposure notification technology. (The NHS previously tried a centralised system rather than a decentralised approach). Scotland and Northern Ireland contact tracing apps were launched in the weeks prior to England & Wales.[203][204] To aid contract tracing, the NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app for England and Wales[205] allows users to scan official NHS QR code posters at businesses, venues and transport hubs.[206] To ensure data integrity, the QR code is constructed from a JSON Web Signature (JWS).[207] On 28 September 2021, the Citizen Lab published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[142]
As of 27 April 2023 the NHS COVID-19 App was discontinued.[208]

Countries considering deployment

edit

Centralized approaches

edit

In the United Kingdom, Matthew Gould, chief executive of NHSX, the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the NHS, said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns.[209] On 22 April, the government announced that alpha testing of a prototype of the app was in progress at RAF Leeming.[210] Beta testing began on the Isle of Wight on 5 May for council staff and NHS workers before a wider rollout to all residents on 7 May.[211] By 15 May, over 72,000 had downloaded the app, equivalent to more than half of the island's population.[212]

On 18 June, following reports that the app was only detecting 75% of contacts on Android devices and 4% of contacts on iPhones,[213] the UK government announced that it would cease the development of its centralized system, and move to a decentralized system based on the Apple/Google Exposure Notification system.[214] This was later scheduled for release in England and Wales on 24 September;[215] by this date, the devolved administrations in Scotland and Northern Ireland had already released their own apps.[216][217]

Decentralized approaches

edit

Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol as of April 2020.[218]

Many countries have announced the official development, trial or adoption of decentralized proximity tracing systems, where the matching of proximity encounters happens locally on individuals' devices, such as the Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) protocol or the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. These include Austria,[219] Switzerland,[220] Estonia,[221] Latvia,[222] Canada,[223] Italy,[224][225] Germany,[226] Finland,[222] the Netherlands,[227] Ireland[228] and Denmark.[229]

In the United States, as of 10 June 2020, three states, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Dakota, have committed to using the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. In May 2020, the U.S. state of Arizona began testing the Covid Watch app developed with the Apple/Google protocol.[230] In August 2020, the app launched publicly for a phased roll-out in the state of Arizona.[231][232][233] At least nineteen states have not yet decided, and at least seventeen other states stated there were no plans to use smartphone-based contact tracing.[234]

Geofencing

edit

Russia introduced a geofencing app, Social Monitoring, for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.[235]

List of apps by country

edit

Note: This table should list only apps that are either supported by citations from third-party reliable sources or are from or supported by independently notable organizations such as national governments, industrial collaborations, major universities, NGOs, or one of the framework collaborations listed above. MIT Technology Review also maintained a Google spreadsheet listing of contact tracing and exposure notification apps that are being used around the world.[236][237]

Country Name Functionality Platform Author/supporter Status Licence Protocol Homepage Downloads Ref
  Afghanistan ASAN information,

tracking

Web Ministry of Public Health,

Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology

  Angola COVID-19 AO self diagnostic, information and quarantine enforcement Web Ravelino de Castro Proprietary https://covid19ao.com/ [238][239][240][241]
  Argentina CUIDAR tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health of the Argentine Republic in use QR code https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aplicaciones/coronavirus Archived 2021-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  Armenia ArMed eHealth contact tracing iOS, Android SYLEX SA National Centralized eHealth System of Armenia in use https://www.gov.am/en/covid-travel-restrictions/
COVID-19 Armenia information iOS, Android Office of the Prime Minister of Armenia in use https://apps.apple.com/am/app/covid-19-armenia/id1505830061
  Australia Coronavirus Australia information, isolation registration iOS, Android (discontinued) Delv Pty Ltd / Australian Department of Health Discontinued as of 26 August 2022[242] Proprietary, source code released health.gov.au 27/04, 1.89 million; 26/04: 1 million [243][244]
COVIDSafe contact tracing iOS, Android (discontinued) Australian Department of Health Discontinued as of 16 August 2022[131][132][245] Proprietary, source code released BlueTrace covidsafe.gov.au 07/05, 4 million [246][247][248][249]
  Austria Stopp Corona [de] contact tracing, medical reporting iOS, Android Federal Ministry of Health,

Austrian Federal Government

in use Apache License 2.0 Exposure Notifications System https://www.austria.info/en/service-and-facts/coronavirus-information/app [219][250]
  Azerbaijan e-Tabib information iOS, Android Ministry of Communications and High Technologies,

Administration of the Regional Medical Divisions

in use Bluetooth https://etabib.az/ Archived 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
  Bahrain BeAware Bahrain contact tracing iOS, Android Information and eGovernment Authority in use https://healthalert.gov.bh/en/category/beaware-bahrain-app
  Bangladesh Corona Tracer BD contact tracing Android Directorate General of Health Services & ICT Division in use Bluetooth https://macademy.gov.bd/2020/11/25/govt-urges-to-use-corona-tracer-bd-app-to-curb-virus-spread/
Surokkha Vaccination,

Contact Tracing

Android DGHS in use https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.codersbucket.surokkha_app&hl=en&gl=US
  Bhutan Druk Trace contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry Of Health in use QR code https://www.moh.gov.bt/contact-tracing-app/

Apple Android

  Belgium Coronalert contact tracing, medical reporting iOS, Android Belgian government, Sciensano in use GPL3 DP-3T / ENS coronalert.be 30/10: 1.7m [251][252] [253]
  Bolivia Unidos Contra el Covid contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Education in use https://www.minedu.gob.bo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4534:descarga-la-app-coronavirus-bolivia-covid19&catid=182&Itemid=854
  Brazil Coronavírus - SUS contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/vacinacao/
VirusMapBR (formerly The Spread Project) contact tracing, medical reporting iOS, Android Manoel Lemos APK file released, code released BSD-3 https://github.com/mlemos/virusmapbr
Tô de Olho Contact tracing, Individual and regional risk assessment, Selective infectious testing, Isolation levels monitoring iOS, Android MPRN/IMD in use Proprietary https://todeolho.mprn.mp.br/
  Brunei BruHealth contact tracing iOS, Android MOH & HMS Brunei in use Bluetooth & GPS http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/bruhealth.aspx
  Bulgaria ViruSafe contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://virusafe.info/

AppStore PlayStore

  Cambodia Khmer Vacc Vaccination,

Medical Response

iOS, Android Ministry Of Health in use https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50820744/health-ministry-launched-mobile-app-for-c-19-vaccination-management/

https://cambodia-vaccine.gov.kh/login

  Canada COVID Alert contact tracing iOS, Android Shopify, Blackberry, Canadian Government in use Apache License 2.0 Exposure Notifications System http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html [254][255][256][257]
ABTraceTogether contact tracing iOS, Android Alberta Government in use https://www.alberta.ca/ab-trace-together.aspx
TeamSense Covid screening app for employees pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard Web TeamSense In Use Proprietary https://www.teamsense.com
  Chile CoronApp - Chile information iOS, Android Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of Chile in use https://www.minvu.gob.cl/coronapp/
  China "Health Code" contact tracing iOS, Android integrated into Alipay and WeChat apps Proprietary [258][144][259]
  Colombia CoronApp - Colombia information iOS, Android National Institute of Health (INS) in use https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html Archived 2021-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
  Czech Republic eRouška contact tracing iOS, Android Czech Ministry of Health and Hygiene in use MIT License Exposure Notifications System erouska.cz [260][149][261][262]
  Cyprus CovTracer contact tracing and warning iOS, Android Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital

in use Bluetooth https://covtracer.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/covtracer/covtracer.nsf/covtracer04_en/covtracer04_en?OpenDocument
  Denmark smitte|stop contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health (Denmark) in use Proprietary Exposure Notifications System smittestop.dk
  Ecuador ASI contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Society (Ecuador) in use MPL 2.0 Exposure Notifications System asiecuador.com [263][264]
CovidEC information Android Ministry of Telecommunications and the Information Society in use https://www.gobiernoelectronico.gob.ec/como-instalar-app-covidec/
  Egypt Egypt Health Passport app information iOS, Android Minister of Health and Population announced on 31 July QR code https://egyptindependent.com/health-ministry-to-launch-health-passport-for-travel/
Sehet Misr contact tracing iOS, Android Minister of Health and Population in use GPS https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/367263/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-health-ministry-launches-coronavirus-mobile.aspx
  Fiji careFIJI contact tracing iOS, Android Government of Fiji in use Open Source BlueTrace carefiji.digitalfiji.gov.fj [265][266]
  Finland Koronavilkku contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, THL, Solita, Kela, SoteDigi Released on 31 August 2020 European Union Public License 1.2 Exposure Notifications System koronavilkku.fi Archived 2020-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 05/11: 2.5M, representing 45% of population [267][268][269]
  France TousAntiCovid (formerly "StopCovid") contact tracing iOS, Android Government of France / INRIA, ANNSI, Cap Gemini, Dassault Systèmes, INSERM, Lunabee studio, Orange, Santé publique France, Withings,[270] Coalition Network[271] in use since 2 June 2020 MPL-2.0 and ad hoc ROBERT gitlab.inria.fr/stopcovid19 [272][273]
ROBERT (ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing protocol) contact tracing unknown INRIA PEPP-PT github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing ,[citation needed]
CheckYourMask Checking the correct mask wearing by selfie Android Université de Haute-Alsace, Normandie Univ., Lille Univ. Concept ,[274]
  Georgia Stop Covid contact tracing iOS, Android Novid20 / Georgian Ministry of Health in use GPL PEPP-PT novid20.org [275][276][277]
  Germany Ito contact tracing Android Partners like TUM APK file released GPL3 TCN www.ito-app.org [278]
OHIOH Research contact tracing, scientific research Browser compatible devices OHIOH Archived 2020-04-16 at the Wayback Machine at FH Kiel progressive web app OHIOH Copyright@ Tjark Ziehm TCN ohioh.de [279][280][281]
Corona-Warn-App contact tracing iOS, Android Robert Koch Institute published Apache License Exposure Notifications System https://coronawarn.app/ 17/06: 6.5m, 18/06: 8m, 20/06: 10.6m, 25/06: 13.0m, 02/07: 14.4m [282]
  Gibraltar BEAT Covid Gibraltar contact tracing iOS, Android Health Service Executive (HSE) / NearForm in use
(2020-06-18)
MIT License Exposure Notifications System www.gibraltar.gov.gi/beatcovidapp 13/07: 9,000, 08/08: 15,000 [158]
  Greece DOCANDU Covid Checker self diagnostic, information and 24/7 online doctor Android, Web-based / Web-site Widget DOCANDU, Region of Attica (Greece), Athens Medical Association (Greece) in use (2020-03-26) https://www.docandu.com/en 27/04, 18,000 users [283][284][285]
  Ghana GH COVID-19 Tracker App Android, iOS: awaiting app store approvals Ministry of Communication and Technology, Ministry of Health [157][156]
  Hong Kong StayHomeSafe quarantine enforcement Unknown The Government Of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Proprietary [286]
LeaveHomeSafe contact tracking iOS, Android The Office of the Government Chief Information Officer in-use Proprietary QR-Code, Self-developed https://www.leavehomesafe.gov.hk/en/ [287][159]
  Hungary VírusRadar contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Innovation and Technology and NextSense in use (2020-05-13-) https://virusradar.hu
EESZT Covid Control information iOS, Android National Hospital Directorate General in use QR code https://e-egeszsegugy.gov.hu/

