Talk:3rd World Congress of the Communist International
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Attempt at summary edit
Comparing page 67-70 of "To the Masses" (the invite list), page 897-899 of "To the Masses" (the participant info) with CIML website (not very WP:RS perhaps) and the different delegation infos elsewhere on this talk page;
Country (TTM) | Invitations (TTM) | Organization Participating (TTM 897-899) | No. of delegates (TTM 897-899) |
Org/Participants (CIML) | Commentary | Delegates identified? | Resolved? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Communist Party | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Argentiniens (2 Teilnehmer) | Clearly the Communist Party of Argentina. One of the delegates would have been Rodolfo José Ghioldi . But we also have 3 other people from Argentina. MASHEVICH, Mayor Semionovich spoke at the congress, so I suppose he's the second PCA delegate. Jeifets, Jeifets and Huber (2004) writes that Ghioldi had consultative status, but this isn't highlighted on the CIML listing
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2 / 2
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Yes |
Communist Workers Federation (consultative vote) | No participation? | ||||||
Armenia | Communist Party | CP | 8 | Kommunistische Partei Armeniens (8 Teilnehmer: Sarkis Kasjan) | Communist Party of Armenia
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3 / 8
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Azerbaijan | Communist Party | CP | 6 | Kommunistische Partei Aserbaidshans (6 Teilnehmer: Awilowa) | Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
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3 / 6
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Austria | Communist Party | CP | 7 | Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (7 Teilnehmer:Koritschoner, Ries) | Communist Party of Austria.
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5 / 7
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PZ not in the list, seems to have been invited separately | PZ | 14 | Poale Zion (14 Teilnehmer) | This is a bit confusing, since PZ is also listed separately with 3. It means the Austria PZ affiliate had 14 delegates of its own? Presumably it is the Left World Union of PZ or its affiliate, since the Left PZ had applied for affiliation with Comintern. Who are these 14 delegates? | 0 / 14
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Australia | Communist Party | CP | 4 | Kommunistische Partei Australiens (4 Teilnehmer: Raith, William P. Earsman) |
2 delegations: Australia Socialist Party - Paul Freeman and Alf Rees / Communist Party of Australia - William Earsman and Jack Howie
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4 / 4
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Yes |
Baku | Youth | 1 | Jugendverband | 0 / 1
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Eastern Bureau | 1 | Rat für Aktionen und Propaganda der Völker des Ostens (1 Teilnehmer)? | 0 / 1
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Bashkiria | CP | 2 | Komunistische Partei Baschkiriens (2 Teilnehmer) | The article Bashkir Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which implies that the Regional Committee began in 1919, is not properly sourced. Who were the delegates? | 0 / 2
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Belgium | Invite as 'interested group'
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Socialist Revolutionaries | 2 | Sozialistische Partei Belgiens (2 Teilnehmer) |
...So Jacquemotte and Poulet were invited as Socialist Party left-wing, Van Overstraeten and Coenen as CP |
2 / 2
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Yes |
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Belgiens (1 Teilnehmer) | The YCL of Belgium? Or the youth wing of the socialists mentioned above? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Communist Party | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Belgiens (2 Teilnehmer: Van Overstraeten, Jaquemotte) | CP is Communist Party of Belgium.
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2 / 2
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Yes | |
Britain | United Communist Party | CP | 14 | Komunistische Partei Englands (14 Teilnehmer: Bell, Smith, Wogan, Jullist?, Tom Mann) | This has to be the Communist Party of Great Britain.
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10 / 14
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Independent Labour Party | SP | 1 | Sozialistische Partei Englands (1 Teilnehmer) | Socialist Labour Party
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1 / 1
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Yes | |
Antiparliamentary Group | 1 | Antiparlamentarische Gruppe (1 Teilnehmer) | Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation. Who was the delegate? It was Rose Witcop.[40] "It should perhaps be noted that Rose Witcop travelled to Moscow later in 1921 with APCF credentials to negotiate for ‘associate membership’ of the Comintern; ultimately nothing came of this, and it appears to have been her own initiative to gain financial support for the movement."[41] not Henry Sara - who seems to have returned to England before the Congress started.[42] | 1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Bukhara | Communist Party (with consultative vote) | CP | 7 | Jugendverband (7 Teilnehmer) | 0 / 7
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Bulgaria | Communist Party | CP | 19 | Kommunistische Partei Bulgariens (19 Teilnehmer: Kolarow) | Communist Party of Bulgaria.
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19 / 19
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Bulgariens (1 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Bulgaria
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1 / 1
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Canada | Communist groups | SP | 1 | Sozialistische Partei Kanadas (1 Teilnehmer: Morgan) | Socialist Party of Canada - Joseph R. Knight ('Morgan')[8] CP sympathizer, One Big Union (Canada) organizer in Ontario[8] | 1 / 1
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Yes |
Central America | Communist groups | No Central American delegation at the III congress | |||||
Chile | Socialist Party | Presumably the Socialist Workers' Party (Chile), didn't participate. | |||||
China |
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CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei Chinas (1 Teilnehmer: Tschan Ta-Lai) | Communist Party of China - Zhang Tailei[53] the sole Chinese speaker at the Congress[53]
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1 / 1
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Yes |
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Chinas (1 Teilnehmer) | Socialist Youth League of China. Yu Xiusong | 1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Constantinople | CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei Konstantinopels (1 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Turkey (historical)? There were other groups around at the time as well. Who was the delegate? [Süleyman Nuri}[57]
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0 / 1
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Cuba | Communist groups | ||||||
Czechoslovakia |
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CP | 27 | Kommunistische Partei der Tschechoslowakei (27 Teilnehmer: Birman) |
CPCz delegates:
German division delegates:
Polish group delegates:
Unclear affiliation:
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21 / 22
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Communist Party of German Bohemia | 1 / 5
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband der Tschechoslowakei (2 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia
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1 / 2
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Denmark | Communist Party | CP | 6 | Kommunistische Partei Dänemarks (6 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Denmark.
Based on this, we can deduct that the DKP delegation consisted of |
6 / 6
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Yes |
Invited as 'interested group'
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Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning (FS) (Unity of the Trade Union Opposition), attended Profintern congress. | 1 / 1
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Yes | ||||
Egypt | CP | 1 | Ägypten | Kommunistische Partei Ägyptens (1 Teilnehmer) | Which party was this, since not sure Egyptian Socialist Party (which became the Egyptian Communist Party in 1922) founded then. Who was the delegate? See Egyptian Communist Party (1921), | 0 / 1
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Estonia | Communist Party | CP | 5 | Komunistische Partei Estlands (5 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Estonia.
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5 / 5
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Yes |
Independent Social Democracy | USP | 2 | Unabhängige Sozialistische Partei Estlands (2 Teilnehmer) | This should be Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party. | 2 / 2
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Yes | |
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Estlands (1 Teilnehmer) | All Estonian Young Proletarian Association
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1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Far Eastern Republic | Communist Party | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei (2 Teilnehmer) | Is this really the Far Eastern Republic? CIML just mentions 'Far East'. [82] says "Shumiatskii, Boris, 1886-? Comintern official and diplomat. Helped organize the Comintern Secretariat for the Far East in Irkutsk (1920-1921) and attended the Third Congress of the Comintern as a delegate thereof (1921)." Irkutsk was not in the Far Eastern Republic. If this refers to the Far East Secretariat, who was the other delegate?
