Wikipedia:Main Page history/2018 July 1

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The Westminster Assembly (1 July 1643 – 1653) was a council of theologians and members of the English Parliament appointed to restructure the Church of England. As many as 121 ministers were called to the Assembly, with 19 replacements added later. The Assembly worked in the Reformed Protestant theological tradition, also known as Calvinism. It produced new standards for church governance, a Confession of Faith or statement of belief, two catechisms or manuals for religious instruction, and a liturgical manual, the Directory for Public Worship, for the Church of England and Church of Scotland. The Confession and catechisms were adopted as doctrinal standards in the Church of Scotland and other Presbyterian churches, where they remain normative. Amended versions of the Confession were also adopted in Congregational and Baptist churches in England and New England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Confession became influential throughout the English-speaking world, but especially in American Protestant theology. (Full article...)

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Did you know...

Beethoven, age 13

... that Beethoven (pictured) composed three Piano Quartets at age 15, which were published only after his death?
... that during the 2017–18 season, Moroccan-born footballer Walid Azaro broke the Egyptian Premier League record for the most goals scored by a foreign player?
... that Alaska's Stormy Lake had to be poisoned to remove invasive species not once but twice?
... that Joachim von Sandrart praised the Flemish painter Joannes de Cordua's vanitas still lifes?
... that the 1962 mainframe game Marienbad, based on the logic puzzle Nim, is often considered the first Polish video game?
... that more than 400 female Red Guards were shot after being captured during the 1918 Finnish Civil War, with some being raped before execution?
... that the archives of the British civil nuclear industry are housed alongside historical documents dating to the 16th century?
... that the Arctic Monkeys song "Four Out of Five" jokes about critics who rarely give perfect scores in their reviews?

In the news

Lake Toba

The Japanese sample-return spacecraft Hayabusa2 arrives at the asteroid 162173 Ryugu.
Saudi Arabia lifts its ban on women driving.
Canada legalizes the recreational use of cannabis with effect from October 2018, making it the second country to do so.
An overloaded tourist ferry capsizes in Lake Toba (pictured), Indonesia, killing at least three people and leaving 164 others missing.
In golf, Brooks Koepka wins the U.S. Open at the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club.

On this day

July 1: Seventeenth of Tammuz (Judaism, 2018); Canada Day; Republic Day in Ghana (1960); Independence Day in Rwanda (1962)

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building

1770 – Lexell's Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.015 AU.
1862 – American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee unsuccessfully launched a series of disjointed assaults on the nearly impregnable Union position on Malvern Hill in Henrico County, Virginia.
1943 – Tokyo City was dissolved, with its territory divided into the special wards of the newly created Tokyo Metropolis (Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building pictured).
1999 – Legislative governance of Scotland was transferred from the Scottish Office in Westminster to the Scottish Parliament.
2008 – Rioting erupted in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the recent legislative elections.

Ygnacio del Valle (b. 1808) · Tanya Savicheva (d. 1944) · Princess Diana (b. 1961)

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Today's featured picture

George Sand (1804–1876) was a French novelist and memoirist who penned such books as Un hiver à Majorque (1842), La Mare au Diable (1846), and La Petite Fadette (1849). Known as an ardent supporter of the poor and working class, as well as women's rights, she caused controversy in French high society for wearing men's clothing and smoking in public. She was also known for her much publicized romantic affairs with a number of artists, including the composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin.

Photograph: Nadar

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