AppStore PlayStore

  Iceland Rakning C-19 route tracking iOS, Android Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Directorate of Health in use (2020-04-01) MIT License GPS https://www.covid.is/app/en Archived 2020-04-27 at the Wayback Machine 26/04, 50% [288]

[289]

  India Aarogya Setu(Sanskrit: the bridge to health) contact tracing iOS, Android Union Government of India / National Informatics Centre

(Android version open-sourced)

Apache License mygov.in/aarogya-setu-app 50million + [290]
COVA Punjab contact tracing iOS, Android Government of Punjab [291]
COVID-19 Feedback feedback Android Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [291]
COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor contact tracing, geofencing TBA Government of Tamil Nadu / Pixxon AI Solutions [291]
Corona Kavach information Android (discontinued) Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [291][292]
GoK Direct information iOS, Android Government of Kerala / Qkopy (for Android), MuseON Communications (for iOS) Proprietary [291][293][294]
Mahakavach contact tracing Android Government of Maharashtra [291]
Quarantine Watch contact tracing Android Government of Karnataka [291]
Test Yourself Goa self diagnostic Android Government of Goa / Innovaccer [291][295]
Trackcovid-19.org self diagnostic, syndromic surveillance Web Trackcovid-19.org In Use Open https://www.trackcovid-19.org/ Archived 2020-05-21 at the Wayback Machine [296]
Test Yourself Puducherry self diagnostic Android Government of Puducherry / Innovaccer [291][295]
  Indonesia PeduliLindungi contact tracing iOS, Android Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology in use (2020-06-16) https://pedulilindungi.id/
  Iran AC19 contact tracing android Minister of Information and Communications Technology
  Ireland COVID Tracker Ireland contact tracing,
health info,
EU Digital Vaccination Certificate,
EU Digital Recovery Certificate
iOS, Android Health Service Executive (HSE) / NearForm in use
(2020-07-07)
MIT License Exposure Notifications System https://covidtracker.gov.ie
https://github.com/HSEIreland/covid-tracker-app
2,190,000+
  Israel Hamagen (Hebrew: המגן "the shield") contact tracing iOS, Android Israeli Health Ministry in use, open source MIT License https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/download-en/ [297][298][299][300]
  Italy Covid Community Alert CovidApp for citizens (proximity tracing and exposure notification, optional GPS location sharing), CovidDoc for doctors (scan patient QR code, log patient health status), web dashboard for epidemiologists (set parameters that trigger notifications) iOS, Android, web Coronavirus Outbreak Control Released Open source, unclear TCN https://coronavirus-outbreak-control.github.io/web/ [301]
diAry "Digital Arianna" GPS location tracing, exposure notification, awareness raising iOS, Android University of Urbino / DIGIT srl Released, open beta MIT License GPS, own https://covid19app.uniurb.it/ [302]
Immuni Exposure Notifications iOS, Android Bending Spoons / Ministry of Health (Italy) / Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy) / Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization [it] Released GNU AGPLv3 Exposure Notifications System https://www.immuni.italia.it/ 21/10: 9.229.190[303] [304][305][306]
SM-COVID-19 Contact Tracing iOS, Android SoftMining Released Closed source, private specifications ReCoVer smcovid19.org [307]
  Japan COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri) Contact Tracing iOS, Android COVID-19 Radar Japan[308] Released Proprietary[309]

Core: MPL 2.0[310]

Exposure Notifications System https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html 25/08: 14,790,000 [311]
  Jersey Jersey COVID Alert contact tracing iOS, Android Digital Jersey Released Apache-2.0 License Exposure Notification System covidalert.gov.je [312]
  Jordan AMAN (أمان "Safety") Exposure Detection iOS, Android Jordan's Ministry of Health Released GPS https://www.amanapp.jo/en Archived 2020-05-24 at the Wayback Machine 600,000 [313]
  Kazakhstan Ashyq contact tracing iOS, Android, Web Ministry of Health in use QR code https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/prilozhenie-ashyq
  Kuwait Shlonik contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health,

Central Agency of Information Technology

in use Bluetooth https://www.moh.gov.kw/en/pages/MOHApp.aspx Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine

Android

  Kyrgyzstan STOP COVID-19 contact tracing iOS, Android State Committee for IT and Communications, in use https://t.me/COVID19_KyrgyzstanBot
  Laos LaoKYC contact tracing iOS, Android Lao National Taskforce for COVID-19 Prevention and Control,

Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,

Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Technology and Communications

Released QR code https://www.covid19.gov.la/index.php
  Latvia Apturi Covid Exposure Detection iOS, Android Consortium of volunteers, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia Released Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Exposure Notifications System apturicovid.lv [314]
  Lebanon MOPH information iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://www.moph.gov.lb/en/Pages/127/28140/download-the-official-moph-mobile-app-new-version-
  Luxembourg CovidCheck.lu contact tracing iOS, Android The Luxembourg Government in use QR code https://covid19.public.lu/en/covidcheck/app.html
  Malaysia Gerak Malaysia Border control, contact tracing Android, iOS, HarmonyOS RMP, MCMC Discontinued as of 31 July 2020[315] Proprietary [178][316]
MySejahtera Contact tracing, self-quarantine, vaccination Android, iOS, HarmonyOS Entomo (formerly KPISoft), MKN, MOH, MAMPU, MCMC, MOSTI In use Proprietary QR code, Bluetooth mysejahtera.moh.gov.my/en/ [178]
MyTrace Contact tracing Android, iOS, HarmonyOS MOSTI Discontinued Proprietary Bluetooth www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30955 [178][316]
  Maldives TraceEkee contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry Of Health in use Bluetooth https://trace.hpa.gov.mv/

Apple Android

  Malta COVID Alert Malta contact tracing iOS, Android Federal Ministry of Health,

Austrian Federal Government

in use Bluetooth https://covidalert.gov.mt/
  Monaco Safe Pass information web Monaco Government in use https://vaccination-covid19.gouv.mc/en/request-your-health-pass Archived 2021-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
  Mongolia Ersdel Exposure Detection iOS, Android State Emergency Committee, Communications and Information Technology Authority,

Ministry of Health

in use Exposure Notifications System https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.mn.enx&hl=en&gl=US
  Morocco Wiqaytna (وقايتنا "Our prevention") contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Interior In use GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace Bluetooth https://www.wiqaytna.ma Archived 2020-06-06 at the Wayback Machine [317]
  Myanmar Saw Saw Shar information iOS, Android Ministry of Transport and Communication (MOTC), Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS) in use Apple Android
  Netherlands PrivateTracer contact tracing iOS, Android Milvum, YES!Delft, Odyssey, The Hague MIT Licence Exposure Notifications System privatetracer.org
CoronaMelder contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport European Union Public Licence coronamelder.nl
    Nepal COVIRA ("COVID-19 Risk Assessment tool") Individual and regional risk assessment web Science Hub In use GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace https://www.covira.info Archived 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine [318]
  New Zealand NZ COVID Tracer Point-of-interest journal, contact tracing, medical reporting, information iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use AGPLv3[319] QR code and

Exposure Notifications System

https://tracing.covid19.govt.nz/ 1,940,080 registered users[320] [184][183][185]
  North Macedonia StopKorona! contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health (North Macedonia), Nextsense Proprietary Bluetooth stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/en [321][322]
  Norway Smittestopp contact tracing, route tracking iOS, Android Simula Research Laboratory / Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI) in use Proprietary Exposure Notifications System https://helsenorge.no/smittestopp April 20, 1.2m [323][324][325]
  Oman Tarassud information iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://tarassud.moh.gov.om/#/login Archived 2021-09-16 at the Wayback Machine

Apple Android

  Pakistan COVID-19 Gov PK contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of IT and Telecommunication in use Bluetooth https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/NjQ3NWQyMDMtYTBlYy00ZWE0LWI2YjctYmFmMjk4MTA1MWQ0