According to Wikipedia(!) Shumyatsky was premier of the Far Eastern Republic from November 1920 to April 1921, whereupon there was White coup. Apparently there was a Far Eastern Bureau with Roy in Tashkent, another in Siberia with Grigori Voitinsky which may have mutated into the Far Eastern Secretariat, but Voitinsky also appears with a Far eastern Bureau in Shanghai. Perhaps "Far East" provides a contemporary flavour of ambiguity? |
1 / 2
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband (1 Teilnehmer) | ibid. Which organization and who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Finland | Communist Party of Finland | CP | 30 | Kommunistische Partei Finnlands (30 Teilnehmer) |
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4 / 30
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Invited as 'interested group' |
Did not participate, it seems | ||||||
France | Socialist Party (author believes this is a typo...) | CP | 8 | Kommunistische Partei Frankreichs (8 Teilnehmer: Cachin, Vaillant-Coutourier, Tomasi, Loriot, Collier) | So some work is needed to untangle who was part of which French delegation.
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8 / 8
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Youth | 3 | Jugendverband Frankreichs (3 Teilnehmer) | National Federation of Communist Youth ('Fédération nationale des jeunesses communistes')
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3 / 3
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Yes | ||
Syndicalists | 9 | Syndikalisten (9 Teilnehmer) | General Confederation of Labour (France)
CGT delegates
CGT minority:
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11 / 20
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The revolutionary trade-union minority | Syndicalist Minority | 11 | Syndikalisten-Minderheit (11 Teilnehmer) | ||||
Fünfkirchen | Socialist Party of the autonomous region of Fünfkirchen [Pécs] | SP | 3 | Sozialistische Partei (3 Teilnehmer) | Socialist Party of the autonomous region of Fünfkirchen
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3 / 3
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Yes |
Georgia | Communist Party | CP | 11 | Kommunistische Partei Grusiniens (11 Teilnehmer:Zchachkaja) | Communist Party of Georgia.
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1 / 11
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband (1 Teilnehmer) | What was the name of the organization? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Germany | Communist Workers' Party [KAPD] (with consultative vote) | KAPD | 5 | Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (5 Teilnehmer) | Communist Workers Party of Germany. Delegates:
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5 / 5
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Yes |
United Communist Party [VKPD] | VKPD | 25 | Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (25 Teilnehmer: Bergmann, Heckert, Hempel, Sachs, Seemann,Koenen, Malzahn, Neumann, Rwal, Thalheimer, Ernst Thälmann, Frölich, Friesland) | United Communist Party of Germany.
Summary of VKPD delegates;
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22 / 25
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Youth | 8 | Jugendverband (8 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Germany? Who were the delegates?
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3 / 8
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Women | 1 | Frauenverband (1 Teilnehmerin: Clara Zetkin) | Which organization? Any source that Zetkin was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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VKPD (Opposition) | 2 | Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands-Opposition (2 Teilnehmer) | Seems to be these 2:
Per Reisberg (1971), the official delegate list said 2 VKPD-Opposition delegates, but the congress protocol mentions Franken, Malzahn and Paul Neumann.[115] |
2 / 2
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Greece | Communist Party | CP | 3 | Kommunistische Partei Griechenlands (3 Teilnehmer: Dimitrados) | Communist Party of Greece.
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3 / 3
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Yes |
Invited as 'interested group' General Trade Union Federation of Greece |
Did not participate, it seems | ||||||
Japan | Communist groups | ||||||
Hungary | Communist Party | CP | 12 | Kommunistische Partei Ungarns (12 Teilnehmer:Pogany, Varga, Luk´scs, Landler, Rakosi) | Party of Communists in Hungary
Seemingly not part of the party delegation as such, but present in Moscow during the congress: |
12 / 12
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Yes |
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Ungarns (1 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Hungary
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1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Iceland | Communist groups | Whilst not mentioned in the official delegate count - this source [140] mentions is:Ólafur Friðriksson as a 'delegate of the 3rd comintern congress'. [141] mentions that there was a decision (by whom?) to send Ólafur Friðriksson and Ársæll Sigurðsson should take part in the Comintern congress the summer of 1921. [1] details the events, in November 1921, after Friðriksson's return from Russia to Iceland (which has its own wiki article: is:Hvíta stríðið) | |||||
India | Communist groups (with consultative vote) | CP | 4 | Kommunistische Partei Indiens (4 Teilnehmer: Roy) | Communist Party of India.
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3 / 5
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Indiens (1 Teilnehmer) | What organization was this? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Iran | Communist Party | CP | 5 | Kommunistische Partei Persiens (5 Teilnehmer: Ara-Sade (Aga Zadeh?), Jawad-Sade) | Communist Party of Iran.
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3 / 5
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Ireland | Communist groups | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Irlands (2 Teilnehmer) | Socialist Party of Ireland.
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1 / 2
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Italy | Communist Party | CP | 21 | Kommunistische Partei Italiens (21 Teilnehmer: Gennari, Lazzari, Maffi, Misiano, Polano, Terracini) | Communist Party of Italy
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6 / 21
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Youth | 4 | Jugendverband Italiens (4 Teilnehmer) | Which organization? Only communist youth, or socialist youth as well? Who were the delegates? | 0 / 4
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Socialist Party (with consultative vote) | SP | 3 | Sozialitische Partei Italiens (3 Teilnehmer) | Italian Socialist Party.
PSI delegates |
3 / 3
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Yes | |
*Syndicalist Union
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End of May, Unione Sindacale Italiana executive committee elected Nicola Vecchi and Duilio Mari as its delegates to Profintern congress. But by the time they reached Moscow, the congress had already concluded.[168] | ||||||
Invite as 'interested group'
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General Confederation of Labour (Italy) sent two observers to the Profintern congress, they arrived July 13: Giuseppe Bianchi and it:Carlo Azimonti (sindaco)[169] | ||||||
Java | Communist Party | CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei Javas (1 Teilnehmer) | Communist Union of the Indies
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1 / 1
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Yes |
Kommunistische Jugendinternationale Javas (1 Teilnehmer) | Not listed in TTM summary. | ||||||
Rat der muselamnischen revolutionären Organisationen Javas (1 Teilnehmer) | Not listed in TTM summary. | ||||||
Khiva | Communist Party | Communist Party of Khorezm, Participant listing only mentions a youth delegate, no Communist Party delegate... | |||||
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband (1 Teilnehmer) |
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0 / 1
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Kirghizia | CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei der Kirgisischen Republik (1 Teilnehmer) | This is quite confusing. There was no 'Kirghiz Republic' in 1921. The Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast, later the Kirghiz ASSR, was formed in 1924 only. What party was this? The Turkestan Bureau of the RCP(b)? Who was the delegate?
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0 / 1
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Korea | Communist Party | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Koreas (2 Teilnehmer: Zach Man Taun) | What party was this? The Communist Party of Korea was founded in 1925. Who were the 2 delegates?
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1 / 2
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Social-Revolutionary Party | What party was this? Didn't participate? | ||||||
Latvia | Communist Party | CP | 11 | Kommunistische Partei Lettlands (11 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Latvia.