Apple Android

PAK COVID-19 Vaccination Pass information iOS, Android NCOC & NADRA in use QR Code https://nims.nadra.gov.pk/nims/privacyPolicy

Apple Android

PassTrack assessment iOS, Android Ministry of Information Technology & Telecom, Ministry of Health, National Command and Control Center in use https://covid.gov.pk/intl_travellers/current_policies

Apple Android

  Paraguay COVID-19 PY information Android Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare,

Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications

in use https://apps.paraguay.gov.py/covid-19-py/
  Peru Perú en tus manos (Peru in your hands) information iOS, Android Presidency of the Council of Ministers,

Ministry of Health

in use https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/noticias/150943-gobierno-lanza-nueva-version-de-app-peru-en-tus-manos-para-advertir-a-los-ciudadanos-sobre-las-zonas-con-mayor-probabilidad-de-contagio

https://apps.apple.com/ve/app/peru-en-tus-manos/id1506397362

  Philippines SafePass contact tracing, employee management, business capacity management Web authors: Talino Venture, Amihan
supporters: Department of Tourism, Department of Trade and Industry, IATF-EID
in use Proprietary https://www.safepass.asia/about Archived 2021-08-14 at the Wayback Machine [326]
StaySafe contact tracing, self diagnostic iOS, Android, Web author: Multisys Technologies Corporation
supporters: Department of the Interior and Local Government, Department of Health, IATF-EID
in use Proprietary Exposure Notifications System https://www.staysafe.ph/ [327]
  Poland ProteGO Safe contact tracing, medical reporting, information iOS, Android authors: Jakub Lipinski, Karol Kostrzewa, Dariusz Aniszewski; supporter: Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland in use GNU GPLv3 + GNU AGPLv3 Exposure Notifications System github.com/ProteGO-safe [328][329][330]
  Portugal STAYAWAY COVID contact tracing iOS, Android INESC TEC / ISPUP / Keyruptive / Ubirider in use European Union Public License 1.2 Exposure Notification System stayawaycovid.pt [331]
  Qatar EHTERAZ contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Public Health,

Ministry of Interior

in use GPS

Bluetooth

QR code

Apple

Android

  Russia StopCoronaVirus My Contacts contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media in use Bluetooth https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/17/russia-develops-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app-a72068 [332][333]
Contact Tracer Digital Contact Tracing and Alerting iOS, Android SoftTree in use GPS

Bluetooth

https://contacttracer.ru/app [334]
  Saudi Arabia Tawakkalna Contact Tracing iOS, Android Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) in use Bluetooth https://ta.sdaia.gov.sa/en/index
Corona Map Self Diagnostic Information iOS, Android, Web National Health Information Center in use https://coronamap.sa/ Archived 2020-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Apple Store Google Play [335]
Tabaud - تباعد Contact Tracing iOS, Android Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) in use Exposure Notifications System App Store
  Singapore TraceTogether contact tracing iOS, Android Government Digital Services agency of Government Technology Agency of Singapore Closed down on 10 January 2024 GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace / BlueTrace framework BlueTrace https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/ 2 million (4 Jan 2021)[note 1] [336][337]
  Slovakia OverPass information Android, Web Ministry Of Health in use QR code https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22726609/state-app-to-check-green-covid-passes-is-now-available.html

https://automat.gov.sk/

  Slovenia #Ostanizdrav Contact Tracing Android, iOS Ministry Of Health in use Exposure Notification System https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=si.gov.ostanizdrav&hl=sl&gl=US over 100.00 (8 Jun 2022) [338]
  South Korea Corona 100m contact tracing Android (no longer available) Bae Won-Seok / TINA3D [339][340][341]
Self-Diagnosis app self-diagnostic iOS, Android Ministry of Health and Welfare ncov.mohw.go.kr/selfcheck [342][343]
Self-Quarantine app isolation registration iOS, Android Ministry of the Interior and Safety www.safekorea.go.kr [344][345]
  South Africa COVID Alert South Africa Contact tracing, Exposure Notifications iOS, Android Department Of Health In Use Nation Wide Exposure Notifications System Homepage Google Play App Store App Gallary Android - 1,000,000+ AppGallary 250,000+ [346][347]
  Spain Radar COVID contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation, Indra Sistemas Available in Play Store and App Store MPL-2.0 Exposure Notifications System Apple Store, Google Play 7,666,168 [348][197]
  Sri Lanka Self Shield (Formerly COVID Shield) Self-Health Checking and monitoring, AI driven breathing performance assessment, Quarantine Monitoring and Support, reporting test state, demographic mapping Android Commonwealth Centre for Digital Health Available in Play Store Proprietary https://sshield.org [349]
  Sweden COVID Symptom Study contact tracing iOS, Android Faculty of Medicine Lunds University in use http://www.covid19app.lu.se/
   Switzerland TrackCorona contact tracing Web University of Lugano, Oxylabs in use https://coronamapper.com/ Archived 2020-03-04 at the Wayback Machine [350]
SwissCovid contact tracing iOS, Android Ubique, EPFL, ETH Zurich in use MPL 2.0 Exposure Notifications System https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch [351]
  Taiwan Taiwan Social Distancing contact tracing iOS, Android Taiwan AI Labs, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control in use Exposure Notifications System App Store, Google Play 1 million+ (18 May) [202]
  Tajikistan CoronaCheck assessment iOS, Android Digital Health Resource Centre in use https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/society/20200610/coronavirus-self-assessment-mobile-app-launched-for-tajikistan
  Thailand Mor Prom vaccination data iOS, Android Ministry Of Public Health in use QR Code https://www.moph.go.th/index.php/COVID_19_privacy_notice Archived 2021-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
Mor Chana contact tracing iOS, Android Digital Government Development Agency in use GPS, Bluetooth https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.thaialert.app&hl=en&gl=US
  Timor Leste COVID-19 Timor-Leste information iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://covid19.gov.tl/en/covid-mobile-apps-apple-and-android/ Archived 2021-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  Turkey HES Code contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health in use https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/hes-eng.html

App Store Android

  UAE ALHOSN digital tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health and Prevention in use Bluetooth https://www.ncema.gov.ae/alhosn/index.html
  Ukraine Act at Home assessment iOS, Android Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine in use https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/yak-pracyuye-zastosunok-dij-vdoma

Apple Android

  United Kingdom NHS COVID-19 multipurpose iOS, Android Zühlke Engineering for NHSX Released on 24 September for users in England and Wales.[352] Closed Down as of 27 April 2023 [208] MIT License Exposure Notifications System covid19.nhs.uk 10 million+[353] [354][215]
Protect Scotland contact tracing iOS, Android NearForm for NHS Scotland Test and Protect In use; released on 10 September for users in Scotland. Apache License 2.0 Exposure Notifications System protect.scot 1,080,699 (20 September) [216][355]
StopCOVID NI multipurpose iOS, Android NearForm In use; released on 30 July for users in N. Ireland. MIT License Exposure Notifications System nidirect.gov.uk 250,000 (14 August) [356]
COVID Symptom Study, formerly Covid Symptom Tracker self-diagnostic iOS, Android King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Zoe Global Limited https://covid.joinzoe.com/ May 4, 3 million [357][358]
  United States COVID-19 Screening Tool self-diagnostic Web Apple Inc. / CDC [359]
CovidSafe self-diagnostic, contact tracing iOS, Android Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington MIT License PACT https://covidsafe.cs.washington.edu/ [360]
Covid Watch exposure alerts / anonymous contact tracing iOS, Android Covid Watch piloting Apache 2.0 Exposure Notifications System https://www.covidwatch.org/ [95][361][230][362][363]
coEpi self-reporting iOS, Android coEpi TCN [95][364]
How We Feel self-diagnostic iOS, Android Pinterest and others [365]
NOVID contact tracing iOS, Android Expii, CMU TCN https://www.novid.org/ [366]
Preworkscreen Employee pre-shift screening, reporting, and documenting iOS, Android, Web Preworkscreen Released on App Store and Play Store Proprietary https://preworkscreen.com/
Private Kit: Safe Paths contact tracing iOS, Android MIT MIT License safepaths.mit.edu [367]
PathCheck contact tracing iOS, Android MIT MIT License pathcheck.org [368]
TeamSense Covid screening app for employees. Pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard Web TeamSense In Use Proprietary https://www.teamsense.com
ProjectCovid self diagnostic, information, HIPAA Compliant iOS, Android LFR International Released [1] [369][370]
QuikLAB™ medical reporting, test tracking, HIPAA compliant, lab patient log-in and reporting. iOS, Android, web https://tptmedtech.com/ in-use Proprietary [2] [369][370]
QuikPASS™ COVID-19 check and verify passport, HIPAA compliant iOS, Android, web https://tptmedtech.com/ in-use Proprietary [3] [371][370]
We-Care anonymous contact tracing web https://we-care.world/ in-use University of California, Davis [4] [372][373][374]
  Uzbekistan Self-Safety contact tracing iOS, Android Ministry of Health,

Ministry for the Development of Information Technologies and Communications

in use GPS

Bluetooth

https://coronavirus.uz/ru/self-safety Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
  Venezuela Nezha logging and reporting iOS, Android Technovation Girls under development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paOCnfaTgKc
  Vietnam PC-Covid contact tracing, medical reporting iOS, Android Ministry of Health, Ministry of Information and Communications Available in Play Store and App Store GNU License [clarification needed] https://pccovid.gov.vn/
global World Health Organization COVID-19 App information iOS, Android World Health Organization under development MIT Licence WorldHealthOrganization/app [375]
global Coalition App contact tracing iOS, Android, third party hardware Coalition Network Live GPL 3 Whisper Tracing Protocol https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/ [92]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Excludes users who use both the physical token and the app, or the physical token exclusively.
  1. ^ a b c d e Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe (2020-05-08). "Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing". Science. 368 (6491): eabb6936. doi:10.1126/science.abb6936. PMC 7164555. PMID 32234805.
  2. ^ "Apps for COVID-19 Information". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  3. ^ Kwet, Michael (2019-06-14). "In Stores, Secret Surveillance Tracks Your Every Move". The New York Times (published 2016-06-14). Archived from the original on 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2021-11-12. Recent reports have noted how companies use data gathered from cell towers, ambient Wi-Fi, and GPS. But the location data industry has a much more precise, and unobtrusive, tool: Bluetooth beacons.
  4. ^ "Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?". 2020-05-29. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  5. ^ "Contact tracing is a race. But few U.S. states say how fast they're running". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  6. ^ Allyn, Richard (2020-07-21). "Coronavirus tracing apps prevalent outside the US, fail to gain foothold stateside". CBS News. CBS8. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  7. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-04-16). "NHS coronavirus app to target 80% of smartphones". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  8. ^ Servick, Kelly (2020-03-22). "Cellphone tracking could help stem the spread of coronavirus. Is privacy the price?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb8296. S2CID 216518303. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  9. ^ "Contact Tracing in the Real World | Light Blue Touchpaper". 2020-04-12. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  10. ^ "Tracetogether". Singapore Government. 2020-07-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  11. ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (2020-04-15). "Can mobile contact-tracing apps help lift lockdown?". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  12. ^ a b Kelion, Leo (2020-04-16). "Coronavirus: NHS contact tracing app to target 80% of smartphone users". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  13. ^ Tracking Apps are Unlikely to Help Stop COVID-19 Archived 2022-07-10 at the Wayback Machine ACLU, 6 August 2020
  14. ^ Sherr, Ian. "Apple, Google, Amazon block nonofficial coronavirus apps from app stores". CNET. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  15. ^ Lyons, Kim (2020-03-14). "Apple puts restrictions on coronavirus-themed apps in its App Store". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  16. ^ a b Morley, Jessica; Cowls, Josh; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano (June 2020). "Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps". Nature. 582 (7810): 29–31. Bibcode:2020Natur.582...29M. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01578-0. PMID 32467596. S2CID 218912521. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  17. ^ Wiewiórowsk W. EU digital solidarity: A call for a pan-European approach against the pandemic. 2020.
  18. ^ Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission), European Commission. Commission recommendation (EU) 2020/518 of 8 April 2020 on a common union toolbox for the use of technology and data to combat and exit from the COVID-19 crisis, in particular concerning mobile applications and the use of anonymized mobility data. Publications Office of the EU. 2020.
  19. ^ Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Guide to the ethics of surveillance and quarantine for novel coronavirus.
  20. ^ a b Parker, Michael J; Fraser, Christophe; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Bonsall, David (July 2020). "Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic". Journal of Medical Ethics. 46 (7): 427–431. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106314. PMC 7231546. PMID 32366705. S2CID 218505908.
  21. ^ Electronic Frontier Foundation. Necessary & proportionate: International principles on the application of human rights law to communications surveillance. 2014. https://necessaryandproportionate.org/ Archived 2021-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Kinlaw, Kathy; Barrett, Drue H.; Levine, Robert J. (December 2009). "Ethical Guidelines in Pandemic Influenza: Recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 3 (S2): S185–S192. doi:10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181ac194f. PMID 19675459. S2CID 23266111.
  23. ^ Hinch R, Probert W, Nurtay A, et al. Effective configurations of a digital contact tracing app: A report to NHSX. NHSX. 2020.
  24. ^ World Health Organization. International health regulations. 2008.
  25. ^ Lucivero, Federica; Hallowell, Nina; Johnson, Stephanie; Prainsack, Barbara; Samuel, Gabrielle; Sharon, Tamar (2020-04-10). "COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Technological Fix or Social Experiment?". SSRN 3590788.
  26. ^ London, Alex John; Kimmelman, Jonathan (2020-05-01). "Against pandemic research exceptionalism". Science. 368 (6490): 476–477. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..476L. doi:10.1126/science.abc1731. PMID 32327600. S2CID 216111208.
  27. ^ McGraw, Deven; Mandl, Kenneth D. (December 2021). "Privacy protections to encourage use of health-relevant digital data in a learning health system". npj Digital Medicine. 4 (1): 2. doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00362-8. PMC 7782585. PMID 33398052.
  28. ^ Gillmor, Daniel K. "Principles for Technology-Assisted Contact Tracing". ACLU. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  29. ^ a b "Joint civil society statement: States use of digital surveillance technologies to fight pandemic must respect human rights" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2020-04-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  30. ^ a b c Ingram, David; Ward, Jacob (2020-04-07). "Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  31. ^ Neumann, Linus [in German], ed. (2020-04-06). "10 Prüfsteine für die Beurteilung von "Contact Tracing"-Apps" (in German). Chaos Computer Club (CCC). Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  32. ^ "Corona-App in Deutschland - Anonymität und Quellenschutz gewährleisten" (in German). Reporter ohne Grenzen. 2020-04-06. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  33. ^ a b Newton, Casey (2020-04-14). "Apple and Google have a clever way of encouraging people to install contact-tracing apps for COVID-19". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2023-07-05. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  34. ^ "Contact Tracing Joint Statement". Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  35. ^ Hern, Alex (2020-04-20). "Digital contact tracing will fail unless privacy is respected, experts warn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  36. ^ "COVID-19". Data notes. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  37. ^ Maynes, Charles (April 2020). "Moscow to Launch New Surveillance App to Track Residents in Coronavirus Lockdown". NPR. Archived from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  38. ^ "Russia: Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites". Human Rights Watch. 2020-05-21. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  39. ^ Wairimu, Samuel; Momen, Nurul (2021). "Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps in the EU". Secure IT Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12556. pp. 213–228. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70852-8_13. ISBN 978-3-030-70851-1. S2CID 232144961. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  40. ^ Ahmed, Nadeem; Michelin, Regio A.; Xue, Wanli; Ruj, Sushmita; Malaney, Robert; Kanhere, Salil S.; Seneviratne, Aruna; Hu, Wen; Janicke, Helge; Jha, Sanjay K. (2020). "A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps". IEEE Access. 8: 134577–134601. arXiv:2006.10306. Bibcode:2020IEEEA...8m4577A. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010226. S2CID 219792991.
  41. ^ Hatamian, Majid; Wairimu, Samuel; Momen, Nurul; Fritsch, Lothar (May 2021). "A privacy and security analysis of early-deployed COVID-19 contact tracing Android apps". Empirical Software Engineering. 26 (3): 36. doi:10.1007/s10664-020-09934-4. PMC 7978168. PMID 33776548.
  42. ^ Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne (2020-04-28). "Contact-tracing apps: Why the NHS said no to Apple and Google's plan". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  43. ^ Crocker, Andrew; Opsahl, Kurt; Cyphers, Bennett (2020-04-10). "The Challenge of Proximity Apps For COVID-19 Contact Tracing". Electronic Frontier Foundation (Deeplinks blog). Archived from the original on 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  44. ^ "GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy". www.gps.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  45. ^ "Your phone could track the spread of coronavirus. Here's what you should know". NBC News. 2020-04-20. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  46. ^ Touw, Steve (2020-05-01). "How COVID-19 is changing the way we think about privacy". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  47. ^ Holmes, Oliver (2020-03-17). "Israel to track mobile phones of suspected coronavirus cases". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  48. ^ Cahane, Amir (2020). "Israel's SIGINT Oversight Ecosystem: COVID-19 Secret Service Location Tracking as a Test Case". SSRN 3748401.
  49. ^ "ACLU White Paper: The Limits of Location Tracking in an Epidemic". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  50. ^ Cho, Hyunghoon; Ippolito, Daphne; Yu, Yun William (2020-03-30). "Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs". arXiv:2003.11511 [cs.CR].
  51. ^ Ackerman, Spencer (2020-03-26). "It's Probably Too Late to Use South Korea's Trick for Tracking Coronavirus". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  52. ^ a b Zastrow, Mark (2020-03-18). "South Korea is reporting intimate details of COVID-19 cases: has it helped?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00740-y. PMID 32203363. S2CID 214630521.
  53. ^ a b Lomas, Natasha (2020-04-06). "EU privacy experts push a decentralized approach to COVID-19 contacts tracing". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  54. ^ "DP-3T/documents". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2020-07-11. Apple and Google released a joint specification describing their system support for a privacy-preserving exposure notification system on iOS and Android. Their proposal is very similar to our early proposal "Low-cost decentralized proximity tracing".
  55. ^ "Nicky Case Comic Website". ncase.me. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-07-12. Sources cited: DP^3T Documents and TCN Protocol GitHub.
  56. ^ Bell, James; Butler, David; Hicks, Chris; Crowcroft, Jon (2020-04-08). "TraceSecure: Towards Privacy Preserving Contact Tracing". arXiv:2004.04059 [cs.CR].
  57. ^ Altuwaiyan, Thamer; Hadian, Mohammad; Liang, Xiaohui (2018). "EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Infection Detection". 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICC.2018.8422886. ISBN 978-1-5386-3180-5. S2CID 51878832.
  58. ^ Zhang, Rui; Zhang, Jinxue; Zhang, Yanchao; Sun, Jinyuan; Yan, Guanhua (September 2013). "Privacy-Preserving Profile Matching for Proximity-Based Mobile Social Networking". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 31 (9): 656–668. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513057. S2CID 6694460.