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5 / 11
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Lettlands (1 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Latvia. Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Lithuania | Communist Party | CP | 9 | Kommunistische Partei Litauens (9 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Lithuania.
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3 / 9
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband Litauens (2 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Lithuania. Who were the delegates? | 0 / 2
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Luxembourg | Communist Party | CP | 4 | Kommunistische Partei Luxemburgs (4 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Luxembourg
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4 / 4
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SP | 1 | Sozialistische Patei Luxemburgs (1 Teilnehmer) | Which party was this? The LSAP? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Luxemburgs (1 Teilnehmer) | Which organization? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Mexico | Communist Party | CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei Mexikos (1 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Mexico.
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1 / 1
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Yes |
Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Mexikos (1 Teilnehmer) | Communist Youth Federation of Mexico (FJCM)
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1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Mongolia | Rev. Peoples Party | 2 | Revolutionäre Volkspartei der Mongolei (2 Teilnehmer) | Mongolian People's Party.
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1 / 2
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Near East | Youth | 1 | Jugendverband (1 Teilnehmer) | What organization? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Netherlands | Communist Party | CP | 5 | Kommunistische Partei Hollands (5 Teilnehmer:Roland Holst, Ceton) | Communist Party of Holland
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5 / 5
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Youth | 1 | Jugendverband Hollands (1 Teilnehmer) | What organization? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Invited as 'interested group'
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NAS sent a 3-member delegation to Profintern congress, all Profintern supporters. Engelbertus Bouwman was among the delegates.[196][196] Bouwman had led a number of NAS members to join CPN in 1919, and pushed for NAS to join Profintern.[197] | ||||||
Norway | Labour Party | Workers' Party | 11 | Arbeiterpartei Norwegens (11 Teilnehmer) | Norwegian Labour Party
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5 / 11
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband Norwegens (2 Teilnehmer) | Workers' Youth League (Norway)? Who were the 2 delegates? | 0 / 2
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CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei Norwegens (1 Teilnehmer: Friis) | ?? The Communist Party of Norway was founded in 1923. And Friis, who was listed as CP delegate by CIML, was still in DNA at the time. | 0 / 1
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Palestine | Communist Party (with consultative vote) | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Palästinas (2 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Palestine. Who were the 2 delegates? | 0 / 2
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Poale Zion | Paole Zion | 3 | Poale Zion (3 Teilnehmer) | What's the difference with the Austrian PZ delegation? Who were the delegates?
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0 / 3
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Poland ("Poland and Eastern Galicia" in the invite list) |
Communist Workers' Party of Poland | CP | 20 | Kommunistische Partei Polens (20 Teilnehmer: Brand, Michalek) | *The 20 delegates presumably includes both Communist Workers Party of Poland and the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia
KPRP delegates:
"on behalf of Polish communists staying in the USSR [sic]"[205][207] - representing RCP(b)? - Z pola walki (1976) seems to imply that at least these 3 were included in the 20 Polish delegates[207]
"participated in some meetings" - in what capacity?[205][207]
Polish delegation - Polish or Galician party?
Some confusion: |
14 / 20
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Communist Party of Eastern Galicia | |||||||
League of Jewish Workers [Bund] (with consultative vote) | Bund | 3 | Bund (3 Teilnehmer) | General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland.
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2 / 3
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Portugal | Communist groups | Did not participate | |||||
Romania | Communist Party | CP | 10 | Kommunistische Partei Rumäniens (10 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of Romania.
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1 / 10
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Youth | 4 | Jugendverband Rumäniens (4 Teilnehmer) | Which organization? Who were the delegates? | 0 / 4
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Russia | Communist Party | CP | 72 | Kommunistische Partei der RSFSR (72 Teilnehmer:Bucharin, Sinowjew, Meschtscherjakow, Radek, Rakowski, Trotzki) | Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Notably, Stalin appears in the 1930 Soviet publication[219], but is not mentioned in the 1921 Communist Review summary.
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18 / 72
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband (2 Teilnehmer) | Russian Young Communist League.
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1 / 2
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South Africa | International Socialist League | Int. Socialist League | 2 | Internationale Sozialistische Union (2 Teilnehmer) | International Socialist League (South Africa).
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2 / 2
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Yes |
Sweden | Communist Party | CP | 15 | Kommunistische Partei Schwedens (15 Teilnehmer:Höglund) | Communist Party of Sweden
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12 / 15
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Youth | 3 | Jugendverband Schwedens (3 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Sweden.
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0 / 3
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Switzerland | Communist Party | CP | 13 | Kommunistische Partei der Schweiz (13 Teilnehmer: Schaffner) | Communist Party of Switzerland. Who were the delegates?
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3 / 13
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband der Schweiz (2 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Switzerland. Who were the delegates? | 0 / 2
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Workers' League of Swiss Cities (with consultative vote) | No such delegation participated. What was this group? | ||||||
Spain | Communist Party | CP | 5 | Kommunistische Partei Spaniens (5 Teilnehmer: Torralba Becci) | Spanish Communist Party | 5 / 5
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Yes |
Communist Workers' Party | 4 | Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Spaniens (4 Teilnehmer) | PCOE
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4 / 4
|
Yes | ||
Workers' Confederation [CNT] | Syndicalists | 5 | Syndikalisten (5 Teilnehmer) | Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
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5 / 5
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Yes | |
Tatar Republic | CP | 1 | Kommunistische Partei der Tatarischen Republik (1 Teilnehmer) | Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The party would be the committee of RCP(B) there? Who was the delegate? | 0 / 1
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Turkey | Communist Party | CP | 4 | Kommunistische Partei der Türkei(4 Teilnehmer: Nuri) | Communist Party of Turkey (historical)? Who were the delegates?
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1 / 4
|
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Turkestan | CP | 4 | Kommunistische Partei Turkestans (4 Teilnehmer: Kara Tadshijew) | Turkestan ASSR - Communist Party of Turkestan
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1 / 4
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Revolutionary League | 2 | Revolutionäre Unionen Turkestans (2 Teilnehmer) |
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2 / 2
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Yes | ||
Ukraine | Communist Party | CP | 22 | Kommunistische Partei der Ukraine (22 Teilnehmer) | CP(B)U? Any other party included? Who were the delegates? | 2 / 22
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United States | (unified) Communist Party of America | United Communist Party | 10 | Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Amerikas (10 Teilnehmer) Lists: Ballister, Gurwitsch, Carron , Leonavio, Marshall, Haywood) |
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8 / 10
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Youth | 2 | Jugendverband der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (2 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of America. Top leader and delegate to the June 1921 II YCI Congress was Martin Abern ('Parnell'). | 0 / 2
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Japanese Com. Group | 1 | Japanische Kommunistische Gruppe (1 Teilnehmer) | Japanese Communist Group. Taguchi Unzo, delegate, Japanese communist movement[64] "Taguchi was also from the United States; he had been designated by Katayama Sen, in accordance with Comintern instructions, to attend as the representative of the Japanese group in America."[275] | 1 / 1
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Yes | ||
Industrial Workers of the World | Didn't send any delegation.[276] An IWW member, Yoshiwara Gentaro, attended but without any official backing from IWW.[277][276] 2020 (UTC) | ||||||
Uruguay | Socialist Party | Probably not the Socialist Party of Uruguay? By 1920 the Communist Party of Uruguay had been founded, didn't participate. | |||||
White Russia | CP | 2 | Kommunistische Partei Weißrußlands (2 Teilnehmer) | Communist Party of White Russia. Who were the delegates? | 0 / 2
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Yugoslavia | Communist Party | CP | 12 | Kommunistische Partei Jugoslawiens (12 Teilnehmer: Markovic) | Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
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12 / 12
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Yes |
Youth | 2 | Jugendverband Jugoslawiens (2 Teilnehmer) | Young Communist League of Yugoslavia | 2 / 2
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Yes | ||
Invited as 'interested group'
|
? no participation it seems |
References
- ^ Ronaldo Munck; Ricardo Falcón; Bernardo Galitelli (February 1987). Argentina: from anarchism to Peronism : workers, unions and politics, 1855-1985. Zed Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-86232-570-1.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 127.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 203.