  59. ^ "What privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps need to succeed". VentureBeat. 2020-04-13. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  60. ^ "One victim of COVID-19 pandemic may be privacy rights". JapanTimes. 2020-03-31. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  61. ^ Shendruk, Amrita Khalid, Amanda (2020-04-16). "How Bluetooth could bring digital contact tracing for Covid-19 to billions". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2020-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ "Covid Watch iOS TCN Testflight App". Apple TestFlight. 2020-03-17. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  63. ^ "First implementation of anonymous exposure alert protocol". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  64. ^ "Covid Watch GitHub". GitHub. 2020-03-17. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  65. ^ CSGF, DOE (2020-03-31). "Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application". DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  66. ^ "Private Contact Tracing Protocols Compared: DP-3T and CEN". Zcash Foundation. 2020-04-06. Archived from the original on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  67. ^ "Covid Watch White Paper". Covid Watch. 2020-03-20. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  68. ^ Rivest, Ron. "MIT PACT" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  69. ^ Case, Nicky. "Comic". ncase.me. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  70. ^ University, Stanford (2020-04-09). "Stanford researchers help develop privacy-focused coronavirus alert app". Stanford News. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  71. ^ CSGF, DOE (2020-03-31). "Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application". DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  72. ^ Waterloo, University of (2020-04-20). "Coming into contact with COVID". Waterloo Stories. Archived from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  73. ^ "Stanford HAI COVID-19 and AI Virtual Conference". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-01. Archived from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  74. ^ "Tracking COVID-19 Using Crowdsourced Data: Tina White". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-01. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  75. ^ "Surveillance, AI, and saving lives top agenda at coronavirus conference". Stanford HAI. 2020-04-02. Archived from the original on 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  76. ^ "Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing". Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  77. ^ Delcker, Janosch; Brown, Stephen (2020-04-01). "Europe shares code for new coronavirus warning app". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  78. ^ Schmitz, Rob (2020-04-02). "In Germany, High Hopes For New COVID-19 Contact Tracing App That Protects Privacy". NPR. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  79. ^ Lomas, Natasha (2020-04-01). "An EU coalition of techies is backing a 'privacy-preserving' standard for COVID-19 contacts tracing". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  80. ^ DP-3T. "documents/README.md at master · DP-3T/documents · GitHub". Github.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ hermesauto (2020-04-10). "Coronavirus: S'pore contact tracing app now open-sourced, 1 in 5 here have downloaded". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  82. ^ a b "COVID-19 contact tracing apps: Who did what and did it work?". theregister.com. 2022-04-15. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  83. ^ Sharwood, Simon (2020-03-23). "It's time to track people's smartphones to ensure they self-isolate during this global pandemic, says WHO boffin". theregister.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  84. ^ "Aggressive tracing, lessons from Sars: a look at Singapore's coronavirus fight". South China Morning Post. 2020-03-22. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  85. ^ "Swiss pull out of European contact tracing App project". SWI swissinfo.ch. 2020-04-18. Archived from the original on 2020-04-19. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  86. ^ "Controversy around privacy splits Europe's push to build COVID-19 contact-tracing apps". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  87. ^ Lehmann, Sune (2020-04-23). "Hej. Jeg mener at D3PT er den utvetydigt bedste løsning. (Når det er sagt, synes jeg dog at PEPP-PT stadig er bedre end mange andre implementationer af proximity tracing.)". @suneman (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  88. ^ "El alemán al que acusan de engañar a media Europa con 'apps' contra el coronavirus". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 2020-04-22. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  89. ^ "Rift opens over European coronavirus contact tracing apps". Reuters. 2020-04-20. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  90. ^ "Germany flips to Apple-Google approach on smartphone contact tracing". Reuters. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  91. ^ DP-3T. "documents/DP3T White Paper.pdf at master · DP-3T/documents · GitHub" (PDF). Github.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ a b Said, By Carolyn (2020-04-23). "Latest weapon in tracing and tracking coronavirus infections: your smartphone". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  93. ^ "Is Apple and Google's Covid-19 Contact Tracing a Privacy Risk?". Wired. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  94. ^ "TCN Coalition · A Global Coalition for Privacy-First Digital Contact Tracing Protocols to Fight COVID-19". tcn-coalition.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  95. ^ a b c "Researchers working on 'contact tracing' say they welcome Apple and Google's help". Fortune. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  96. ^ "SafePaths". 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  97. ^ "Apple and Google are working together on an ambitious plan to alert people who have come in contact with coronavirus patients — here's how it will work". Business Insider. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  98. ^ "COCOVID". Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  99. ^ "Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android". TechCrunch. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  100. ^ Sherr, Ian; Nieva, Richard (2020-04-10). "Apple and Google are building coronavirus tracking tech into iOS and Android – The two companies are working together, representing most of the phones used around the world". CNET. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  101. ^ "Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing". Apple. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  102. ^ "Contact Tracing – Bluetooth Specification" (PDF) (Preliminary ed.). 2020-04-10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  103. ^ "Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology". Google. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  104. ^ "Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology". Apple. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  105. ^ "ACLU Comment On Apple/Google COVID-19 Contact Tracing Effort". ACLU. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  106. ^ Brandom, Russell (2020-04-24). "Apple and Google pledge to shut down coronavirus tracker when pandemic ends". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  107. ^ Morrison, Sara (2020-04-24). "The Apple-Google contact tracing tool gets a beta release and a new risk level feature". Vox. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  108. ^ "Now your iPhone can warn you if you've been exposed to the coronavirus". Salon. 2020-05-01. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  109. ^ "Could Croatian Startup Rescue Tourism from Coronavirus Consequences?". Total Croatia News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  110. ^ "ViraTrace Public Source License v. 1.0.1" (PDF). GitHub. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  111. ^ "An EU coalition of techies is backing a 'privacy-preserving' standard for COVID-19 contacts tracing". TechCrunch. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  112. ^ Said, By Carolyn (2020-04-23). "Latest weapon in tracing and tracking coronavirus infections: your smartphone". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  113. ^ "The StopCovid project-team and the ecosystem of contributors are working together to develop a mobile contact tracing app for France | Inria". www.inria.fr. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  114. ^ a b Schechner, Sam; Winkler, Rolfe (2020-04-11). "Here's How Apple and Google Plan to Track the Coronavirus Through Your Phone". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  115. ^ "Call for common EU approach to apps and data to fight COVID-19 and protect citizens' rights". TechCrunch. 2020-04-08. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  116. ^ "Singapore government to open source contact-tracing protocol". ComputerWeekly.com. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  117. ^ Chan, Justin; Foster, Dean; Gollakota, Shyam; Horvitz, Eric; Jaeger, Joseph; Kakade, Sham; Kohno, Tadayoshi; Langford, John; Larson, Jonathan; Singanamalla, Sudheesh; Sunshine, Jacob; Tessaro, Stefano (2020). "PACT: Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing". arXiv:2004.03544 [cs.CR].
  118. ^ "Privacy and the pandemic: UW and Microsoft researchers present a "PACT" for using technology to fight the spread of COVID-19". UW CSE News. Archived from the original on 2020-04-28. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  119. ^ McQuate, Sarah. "A contact-tracing app that helps public health agencies and doesn't compromise your privacy". UW News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  120. ^ Rivest, Ronald L.; Ivers, Louise C.; Weitzner, Daniel J.; Zissman, Marc A. "PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing". MIT. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  121. ^ Rivest, Ronald L.; Callas, Jon; Canetti, Ran; Esvelt, Kevin; Gillmor, Daniel Kahn; Kalai, Yael Tauman; Lysyanskaya, Anna; Norige, Adam; Raskar, Ramesh; Shamir, Adi; Shen, Emily; Soibelman, Israel; Specter, Michael; Teague, Vanessa; Trachtenberg, Ari; Varia, Mayank; Viera, Marc; Weitzner, Daniel; Wilkinson, John; Zissman, Marc. "The PACT protocol specification" (PDF). MIT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  122. ^ Foy, Kylie (2020-04-08). "Bluetooth signals from your smartphone could automate Covid-19 contact tracing while preserving privacy". MIT News. MIT. Archived from the original on 2020-05-11. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  123. ^ Dwinell, Joe (2020-04-26). "MIT team races to perfect cellphone tracing of coronavirus". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  124. ^ "Open Covid Trace". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  125. ^ "OpenCovidTrace — fully private open source contact tracing". Medium. 2020-04-28. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  126. ^ "Contact Tracing Open data from Sm-Covid-19". luigidibiasi.it. March 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  127. ^ "materiale elettrico". dibiasi.it. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  128. ^ "ReCoVer Contact Tracing Protocol". Softmining (in Italian). 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  129. ^ "Privacy concerns as Australia's controversial coronavirus tracing app nears launch". SBS News. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  130. ^ "The coronavirus tracing app has been released. Here's what it looks like and what it wants to do". ABC News. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  131. ^ a b Black, Jessica (2022-08-10). "In its lifetime, $21 million COVIDSafe app detected just two confirmed cases". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  132. ^ a b Butler, Mark (2022-08-10). "Failed COVIDSafe app deleted". health.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2022-12-21. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  133. ^ ""E-TƏBİB" mobil tətbiqini yükləyin". "E-TƏBİB" mobil tətbiqini yükləyin - koronovirusinfo.az (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  134. ^ "You'll be notified if people around you are virus carriers". abc.az. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  135. ^ MGZN, Startup (2020-03-31). "Startup MGZN – 'BeAware Bahrain' app officially launched by iGA". Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  136. ^ "Coronavírus: IMD e MP criam site para denunciar aglomerações durante isolamento no RN". G1 (in Portuguese). 2020-04-07. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
  137. ^ de Araújo; et al. (2020). A Platform for Citizen Cooperation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in RN. Conference: 6th IEEE International Smart Cities Conference 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
  138. ^ "Download COVID Alert today". a. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2020-08-04. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  139. ^ a b c Malik, Aiisha (2020-11-10). "Here's a first look at the government's 'COVID Alert' exposure notification app". MobileSyrup. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  140. ^ Aiello, Rachel (2020-07-31). "COVID-19 exposure notification app now available". CTV News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  141. ^ a b Herring, Jason (2020-10-31). "Alberta government blocking federal COVID Alert app, Trudeau says". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  142. ^ a b Kenyon, Miles (2021-09-28). "Pandemic Privacy Explained". The Citizen Lab. Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  143. ^ Mehta, Ivan (2020-03-03). "China's coronavirus detection app is reportedly sharing citizen data with police". The Next Web. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  144. ^ a b Mozur, Paul; Zhong, Raymond; Krolik, Aaron (2020-03-02). "In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  145. ^ "Coronapp". coronaviruscolombia.gov.co (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  146. ^ "CoronApp: what are the objections to the government's app to handle the pandemic?". Fundación Karisma. karisma.org.co. 2020-04-17. Archived from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  147. ^ Impacto TIC (2020-05-17). "CoronApp: what are the objections to the Government's app to handle the pandemic? • Impacto TIC". Impacto TIC. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  148. ^ Sandra Defelipe Díaz (2020-04-16). "Nuevas disposiciones para garantizar un mínimo de conectividad y acceso a recursos • Impacto TIC". Impactotic.co. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  149. ^ a b "V Česku se spouští aplikace eRouška. Staví na ochraně soukromí a upozorní, pokud jste přišli do kontaktu s nakaženým - CzechCrunch" (in Czech). Czechcrunch.cz. 2020-04-11. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  150. ^ Fijivillage. "careFIJI COVID-19 tracing app now available to download". www.fijivillage.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  151. ^ "FAQ Koronavilkku". Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  152. ^ "L'application StopCovid est désormais disponible au téléchargement". Le Monde.fr (in French). Czechcrunch.cz. 2020-06-02. Archived from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  153. ^ Sara Mageit (2020-10-26). "France launches new contact tracing app, TousAntiCovid". Healthcare IT News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  154. ^ "Veröffentlichung der Corona-Warn-App". bundesregierung.de (in German). 2020-06-16. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  155. ^ "Μια ακόμα καινοτόμα υπηρεσία που αξιολογεί τις πιθανότητες μόλυνσης από τον κορωνοϊό, θέτει στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο Ιατρικός Σύλλογος Αθηνών". patt.gov.gr (in Greek). 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  156. ^ a b "Bawumia launches GH COVID-19 Tracker App". www.ghanaweb.com. 2020-04-14. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  157. ^ a b "Why Ghana govment do virtual concert take launch COVID-19 app wey people no fit download?". BBC News Pidgin. 2020-04-14. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  158. ^ a b "Beat Covid Gibraltar App - 409/2020". HM Government of Gibraltar. 2020-06-18. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  159. ^ a b "Launch of "LeaveHomeSafe" COVID-19 exposure notification mobile app (with photos)". The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Press Releases. 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  160. ^ Yau, Cannix; Lam, Nadia (2021-02-17). "Are Hong Kong's restaurants ready for eased Covid-19 curbs? 100,000 staff to be tested, operators see app rule as recipe for conflict". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  161. ^ "安心出行錄逾250萬次下載 不開放原始碼稱「尊重知識產權」". Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  162. ^ "Nextsense Contact Tracing Technology". Nextsense.com. 2020-05-14. Archived from the original on 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  163. ^ "Megjelent a hazai, hivatalos VírusRadar app iOS-re is". 2020-05-30. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  164. ^ Kaszás, Fanni (2020-05-14). "Coronavirus: New App to Track Nearby Positive Cases Available to Download".
  165. ^ "Nearly 40% of Icelanders are using a covid app—and it hasn't helped much". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
  166. ^ "Download:Aarogya Setu App". navtechy.com. 2020-04-05. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  167. ^ Sarah Burns; Martin Wall (2020-07-08). "One million people have now downloaded Ireland's Covid-19 tracker app". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  168. ^ "HSE donates contact tracing app to global public health project". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  169. ^ "Health Ministry launches phone app to help prevent spread of coronavirus". timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  170. ^ "Privacy Policy and Information Security". אפליקציית. Archived from the original on 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  171. ^ "Immuni documentation". github.com. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  172. ^ "Al via test su app Immuni, c'è anche l'ok del Garante Privacy". ansa.it. June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  173. ^ a b "新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ(COCOA) COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application". www.mhlw.go.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  174. ^ Jersey, States of. "Government of Jersey". gov.je. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  175. ^ "Health Ministry rolls out app alerting users to possible COVID-19 exposure". Jordan Times. 2020-05-20. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  176. ^ "Latvian 'Stop Covid' app first of its kind in the world". lsm.lv. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  177. ^ "Putrajaya unveils contact-tracing app for Covid-19, assures data is confidential". MalaysiaKini. 2020-05-03. Archived from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  178. ^ a b c d Bunyan, John (2020-05-05). "Gerak Malaysia, MySejahtera, MyTrace: Apps to get you through the MCO". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  179. ^ "Covira app launched to measure COVID risk". 2020-05-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  180. ^ Parajuli, Rishi Ram; Mishra, Bhogendra; Banstola, Amrit; Ghimire, Bhoj Raj; Poudel, Shobha; Sharma, Kusum; Dixit, Sameer; Shah, Sunil; Simkhada, Padam; Van Teijlingen, Edwin (2020-06-23). "Multidisciplinary Approach to COVID-19 Risk Communication: A Framework and Tool for Individual and Regional Risk Assessment". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21650. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021650P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0. PMC 7729931. PMID 33303910. SSRN 3634190.
  181. ^ Parajuli, Rishi Ram; Mishra, Bhogendra; Banstola, Amrit; Ghimire, Bhoj Raj; Poudel, Shobha; Sharma, Kusum; Dixit, Sameer Mani; Shah, Sunil Kumar; Simkhada, Padam; Teijlingen, Edwin van (2020-07-14). "Multidisciplinary approach to COVID-19 risk communication: A framework and tool for individual and regional risk assessment". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21650. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021650P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0. PMC 7729931. PMID 33303910.
  182. ^ "Home". covira.info. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  183. ^ a b "Covid-19 tracing app launched earlier than expected". Radio New Zealand. 2020-05-19. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  184. ^ a b "NZ COVID Tracer app". Ministry of Health. Archived from the original on 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  185. ^ a b "Covid 19 coronavirus: 'Digital diary' tracing app trips up; users unable to log on, 'can't use it'". New Zealand Herald. 2020-05-20. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  186. ^ "StopKorona! – tracing of Coronavirus exposure and protection from COVID-19". stop.koronavirus.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  187. ^ "North Macedonia Leads Region in COVID-19 Tracing App". Balkan Insight. 2020-04-16. Archived from the original on 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  188. ^ "StopKorona". www.nextsense.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  189. ^ "Coronavirus: Norwegen veröffentlicht die App Smittestopp, um Infektionen aufzuspüren". Watson (in German). Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  190. ^ "Norway halts coronavirus app over privacy concerns". technologyreview.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  191. ^ "PH government launches StaySafe.ph as official contact tracing program – Palace". pcoo.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  192. ^ "EstamosON - Informação Oficial COVID19". EstamosON (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  193. ^ "Green status on Ehteraz, the new normal". Gulf Times. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  194. ^ "Apps for your health". Protect against COVID-19. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  195. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (2020-03-26). "Use of surveillance to fight coronavirus raises concerns about government power after pandemic ends". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  196. ^ opentrace-community/opentrace-android, OpenTrace, 2020-04-20, archived from the original on 2020-04-19, retrieved 2020-04-20
  197. ^ a b Rincón, Sara (2021-08-20). "'Radar COVID' fracasa, la aplicación solo ha notificado 74.000 contagios de coronavirus". Antena 3 Noticias (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-11-01. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  198. ^ "Domov". zvem.ezdrav.si. Archived from the original on 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  199. ^ "The #OstaniZdrav mobile application | GOV.SI". Portal GOV.SI. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  200. ^ "DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch". github.com. DP^3T. 2020-05-27. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  201. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-05-26). "First Google/Apple-based virus-trace app launched". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-27. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  202. ^ a b "Taiwan launches social distancing app". Taiwan News. 2021-05-02. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  203. ^ "NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales". Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  204. ^ "Protect Scotland app launches - gov.scot". Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  205. ^ "NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales". Department of Health and Social Care. 2020-09-24. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  206. ^ "Create a coronavirus NHS QR code for your venue". 2020-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  207. ^ Rev Adrian Kennard (2020-09-18). "How not to QR (NHS COVID-19 App)". Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  208. ^ a b "[Withdrawn] NHS COVID-19 app". GOV.UK. 2023-04-27. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  209. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-03-31). "UK considers virus-tracing app to ease lockdown". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  210. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-04-22). "NHS coronavirus-tracing app is tested at RAF base". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  211. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-05-04). "Coronavirus: UK contact-tracing app is ready for Isle of Wight downloads". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  212. ^ "More than half of IOW downloads Covid-19 contact tracing app". BBC News. 2020-05-15. Archived from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  213. ^ Johnston, John (2020-06-19). "NHS Covid-19 app to be scrapped after only detecting 4% of contacts on iPhones". Civil Service World. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  214. ^ Menendez, Elisa (2020-06-18). "NHS track and trace app ditched for new model focused on better privacy". Metro. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  215. ^ a b "Coronavirus: England and Wales' contact-tracing app gets launch date". BBC News. 2020-09-11. Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  216. ^ a b "Scotland's Covid contact tracing app downloaded more than 600,000 times". BBC News. 2020-09-11. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  217. ^ "Covid-19: Tracing app is released for NI". BBC News. 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  218. ^ Barbaschow, Asha. "Australia looks to 'go harder' with use of COVID-19 contact tracing app". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  219. ^ a b "Stopp Corona-App: Weiterentwicklung mit Hilfe der Zivilgesellschaft". OTS.at (in German). Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  220. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Contact tracing app could be launched in Switzerland within weeks". SWI swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  221. ^ "How do you trace Covid-19 while respecting privacy?". e-Estonia. 2020-04-24. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  222. ^ a b Criddle, Cristina; Kelion, Leo (2020-05-07). "World split between two types of virus-tracing app". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  223. ^ "Montreal AI lab develops 'privacy-first' contact tracing app to track COVID-19 cases". CBC. 2020-05-01. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  224. ^ "Coronavirus contact-tracing: World split between two types of app". BBC News. 2020-05-07. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  225. ^ Cazzullo, Aldo (2020-04-29). "Colao: "Un'apertura a ondate per testare il sistema. L'app entro maggio oppure servirà a poco"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  226. ^ "Pressemitteilung des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit, des Bundesministeriums des Innern, für Bau und Heimat und des Bundeskanzleramts zum Projekt "Corona-App" der Bundesregierung". Startseite (in German). 2020-04-28. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  227. ^ "Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 2019–2020, 25 295, nr. 315". Tweedekamer (House of Representatives of the Netherlands). 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  228. ^ "Dáil Statement and Briefing for Minister Harris National app for Covid-19 30th April 2020" (PDF). 2020-04-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  229. ^ "Efter kritik sadler regeringen om: Ny corona-app skifter til Apple og Googles teknologi". DR (in Danish). 2020-05-14. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  230. ^ a b Haggin, Rolfe Winkler and Patience (2020-06-22). "America Is Reopening. Coronavirus Tracing Apps Aren't Ready". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  231. ^ "UArizona and Covid Watch Launch COVID-19 Exposure Notification App". University of Arizona News. 2020-08-18. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  232. ^ "Covid Watch Arizona". App Store. Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  233. ^ "Covid Watch Arizona - Apps on Google Play". play.google.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  234. ^ "Apple and Google's ambitious COVID-19 contact-tracing tech can help contain the pandemic if used widely. But so far only 3 states have agreed — and none has started to use it". Business Insider. 2020-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  235. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-04-01). "Moscow coronavirus app raises privacy concerns". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  236. ^ "Google spreadsheet listing Covid Tracing Tracker". Google Docs. 2020-05-07. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  237. ^ "A flood of coronavirus apps are tracking us. Now it's time to keep track of them". MIT Technology Review. 2020-05-07. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  238. ^ "COVID-19: Student creates self-diagnosis application". Angop. 2020-04-08. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  239. ^ "Angolano lança aplicação para alertar sobre sintomas da Covid-19". VOA Português (in Portuguese). 2020-04-20. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  240. ^ "Estudante de Ciências da Computação cria aplicativo de autodiagnóstico da covid-19". PlatinaLine (in Portuguese). 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  241. ^ "COVID-19: Lançado aplicativo que permite fazer auto-diagnóstico em Angola". Menos Fios (in Portuguese). 2020-04-11. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  242. ^ "Coronavirus Australia app". Health.gov.au. 2022-08-26. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  243. ^ "Government launches Coronavirus Australia app, WhatsApp feature". ABC News. 2020-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  244. ^ "Million Australians download virus tracing app". BBC News. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  245. ^ "COVIDSafe app". Health.gov.au. 2022-11-10. Archived from the original on 2022-12-21. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  246. ^ "Govt to release source code of forthcoming 'COVID trace' app". iTnews. Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  247. ^ Bogle, Ariel (2020-04-17). "Five questions we need answered about the government's coronavirus contact tracing app". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  248. ^ "Health minister now unsure if source code for COVID contact tracing app is safe to release". iTnews. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  249. ^ Bourke, Sarah; Keoghan, Mary; Ward, Latika (2020-05-04). "As the day unfolded: Australians download COVIDSafe app more than 4.5 million times, global COVID-19 cases climb past 3.5 million as nation's death toll stands at 96". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  250. ^ "Covid-19: Thousands download coronavirus tracking app in Austria | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  251. ^ "CoronAlert bundelt lokale en regionale coronamaatregelen" (in Dutch). 2020-07-07. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  252. ^ "FAQ - Does Coronalert also work abroad?". Coronalert. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  253. ^ "@CoronalertBe on Twitter". Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  254. ^ "Group of Shopify volunteers create free COVID-19 contact tracing app". betakit.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  255. ^ "TRACKING THE VIRUS: OPH contact tracing tech on hold while province and feds develop their own". Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  256. ^ "Here's a first look at the government's 'COVID Alert' exposure notification app". MobileSyrup. 2020-07-23. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  257. ^ "Prime Minister announces new mobile app to help notify Canadians of COVID-19 exposure". 2020-06-18. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  258. ^ Mehta, Ivan (2020-03-03). "China's coronavirus detection app is reportedly sharing citizen data with police". The Next Web. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  259. ^ Davidson, Helen (2020-04-01). "China's coronavirus health code apps raise concerns over privacy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  260. ^ "eRouška - Chráním sebe, chráním tebe". Erouska.cz. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  261. ^ "erouska-ios/LICENSE". GitHub. 2020-03-26. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  262. ^ "erouska-android/LICENSE". GitHub. 2020-03-26. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  263. ^ "ASI Ecuador Source Code". minka.gob.ec (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
  264. ^ "ASÍ Ecuador, la aplicación para rastrear casos de Covid-19 en el país". www.primicias.ec (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
  265. ^ Fijivillage. "careFIJI COVID-19 tracing app now available to download". www.fijivillage.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  266. ^ "CARE Fiji app critical to containing any future spread of COVID-19". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  267. ^ "Coronavirus app has been named Koronavilkku - trials to continue until the end of this week". THL. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  268. ^ "Koronavilkku at Github". THL. Archived from the original on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  269. ^ "Koronavilkku has been downloaded more than 2.5 million times – widespread use increases the app's effectiveness". THL. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  270. ^ "L'équipe-projet StopCovid et l'écosystème des contributeurs se mobilisent pour développer une application mobile de contact tracing pour la France | Inria" (in French). Inria.fr. 2020-04-26. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  271. ^ "The StopCovid project-team and its ecosystem of contributors are working together to develop a mobile contact tracing app for France" (PDF). 2020-04-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  272. ^ "" L'application StopCovid retracera l'historique des relations sociales " : les pistes du gouvernement pour le traçage numérique des malades". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2020-04-08. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  273. ^ "France is officially working on 'Stop Covid' contact-tracing app". TechCrunch. 2020-04-08. Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  274. ^ Hammoudi, Karim; Cabani, Adnane; Benhabiles, Halim; Melkemi, Mahmoud (2020). "Validating the Correct Wearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie: Design of a Mobile Application 'CheckYourMask' to Limit the Spread of COVID-19". Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences. 124 (3): 1049–1059. doi:10.32604/cmes.2020.011663. hdl:20.500.12210/55251.
  275. ^ "Ministry of Health". Georgia. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  276. ^ "Novid20 Association". Novid20. Archived from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  277. ^ "Novid20-Github". GitHub. 2020-04-12. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  278. ^ "Track infections not people". Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  279. ^ "Our Health In Our Hands". Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  280. ^ ""Our Health in Our Hands": FH-Student arbeitet an Corona-App mit". Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  281. ^ "Our Health In Our Hands". Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  282. ^ "The Corona-Warn-App Helps us in the fight against corona". The Federal Government of German Federal Republic / Bundesregierung. 2020-06-14. Archived from the original on 2020-06-19. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  283. ^ "Docandu Covid Checker". Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  284. ^ "Μια ακόμα καινοτόμα υπηρεσία που αξιολογεί τις πιθανότητες μόλυνσης από τον κορωνοϊό, θέτει στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο Ιατρικός Σύλλογος Αθηνών". 2020-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  285. ^ "12.000 πολίτες μπήκαν στην πλατφόρμα αυτοελέγχου για τον κορωνοϊό της DOCANDU που έθεσε στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο ΙΣΑ". 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  286. ^ "StayHomeSafe Mobile App User Guide". Hong Kong Government Coronavirus Site. Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  287. ^ Wong, Natalie; Leung, Christy (2021-02-17). "Coronavirus: can Hong Kong law enforcers access data on city's official Covid-19 contact-tracing app?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  288. ^ "Icelanders Can Download App to Help With Coronavirus Contact Tracing". icelandreview.com. 2020-04-02. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  289. ^ "Iceland Has Open-Sourced Its Coronavirus Tracking App". technadu.com. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  290. ^ "Government Launches Aarogya Setu COVID-19 Tracker App on Android, iOS". NDTV Gadgets 360. 2020-04-02. Archived from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  291. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Government Launches Coronavirus-Tracker Apps: The List So Far". NDTV Gadgets 360. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  292. ^ "Govt discontinues Corona Kavach, Aarogya Setu is now India's go-to COVID-19 tracking app". The Financial Express. 2020-04-05. Archived from the original on 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  293. ^ "Kerala govt launches mobile app for details of COVID-19". MathrubhumI English. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  294. ^ "Kerala step ahead in fighting COVID-19". www.investindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  295. ^ a b "Goa and Puducherry to use Innovaccer's app for Covid-19 screening". www.fortuneindia.com. 2020-03-03. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  296. ^ "Doctors team up to build a Covid-19 tracker to tackle community infection". Udayavani. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  297. ^ "The Ministry of Health launches "HaMagen" - an App to Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus". GOV.IL. Archived from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  298. ^ "How Israeli apps are helping check corona". The Economic Times. 2020-04-01. Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  299. ^ Winer, Stuart. "Health Ministry launches phone app to help prevent spread of coronavirus". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  300. ^ "The Shield: the open source Israeli Government app which warns of Coronavirus exposure". Graham Cluley. 2020-03-23. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  301. ^ "Coronavirus Outbreak Control". med-technews.com. 2020-04-14. Archived from the original on 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  302. ^ Lorenz Cuno Klopfenstein; Delpriori, Saverio; Gian Marco Di Francesco; Maldini, Riccardo; Brendan Dominic Paolini; Bogliolo, Alessandro (2020-04-16). "Digital Ariadne: Citizen Empowerment for Epidemic Control". arXiv:2004.07717 [cs.CY].
  303. ^ "Immuni - I numeri di Immuni". www.immuni.italia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  304. ^ "Contact tracing: Arcuri firma ordinanza per app italiana". salute.gov.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  305. ^ "Contact tracing: Developers Italia - Immuni". developers.italia.it. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  306. ^ "Immuni - Domande Frequenti". www.immuni.italia.it (in Italian, English, German, French, and Spanish). Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  307. ^ "Coronavirus, le polemiche su Immuni lanciano la app concorrente: boom di download per Sm-Covid-19". repubblica.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  308. ^ 日経クロステック(xTECH) (2020-06-16). "政府の接触確認アプリ、厚労省がパーソルプロセス&テクノロジーに発注". 日経クロステック(xTECH) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  309. ^ "Contact Confirmation Application Terms and Conditions of Use". www.mhlw.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  310. ^ Covid-19Radar/Covid19Radar, Project Covid19Radar, 2020-06-19, retrieved 2020-06-19
  311. ^ "新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ(COCOA) COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  312. ^ Jersey, States of. "Government of Jersey". gov.je. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  313. ^ "Jordan Health Ministry rolls out app alerting users to possible COVID-19 exposure". Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  314. ^ "Latvian 'Stop Covid' app first of its kind in the world". lsm.lv. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  315. ^ "Gerak Malaysia app to be discontinued tomorrow". Malaysiakini. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  316. ^ a b Ker, Nic (2020-05-04). "MyTrace: Does Malaysia's contact tracing app track your location?". SoyaCincau. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  317. ^ "Morocco Launches COVID-19 Tracking Application 'Wiqaytna'". Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  318. ^ Parajuli, Rishi Ram; Mishra, Bhogendra; Banstola, Amrit; Ghimire, Bhoj Raj; Poudel, Shobha; Sharma, Kusum; Dixit, Sameer M.; Shah, Sunil; Simkhada, Padam; Van Teijlingen, Edwin (2020). "Multidisciplinary Approach to COVID-19 Risk Communication: A Framework and Tool for Individual and Regional Risk Assessment". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21650. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021650P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0. PMC 7729931. PMID 33303910. SSRN 3634190.
  319. ^ "Open source release of NZ COVID Tracer". Ministry of Health. 2020-12-09.
  320. ^ McElnay, Caroline (2020-08-30). "Covid-19 update: Healthcare worker one of two new community cases in NZ". RNZ. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
  321. ^ "StopKorona! – следење на изложеноста и заштита од COVID-19". stop.koronavirus.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  322. ^ "StopKorona". Nextsense.com. 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  323. ^ "Appen Smittestopp skal bli trygg i bruk". Folkehelseinstituttet (in Norwegian). 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  324. ^ "60 prosent sier de har lastet ned smitteappen". Digi.no. 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  325. ^ "FHI har svart Datatilsynet om Smittestopp". Folkehelseinstituttet. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  326. ^ "Resolution No. 42, s.2020" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020-06-01.
  327. ^ Patrick, De Jesus (2020-09-03). "Government launches StaySafe.PH". PTV News. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  328. ^ "Życie po kwarantannie – przetestuj ProteGO" [Life after quarantine – test ProteGO]. Ministry of Digital Affairs (in Polish). 2020-04-03. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  329. ^ "ProteGO-app/specs/LICENSE". GitHub. 2020-04-03. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  330. ^ "ProteGO-app/backend/LICENSE". GitHub. 2020-04-03. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  331. ^ "STAYAWAY COVID - Perguntas Frequentes". EstamosON (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  332. ^ Kelion, Leo (2020-04-01). "Moscow coronavirus app raises privacy concerns". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  333. ^ "COVID-19 patients tracking smartphone app enters testing in Moscow". TASS. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  334. ^ "В России создали мобильное приложение, определяющее угрозу заражения коронавирусом" [In Russia, a mobile app determining the threat of coronavirus infection was created]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  335. ^ ""Tawakkalna".. a new app in Saudi Arabia to manage movement permits". Saudigazette. 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  336. ^ Tham, Yuen-C (2021-01-04). "More than 4.2m people using TraceTogether, token distribution to resume soon: Lawrence Wong". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2021-01-04. Of these people, about two million use only the app on their phone.
  337. ^ "TraceTogether". www.tracetogether.gov.sg.
  338. ^ "#OstaniZdrav – Aplikacije v Googlu Play". play.google.com (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  339. ^ Dudden, Alexis; Marks, Andrew (2020-03-20). "South Korea took rapid, intrusive measures against Covid-19 – and they worked". The Guardian.
  340. ^ Ivan Watson and Sophie Jeong. "Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  341. ^ "Apple is rejecting coronavirus apps to limit virus misinformation". Engadget. 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  342. ^ "Self-Diagnosis - Ministry of Health and Welfare - Apps on Google Play". 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  343. ^ "Stricter containment steps necessary for U.S. arrivals: experts". Yonhap News Agency. 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  344. ^ "자가격리자 안전보호 - Apps on Google Play". 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  345. ^ "Full text of President Moon Jae-in's remarks at G-20 summit". Yonhap News Agency. 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  346. ^ Moche, Tshepiso (2020-04-29). "COVID Tech Part I: Government, UCT partner for tracing app". sabcnews. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  347. ^ "Covi-id - COVID-19 risk management to protect privacy". www.coviid.me. Archived from the original on 2020-05-11. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  348. ^ "El Gobierno aprueba el desarrollo del piloto para una aplicación móvil de notificación de contactos de riesgo por COVID-19" (in Spanish). 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  349. ^ "COVID Shield Webinar". YouTube. 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  350. ^ "Tech Companies Extend Research Support and Funding for COVID-19 Research Projects". Finanznachrichten.
  351. ^ "EPFL launches pilot for the Google and Apple-based decentralised tracing app". ScienceBusiness.
  352. ^ "NHS contact-tracing app released in England and Wales". BBC Science Focus Magazine.
  353. ^ "NHS COVID-19 app has been downloaded over 10 million times". GOV.UK.
  354. ^ Tillman, Maggie (2020-04-14). "How the NHS coronavirus contact-tracing app will work". Pocket-lint. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  355. ^ "Protect Scotland source code". Github. 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  356. ^ "250,000 downloads of StopCOVID NI app". Department of Health, Northern Ireland. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  357. ^ O'Malley, Katie (2020-03-27). "16 Apps Everyone Should Have On Their Phone During Coronavirus". ELLE. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  358. ^ Lydall, Ross (2020-05-04). "Three million download app to track coronavirus symptoms". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  359. ^ "CDC Statement on COVID-19 Apple App". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  360. ^ Stiffler, Lisa (2020-04-22). "UW and Microsoft release contact-tracing app, aiming to battle COVID-19 while preserving privacy". GeekWire. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  361. ^ "Covid Watch". www.covidwatch.org. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  362. ^ "UArizona Testing App to Alert Students, Employees Exposed to COVID-19". UANews. 2020-06-18.
  363. ^ "UArizona team testing app that will notify those exposed to COVID-19". kgun 9. 2020-06-18.
  364. ^ CoEpi. "CoEpi: Community Epidemiology in Action". CoEpi. Retrieved 2020-04-16.[permanent dead link]
  365. ^ Hartmans, Avery (2020-04-03). "Pinterest CEO launches How We Feel app to track coronavirus symptoms". Business Insider. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  366. ^ "CMU Professor Creates Innovative App to Anonymously Trace Exposure to COVID-19". www.cmu.edu. 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  367. ^ "Private Kit: Safe Paths; Privacy-by-Design Contact Tracing using GPS+Bluetooth | safepaths". Safepaths.mit.edu. 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  368. ^ "PathCheck Foundation | COVID-19 Technology & Research; pathcheck". pathcheck.org. 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  369. ^ a b "TPT MedTech and its Distributor AllStar Health Brands Complete a $338k Transaction with Baywest Wellness Ltd Hospital and Clinics to Launch Its "QuikLAB" Testing and "QuikPASS" Check and Verify Passport in Jamaica Airport". irdirect.net. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  370. ^ a b c "QuikPASS on CNBC". CNBC. 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  371. ^ "TPT MedTech "QuikPASS" and "QuikLAB" Will Provide COVID-19 Testing for NBA Legend Shaquille O'Neal's Televised Big Game Event "Shaq Bowl" in Tampa, FL". TPT Global Tech. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  372. ^ "UC Davis professor releases free Covid-19 contact-tracing app". www.bizjournals.com. The Business Journals. Sacramento Business Journals. 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  373. ^ "UC Davis Computer Scientists Launch App To Help Slow Spread Of COVID-19". CBS News. CBS. 2020-05-27. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  374. ^ "States Ramp Up Contact Tracing Amidst Privacy Concerns - State Net". www.lexisnexis.com. Capitol Journal. Lexis Nexis. 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  375. ^ Strickland, Eliza (2020-03-20). "An Official WHO Coronavirus App Will Be a "Waze for COVID-19"". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2020-04-25.

Further reading

edit
edit