- ^ a b Historia. Instituto de Historia, Universidad Católica de Chile. 2008. p. 106.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
JeifetsJeifets2004p
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lucas González (1 January 2008). Voluntarios de Argentina en la Guerra Civil Espan̋ola. Ediciones del CCC, Centro Cultural de la Cooperación Floreal Gorini. p. 201. ISBN 978-987-23653-4-9.
- ^ Rein, Raanan; Thomàs, Joan Maria (19 May 2016). Guerra civil y franquismo. Una perspectiva internacional: Una perspectiva internacional. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-84-16515-53-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1223. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b c d Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (1979). Hodvatsner, chaṛer, pʻastatʻghtʻer. Hayastan Hratarakchʻutʻyun. p. 236.
- ^ a b c I. S. Samedov; R. G. Askerov (1970). I︠U︡nostʹ nasha komsomolʹskai︠a︡ ...: Sbornik vospominaniĭ. Gi︠a︡ndzhlik,. p. 16.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Интернациональная помощь 11 Армии в борьбе за победу Советской власти в Азербайджане: документы и материалы 1920-1921 гг. Azerbaĭdzhanskoe gos. izd-vo. 1989. p. 190.
- ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1982). Great Soviet encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 246.
- ^ Грант Александрович Аветисян (1964). Комсомол Закавказья в борьбе за победу и упрочение советской власти, 1917-1921. Изд-во Академии наук Армянской ССР. p. 440.
- ^ a b c To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 399. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 124. ISBN Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8403-8|978-0-817]]9-8403-8]].
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value: invalid character (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/comintern/index.htm
- ^ a b c To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1243. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
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- ^ Alastair Davidson (1969). The Communist Party of Australia: A Short History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 22-23.
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Colette Chambelland; Jean Maitron; Pierre Monatte (1968). Syndicalisme révolutionnaire et communisme: les archives de Pierre Monatte, 1914-1924. F.Maspero. p. 290.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ David Berry (2002). A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917-1945. Greenwood Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-313-32026-2.
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{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ a b Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 175.
- ^ Partito comunista italiano (1936). Lo Stato operaio. Feltrinelli. p. 302.
- ^ Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. p. 399. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 602. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Charles B. McLane (8 December 2015). Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia: An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton University Press. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-4008-7966-3.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ R. C. Kwantes (1975). 1917 - medio 1923. H.D. Tjeenk Willink. p. 107. ISBN 978-90-01-51970-4.
- ^ Tony Saich (1 March 1991). The Origins of the First United Front in China: The Role of Sneevliet (alias Maring). BRILL. p. 508. ISBN 90-04-09173-4.
- ^ История Бухарской и Хорезмской Народных Советских Республик. Наука,. 1971. p. 147.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 512.
- ^ a b ВКП(б), Коминтерн и Корея, 1918-1941. РОССПЭН. 2007. p. 142, 777. ISBN 978-5-8243-0892-1.
- ^ a b Светлана Ку (2006). Корейцы: жертвы политических репрессий в СССР 1934-1938 гг. KimKor. p. 192.
- ^ Asia and Africa today. Изд-во восточной лит-ры. 1987. p. 14.
- ^ Светлана Ку (2009). Кн. 13. Корейцы-жертвы политических репрессий в СССР, 1934-1938 гг. Возвращение. p. 94.
- ^ a b E. Pelkaus (1981). Partijas vārdā: LKP CK Arzemju biroja darbība, 1920-1936. Avots. p. 50.
- ^ I. Mednis (1984). Jūlija Daniševska dzīves un darba vietas. Avots. p. 58.
- ^ Dz Paeglīte (1985). Dāvida Beikas: dzīves un darba vietas. Avots. p. 40.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Mokslas ir gyvenimas. "Vaizdas". 1971. p. 14.
- ^ Kommunist. No. 4 (694) April 1982. pp. 99-101
- ^ https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article50836
- ^ https://www.woxx.lu/chronik-virun-100-joer-1-dabei-gewesen-luxemburger-in-russland/
- ^ a b Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 340.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Robert Arthur Rupen (1979). How Mongolia is really ruled: a political history of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1900-1978. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8179-7122-9.
- ^ Александр Иванович Андреев (2004). Время Шамбалы: оккультизм, наука и политика в советской России. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 264. ISBN 978-5-7654-3442-0.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1208. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b Elsbeth Etty (1996). Liefde is heel het leven niet: Henriette Roland Holst, 1869-1952. Balans. p. 401.
- ^ a b c Henriette Roland Holst-Van der Schalk (1979). Het vuur brandde voort: levensherinneringen: Con fuoco. Arbeiderspers. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-295-3594-6.
- ^ a b Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9.
- ^ Hans A. Schmitt (1988). Neutral Europe Between War and Revolution, 1917-23. University of Virginia Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8139-1153-3.
- ^ a b c Olstad, Finn. «Til siste kamp der gjøres klar» - Planer om revolusjon i Norge i 1921. Arbeiderhistorie 1998
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Stortinget. Friis, Jakob Johan Sigfrid (1883-1956)
- ^ Stortinget. Vågnes, Alfred Leonard Kristian (1880-1970)
- ^ https://www.dagsavisen.no/fremtiden/lokalt/da-partiets-yndling-gikk-av-pa-hokksund-1.294596
- ^ Gunnar Ousland (1949). De store kamp-åra, 1921-1931. Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisasjon i Norge, i kommisjon hos Tiden Norsk Forlag. p. 277.
- ^ a b Michael Taber (14 June 2018). The Communist Movement at a Crossroads: Plenums of the Communist International’s Executive Committee, 1922-1923. BRILL. p. 722. ISBN 978-90-04-36678-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jan Sobczak; Edmund Tomaszewski (1984). Walka o dominację marksizmu w polskim ruchu robotniczym. Książka i Wiedza. p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n KC PZPR. Zakład Historii Partii (1970). Z pola walki: kwartalnik poświęcony dziejom ruchu robotniczego. p. 78.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Z pola walki. Ksia̧z̊ka i Wiedza. 1976. p. 326.
- ^ Leon Trotsky (1972). The First 5 Years of the Communist International. Monad Press. p. 227.
- ^ a b Vilém Kahan (1990). Bibliography of the Communist International: 1919-1979. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 37–. ISBN 90-04-09320-6.
- ^ a b To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1248. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Michael Taber (14 June 2018). The Communist Movement at a Crossroads: Plenums of the Communist International’s Executive Committee, 1922-1923. BRILL. p. 189. ISBN 978-90-04-36678-7.
- ^ Bulletin of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. 26th State Typography. 1967. p. 44.
- ^ A. Thomas Lane (1995). Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-26456-6.
- ^ Melech Epstein (1959). The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, U. S. A., 1919-1941. Trade Union Sponsoring Committee. p. 162.
- ^ Emanuel Nowogródzki; Mark Nowogrodzki (31 December 2001). The Jewish Labor Bund in Poland, 1915-1939: from its emergence as an independent political party until the beginning of World War II. Shengold. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-88400-214-7.
- ^ Ortwin Pelc; Gertrud Pickhan (1996). Zwischen Lübeck und Novgorod: Wirtschaft, Politik und Kultur im Ostseeraum vom frühen Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert : Norbert Angermann zum 60. Geburtstag. Institut Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk. p. 431. ISBN 978-3-922296-90-4.
- ^ Z pola walki. Ksia̜żka i Wiedza. 1974. p. 2027.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Communist Review. Communist Party of Great Britain. 1921. p. 51.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
len672
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1040. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Apollon Borisovich Davidson; Irina Filatova; Sheridan Johns (2003). South Africa and the Communist International: Socialist pilgrims to Bolshevik footsoldiers, 1919-1930. Psychology Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-7146-5280-1.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Marxism Today. Communist Party of Great Britain. 1971. p. 229.
- ^ Oleksa Drachewych (7 December 2018). The Communist International, Anti-Imperialism and Racial Equality in British Dominions. Taylor & Francis. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-351-13197-1.
- ^ https://www.marxistarkiv.se/profiler/k_kilbom/i_hemligt_uppdrag.pdf
- ^ Vad förededes i Moskva?, in Dalpilen, 1921-07-08. p. 5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Zeth Höglund (1951). Minnen i fackelsken. Tidens förlag. p. 45.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Karl Kilbom (1954). Ur mitt livs äventyr. Tidens förlag. p. 283.
- ^ Revolutionasplanerna ha krympt ihop, in Trelleborgs-Tidningen, 1921-07-06. p. 3
- ^ a b Sven Harald Larsson Linderot (1 January 1972). Masslinjen: Tal och skrifter i urval och med inledning av Per-Olov Zennström. Arbetarkultur. p. 29. ISBN 978-91-7014-000-6.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1217. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Peter Stettler (1980). Die Kommunistische Partei der Schweiz, 1921-1931: ein Beitrag zur schweizerischen Parteiforschung und zur Geschichte der schweizerischen Arbeiterbewegung im Rahmen der Kommunistischen Internationale. A. Francke. p. 510. ISBN 978-3-7720-1458-1.
- ^ Karl Hofmaier (1978). Memoiren eines Schweizer Kommunisten, 1917-1947. Rotpunkt-Verlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-85869-006-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Amaro del Rosal (1980). Consideraciones y vivencias sobre la fundación del P.C.E. y sus primeros años. Fundación de Investigaciones Marxistas. p. 78.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1245. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Amaro del Rosal (1963). Los congresos obreros internacionales en el siglo XX: de 1900 a 1950. Editorial Grijalbo. p. 210.
- ^ Gaston Leval; Pedro García-Guirao (30 May 2018). Collectives in the Spanish Revolution. PM Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-62963-467-8.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 40.
- ^ https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1945/memoirs/ch04a.
- ^ Daniel Guerin (2005). No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism. AK Press. pp. 595–600. ISBN 978-1-904859-25-3.
- ^ a b Études balkaniques. Édition de lA̕cadémie bulgare des sciences. 1985. p. 124.
- ^ Angoras bolsjevikiska förbindelser, in Aftonbladet, 1921-07-09. p. 7
- ^ a b Mete Tunçay (13 February 2013). İstanbul Komünist Grubu’ndan (Aydınlık Çevresi) Türkiye Komünist Partisi’ne 1919 - 1926 - 2. Cilt 1924-Mart 1926. artcivic. p. 242. ISBN 978-605-4513-12-3.
{{cite book}}
: Missing|author1=
(help); Unknown parameter|auth or1=
ignored (help) - ^ Erden Akbulut; Mete Tunçay (13 February 2013). İstanbul Komünist Grubu’ndan (Aydınlık Çevresi) Türkiye Komünist Partisi’ne 1919 - 1926 - 2. Cilt 1924-Mart 1926. artcivic. p. 61. ISBN 978-605-4513-12-3.
- ^ Erden Akbulut; Mete Tunçay (5 December 2012). İstanbul Komünist Grubu’ndan (Aydınlık Çevresi) Türkiye Komünist Partisi’ne 1919 - 1926 - 1. Cilt 1919-1923. artcivic. p. 81. ISBN 978-605-4513-11-6.
- ^ Erden Akbulut; Mete Tunçay (2007). Türkiye Halk İştirakiyun Fırkası, 1920-1923. TÜSTAV. p. 332. ISBN 978-975-8683-60-4.
- ^ Süleyman Nuri (12 July 2007). Çanakkale Siperlerinden TKP Yönetimine Uyanan Esirler. artcivic. p. 600. ISBN 978-975-8683-05-5.
- ^ Erden Akbulut; Mete Tunçay (5 December 2012). İstanbul Komünist Grubu’ndan (Aydınlık Çevresi) Türkiye Komünist Partisi’ne 1919 - 1926 - 1. Cilt 1919-1923. artcivic. p. 380. ISBN 978-605-4513-11-6.
- ^ Walter Laqueur (1961). Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East. Rouledge & K. Paul. p. 208.
- ^ Yücel Demirel (2004). Dönüş belgeleri: TKP MK 1920-1921. TÜSTAV. p. 154. ISBN 978-975-8683-30-7.
- ^ a b Yücel Demirel (2004). Dönüş belgeleri: TKP MK 1920-1921. TÜSTAV. p. 182. ISBN 978-975-8683-30-7.
- ^ Leontina Pavlovna Zotova (1987). Revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ieĭ prizvannye: biograficheskie ocherki. Uzbekistan. p. 222.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1222-1223. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Partii͡a tarikhi instituti (Uzbek S.S.R.) (1964). Ocherki istorii Kommnisticheskoĭ partii Turkestana. p. 157.
- ^ Вопросы философии. Правда. 1957. p. 235.
- ^ Asia and Africa today. 1988. p. 75.
- ^ BROPHY, DAVID. Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'Uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia. Inner Asia, vol. 7, no. 2, 2005, pp. 163–184., www.jstor.org/stable/23615693.
- ^ a b c d Măshu̇r Roziev (1983). Boranliq zhillar: ḣekaĭilăr vă khatirilăr. Zhazyshy. p. 162.
- ^ a b c Măshu̇r Roziev (1983). Boranliq zhillar: ḣekaĭilăr vă khatirilăr. Zhazyshy. pp. 157, 174.
- ^ Iosif Iserovich Mali︠a︡r (1983). Их именами улицы назвали: очерк-путеводитель. Zhalyn. p. 88.
- ^ XX ăsir namaĭăndiliri. ROND. 2005. p. 37.
- ^ Иван Савельевич Сологубов (1961). Иностранные коммунисты в Туркестане, 1918-1921 гг. Гос. изд-во Узбекской ССР. p. 153.
- ^ David Brophy (4 April 2016). Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier. Harvard University Press. p. 179-180. ISBN 978-0-674-97046-5.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 726. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b United States. Congress. House. Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 39.
- ^ Philip Jacob Jaffe (1975). The rise and fall of American communism. Horizon Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8180-1604-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Jacob Zumoff (21 August 2014). The Communist International and US Communism, 1919-1929. BRILL. p. 15, 90. ISBN 978-90-04-26889-0.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 217.
- ^ Latvijas revolucionāro cīnītāju pieminas grāmata. Liesma. 1980. p. 308.
- ^ Līga Dūma; D. E. Paėglite (1976). Revolucionārie latviešu emigranti ārzemēs, 1897-1919. Liesma. p. 288.
- ^ The Japanese Communist Party. 1969. p. 35.
- ^ a b Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. p. 174. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9.
- ^ The Japanese Communist Party. 1969. p. 35.
- ^ Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman (8 July 2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 1997. ISBN 978-1-317-47593-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Communist International. Congress (1983). Komunistička internacionala: Sedmi kongres Komunističke internacionale. Moskva. 25. jul-avgust 1935. 2. deo. Kulturni centar. p. 1165.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Milovan Bosić (1984). Izvori za istoriju Komunističke partije Jugoslavije, 1919-1941. Izdavački centar Komunist. p. 328.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Đuro Đurašković (1974). Devet kongresa SKJ. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod. p. 37.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Miroslav M. Nikolić (1979). Komunistička partija Jugoslavije od Obznane do osnivanja NRPJ. Rad. p. 161.
- ^ Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman (8 July 2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 1989. ISBN 978-1-317-47593-4.
- ^ Velikai͡a Okti͡abrʹskai͡a sot͡sialisticheskai͡a revoli͡ut͡sii͡a: ėnt͡siklopedii͡a. Sovetskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡. 1977. p. 133.
- ^ Prilozi za istoriju socijalizma. Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta. 1968. p. 545.
Materials, other stuff for expansion edit
Credentials commission edit
From report 25 June, https://www.marxists.org/archive/radek/1921/radek01.htm
- Delegates from 48 countries
- As of 25 June, 291 delegates decisive vote recognized, 218 consultative, 100 (international) guests
- Consultative votes: Estonian ISP, Polish Bund, PZ world federation, Near East Bureau (Congress of Peoples, most probably), Far East Bureau,
- Estonian ISP, Bund, PZ accepted as consultative votes, as they were in negotations with Comintern, consultative not indication of affiliation.
- Refused credentials to "CWP Bulgaria" (ex socdems) and Bulgarian "Group of Left Communists". CWP refused for having republished Kautsky's Terrorism and Communism. Group of Left Communists deemed not having demonstrated activity.
- Romania - PSR/PCR - not a member party of CI, declared itself as CI member in May 1921 congress, unable to send delegates, individual communists from underground accepted as delegates provisionally.
- 40 votes - Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Czechoslovakia, YCI (note: YCI participated as a single delegation, not separate country by country delegations of YCL)
- 30 votes - Britain, US, Poland, Ukraine, Norway, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria
- 20 votes - Spain, Finland, Romania, Latvia, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium
- 10 votes - Azerbaijan (with Baku), Georgia, Lithuania, Estonia, Denmark, Luxembourg, Iran, Turkey.
- 5 votes - South Africa, Iceland, Mexico, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand (! not listed in neither invitation list nor in participating list), the Dutch East Indies
- Consultative - China, Turkestan, Khiva, Bukhara, and Mongolia
- Consultative - Japan Communist Group and Korea, admitted in individual capacity, consultative vote
- Japanese delegation still expected
Invitation list edit
- "The list of the parties and organizations invited to the Third Congress of the Comintern ( endorsed by the Small Bureau of the ECCI in late April , early May 1921"[1]
June 17 edit
Declared holiday in Moscow by Moscow Soviet, in honour of the congress[2][3] - Parade of army, militia, cadets, scouts, etc., on Red Square, salute taken by Trotsky[2]
After Trotsky's speech, speeches by Coututier (France), Schneider (Germany), Catagnano (Italian youth), Glinksi (Poland), representatives of CPGB, Women of the east, CP Czechoslovakia, CP Persia, CP Spain. For the first time in Russia, on public places loudspeakers connected through telephones were used, so the speeches could be heard throughout the city.[4]
Kollontai edit
"The only speaker to ignore the group discipline of the Russian delegation and to appeal to foreign delegates to support her programme was Alexandra Kollontai who belonged to the Workers' Opposition."[5]
Congress bulletine edit
- Tobias Akselrod, directed the daily bulletine at the Congress. (Delegate?)[6]Bulletine 'Moscow-Moskau-Moscou', in English, German and French[7]
Cancelled art festival edit
Lunacharsky planned a mass cultural festival for the III congress. It was to display the history of mankind, from stone age, to antiquity (ancient Egypt), feudalism, capitalism , the victory of the Communist International and building the future. It was conceptualized as a mass worker peasant opera with orchestra, chorus, dancers performed in large amphitheater. The festival was cancelled due to economic constraints.[8]
Accommodation edit
Over 600 delegates were housed at Hotel Lux.[9]
Summary and proceedings edit
- Credential Commission report here: https://www.marxists.org/archive/radek/1921/radek01.htm clarifies that it was PZ world federation
- From Trotsky (foot note, not written by Trotsky himself): "The Third Congress of the Comintern convened in Moscow from June 22 to July 12, 1921. The Congress began its sessions with 509 delegates representing 48 countries; 291 had decisive votes; 218 were consultative. Toward the close the number of delegates increased to 603. Twenty-four full plenary sessions were held. The agenda was as follows: (1) Report of the ECCI (reporter: Zinoviev); (2) The World Economic Crisis and the New Tasks of the CI (reporter: Trotsky); (3) The German Communist Workers Party (KAPD); and the Italian Question; (4) The Tactics of the CI (reporter: Radek); (5) The Trade Union Question: a) The Red Trade Union International; b) The Struggle Against the Amsterdam International (reporters: Zinoviev, Heckert); (6) The Tactics of the Communist Party of Russia (reporter: Lenin); (7) The Youth Movement; (8) The Women's Movement (reporter: Clara Zetkin); (9) Communist Work in the Cooperatives; (10) The Organizational Structure of the Communist Parties and the Methods and Content of Their Work; (11) The Organizational Structure of the Comintern; (12) The Eastern Question; (13) Election of the ECCI. The Russian Bolshevik Party was represented by 72 delegates, among them: Lenin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Radek, Bukharin, Rykov and others. The “Left Communists” were very strongly represented and at one time even appeared to have a majority at the Congress. Lenin demonstratively announced that at this Congress he was with the “Right Wing."[10] --Soman (talk) 22:28, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
- As of June 23, congress had 291 delegates with decisive votes, 218 with consultative. By end 603 delegates at the Congress.[11]
- At the 4th session of the III congress - Radek reported on the Mandate Commission of the III Congress. Albeit not all mandates had been verified, the congress had 298 delegates with decisive votes, 219 with consultative votes, 100 guests. The mandates of the Bulgarian Communist Workers Party and the Left Communists (the Bulgarian left communists??) were approved. Individual Romanian communists were given permission to participate in the congress, considering that the communists had been arrested at the Romanian socialist congress. The Estonian independents, the Polish Bund and Poale Zion were given consultative votes.[12]
- The opening session on 22 June held at the Bolshoi Theatre.[13]
- Sessions of the 3rd congress held in the Kremlin.[11]
- Opening session:, 6 o clock (6 PM presumably), opening session of the III Congress. Presidium of the session: Zinoviev (Russia), Gennari (Italy), Loriot (France), Koenen (Germany), Kolarov (Bulgaria). Zinoviev began his speech by paying tribute to revolutionary martyrs from the past year. Lenin, Trotsky, cs:Alois Muna, Albert Inkpin and Heinrich Brandler were elected as 'honorary presidents' of the Congress, the latter three being in jail. Zinoviev detailed the progress of the revolutionary movement over the past year, recognizing set-backs in the March Action in particular. He highlighted that the Russian revolutionary experience showed that the path to victory goes through defeat - pointing to the possibility of seizing of French trade unions by revolutionaries, the size of the Czechoslovak party with 400,000 members, the possibility to turn defeat in Italy into victory, the unification of CPs in Britain and US, the pending foundation of RILU. He concluded his speech with a special greeting to the delegates from Near and Far East. Lev Kamenev on behalf of Moscow Soviet greeted the delegates welcome. After Zinoviev's and Kamenev's speeches, there were speeches by representatives of the larger parties. The speech of Vailliant Coututier was particularly appreciated, as he affirmed that the day would come when French workers would meet the Russian Red Army on the barricades. Then a concert of prominent Russian artists, including Feodor Chaliapin. The event was closed by singing of the Internationale.[14]
Key topics of the III congress edit
- Central issue discussed at the III congress was the "March Action" in Germany.
- Paul Levi, KPD leader and ECCI member, had been expelled for labelling the March Action as 'putsch'.
- Situation in Czechoslovak and Italian parties also discussed
- Comintern, at III congress, renounced 'theory of the offensive' and recognized that 'the post-war revolutionary ferment is over' and that 'capitalism had managed to restore a temporary equilibrium'.[16]
- "Även om Serrati- och Levikriserna kastade sin skugga, fördes dock inga häxprocesser ännu och avvikande meningar kunde framföras. En viss opposition hade bedrivits av ”revolutionens mäktigaste talarinna” Alexandra Kollontay och Alexander Schlapnikov"[17]
Agenda and proceedings edit
Congress was opened by Zinoiev[15]
Agenda included;
- The World Economic Crisis and the New Tasks of the Communist International (Trotsky)
- Report on the activities of the ECCI (Zinoiev)
- The Tactics of the Communist International (Radek)
- The relations of the Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) to the Communist International; and the struggle against the "yellow trade union international" (Zinoiev, Heckert)
- The tactics of the Russian Communist Party (Lenin)
- The structure of communist parties and the methods and content of their work (W. Koenen)
- The women's movement (Clara Zetkin)
- The Communist International and the communist youth movement (Munzenberg)
- The co-operative question (Mescerjakov)
Documents adopted edit
- These on the world situation and the tasks of the Communist International
- Resolution on the report of the ECCI
- Resolution on the situation in the German Communist Party
- Theses on tactics
- Theses on the structure of communist parties and on the methods and content of their work
- Resolution on the organization of the ECCI
- Theses on the Communist International and the RILU
- Resolution on the March Action in Germany and about the situation in the KPD
- Theses on tactics of the Russian Communist Party
- Resolution on tactics of the Russian Communist Party
- Resolution on methods of work among the women of the communist party
- Resolution on the Communist International and the Communist Youth International
- Resolution on the co-operative question
- Appeal to the world proletariat
India edit
- "At the Comintern's Third Congress in June 1921, 14 Indians, remnants of the German “Indian Provisional Government,” showed up. They had cooled their heels in Berlin since the war hoping to find a new patron but refusing at first to turn to Soviet Russia. But three years changed their outlook, and encouraged by the Soviet ambassador in Berlin they went to Moscow to talk to Lenin. They urged him to dump Roy and let them revolutionize India without accepting Lenin's atheistic ideology. Lenin listened politely and said no. Many of the Indians left Russia miffed but two remained, one to work in the Comintern headquarters, the other, Nalini Gupta, to become Roy's valued assistant and an important mover in the Indian Leninist subsidiary's early history."[18] --Soman (talk) 10:47, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
- "It is interesting to note that the Berlin group of revolutionaries led by Virendranath Chattopadhyaya finally reached Moscow in 1921 to meet the Comintern leadership. They were of the view that first India should get rid of British rule and thereafter form the Communist Party. They wanted the Comintern’s assistance for the national liberation struggle. They did not want M N Roy and his group to be recognised as the Indian Communist Party. A commission of the Comintern after hearing all the views decided to recognise the Party formed in Tashkent as the Indian Communist group."[19]
- "It may be casually pointed out that the formation of the party at Tashkent was challenged by the delegation of Indian revolutionaries who had come from Berlin to Moscow to attend the Third World Congress of the Communist International."[20]
- "However , no organized communist activity , even on a very small scale , seems to have existed in India in the period 1917 - 21 ."[1]
- "In the meantime, an Indian Revolutionary Committee had been.formed in Berlin, at the .end of 1920, with the blessings of Michael Borodin, who was then staying there to make arrangements for the journey of the delegates to· the Third World Congress of the Comintern.50 Now, with Russian money, thirteen members of this committee, including Chattopadhyaya, Bhupendranath Datta, Birendninath Dasgupta, Herambalal Gupta, Pandurang Khankoje, Gulam Ambia Luhani and Miss Agnes Smedley, left for Moscow, in the beginning of March. They were also joined by Nalini Gupta, who had come to Berlin at the end of 1920, but had not joined. this committee"[21]
Bund edit
- "... delegate representatives to the Ill Congress of the Communist International, to enable them to get into closer contact with the entire Comintern, also to afford us an opportunity to get better acquainted with the Bund through their intermediary. But the results of the presence of the two delegates of the central committee of the Bund who were admitted to the Congress with consultative votes, did not meet with the desired expectations. The delegates to the Bund did not participate in the work of the work of the Congress, did not request the floor on any question, whether in the commissions or in the plenary sessions, while one of the them availed himself of his stay at Moscow to commit a trespass against the Soviet Republic, in consequence of which a commission of the Executive Committee pronounced him as unworthy of participating in the negotiations of the Executive Committee."[22] --Soman (talk) 11:05, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
- "Walecki was firmly opposed to conditional membership of the Bund, denouncing it as a nationalist, separatist, and opportunistic party; he was also opposed to the proposal of Zinoviev and Radek, representatives of the Executive Committee, to invite the Bund to the upcoming Third Congress of the Comintern."[23]
- "The task of the Bund Central Committee delegation to the Third Congress of the Communist International was to raise once again the Bund question. It was to appeal to the Congress to rescind the decision of the Executive and agree to include the Bund without the conditions considered unacceptable by the Party. But the Bund delegation was greeted with hostility from the very beginning of their stay in Moscow. It turned out that in the time between March 1921 (the meeting with the special Bund emissary) and June 15 of the same year (the opening of the Third Congress), the Polish Communists managed to cast the Bund in a particularly harsh light to the authoritative Comintern circles."[24]
- "Besides these there were delegates from the Young Communist Movement, the Near and Far Eastern Bureau, the “Polish Bund,” and “Paole Zion,” the two latter with a consultative vote until their question of affiliating to the Communist International.[25]
Misc. delegates, whose party identity needs clarification? edit
- Arthur Holitscher, mention as 'participant' in the III congress of Comintern.[26] There might be an error here, since per Wikipedia he travelled to Russia for 3 months in September 1920, so it could have been the Second Congress instead.
- Sergei Dalin - Сергей Алексеевич Далин - attended the II KIM congress per [27] Delegate at III Comintern congress, as of 1920 Kazakhstan Komsomol official, in 1921 elected to the Far Eastern Secretariat.[28] Perhaps he's the Far East youth delegate??
- Varsenika Kasparova? Mentioned as having been elected to the Communist International Women's Secretariat in 1921.[29] Delegate at III Congress, and if so which delegation (RCP(b)? Tatar? Baku? Far East?)
- Shaymardan Ibragimov - this ref [30] says he attended the III congress in 1920... so either its the III congress or the date is misprinted.
Women's conference edit
- 9-15 June, 1921, 2nd International Conference of Communist Women, 82 delegates from 28 countries (increased from 25 delegates of 19 countries in first conference)[31]
- July 1921; new International Women's Secretariat elected; Zetkin (general secretary), Kollontai, Varsenika Kasparova, Zinaida Lilina, Colliard, Sturm.[31]
- "Wie Sturm später ausführte, stand die II. Internationale Frauenkonferenz noch ganz im Zeichen der revolutionären Offensivtheorie, die erst wenig später, mit dem III. Weltkongreß, zugunsten einer neuen Taktik, der Einheitsfrontpolitik, verändert wurde."[31]
- Before the congress, a conference of women of the east organized by Kasparova with 45 delegates[31] - same as the IWS conference? when? seems it was also in Moscow around III congress
Japan and Japanese group in US edit
- Taguchi Unzo, delegate, Japanese communist movement[32]
- "Kondo was unable to keep his promise to attend the Third Congress of the Comintern held at Moscow from June 22 to July 12, but there were two Japanese present—Yoshiwara Gentaro and Taguchi Unzo. Yoshiwara, a participant in the Japanese socialist group in the United States and a member of the American branch of the Industrial Workers of the World, had taken part in the Congress of the Peoples of the East held at Baku in September 1920. Taguchi was also from the United States; he had been designated by Katayama Sen, in accordance with Comintern instructions, to attend as the representative of the Japanese group in America. The Third Congress of the Comintern convened in an atmosphere of disappointment, largely because the communist revolutionary movement had failed to achieve success outside Russia."[33]
- [34] implies that Yoshiwara Gentaro did not come to Moscow as an official IWW delegate. --Soman (talk) 00:06, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
- Kondo Eizo
Süleyman Nuri edit
delegate[32], but in which delegation? (Turkish? Armenian? Baku?) --Soman (talk) 12:11, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
- Turkish according to Bülent Gökay[35]
Poalei Zion edit
- "The World Union [of Left PZ...] wrote a letter to the Executive Council of the Communist International on April 20, 1921. In the letter it was made clear that the [Left] World Union Poale Zion had decided to join the Comintern. The decision was approved by the local parties. The Union asked to be accepted as a member under the name of a Jewish division, and request representation in the Congress and in the Executive Council of the Communist International"[36]
- PZ participated as consultative. At the end of the III congress, ECCI represented the following conditions to PZ - 1) PZ to abandon the notion of a homeland in Palestine, 2) the PZ World Union would be dissolved, 3) each of the PZ member parties would merge, as a Jewish section possibly, of the local communist party.[37]
Colonial question edit
Colonial question not given prominence at III congress, Lenin and Trotsky only mentioned it in passing. Roy criticized the lack of attention to colonial question, was rebutted by a Bulgarian delegate who argued that the question had already been discussed at length in the II congress and at the Congress of the Peoples of the East in Baku.[38]
Cuba edit
- RUBIO, José. "Representante acreditado de la Sección Comunista de Cuba en la Región Mexicana (1921). Dio a M. Díaz Ramírez* la credencial para representar a la Sección Comunista de Cuba en el III Congreso de la Comintern (5.4.1921). Fue detenido en la Ciudad de México (16.5.1921) y deportado a Laredo (EE.UU); después de su regreso de los EE.UU. fue deportado a España (06.1921)."[39] page number?
Bulgarian CWP edit
The Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria, linked with KAPD, sent delegates to III congress, but they were not seated.[40]
- "The opposition did not at all want to leave the party or the Comintern. It wanted to obtain the reintegration of those excluded. Consequently, the left-communist groups of the Bulgarian cp sent delegates to Moscow to get a mandate to allow them to participate, at least with a consultative voice, in the Third Congress of the Comintern" - wanted mandate on same lines as VKPD opposition. Radek refused, as there was no 'Bulgarian question'. In Jan 1922 formed BCWP.[41]
SLP edit
- The Socialist Labor Party, having rejected the 21 conditions, nevertheless sent two observers to the III congress.[42]
Seems they were detained upon arrival?[43] - It was Adolf S. Carm who was detained per the source, in the source described as SLP delegate to III congress, but- Adolf S. Carm, WIIU delegate to RILU congress, arrested, accused of "having given assistance to the state in repression of IWW". The two official SLP delegates also questioned. A commission was set-up to investigate, which found that the issue related to factional tension between IWW and CP. Carm released and allowed to attend RILU congress. Then arrested again. Carm released after Lenin had been informed and the SLP delegates had vouched for him.[34]
References
- ^ a b Communist Party of India (Marxist). History Commission (2005). History of the Communist Movement in India. CPI (M) Publications. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-87496-50-2.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ Öppningshögtidligheterna vid III Internationalens 3 kongress, in Norrskensflamman, 1921-07-01. p. 5
- ^ Babette Gross (1974). Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography. Michigan State University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87013-173-8.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ David Roberts (15 November 2011). The Total Work of Art in European Modernism. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-6097-5.
- ^ Stephen Kotkin (6 November 2014). Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-698-17010-0.
- ^ Leon Trotsky (1972). The First 5 Years of the Communist International. Monad Press. p. 172.
- ^ a b Сочинения. Партиздать Цк ВКП (б). 1936. p. 672.
- ^ Moskvakongressens tredje o. fjärde sammanträde, in Norrskensflamman, 1921-07-06. p. 7
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ a b c d Vilém Kahan (1990). Bibliography of the Communist International: 1919-1979. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 130-131. ISBN 90-04-09320-6.
- ^ Manabendra Nath Roy (2004). The Radical Humanist. Maniben Kara. p. 30.
- ^ Zeth Höglund (1951). Minnen i fackelsken. Tidens förlag. p. 46.
- ^ Eugene H. Methvin (1973). The Rise of Radicalism: The Social Psychology of Messianic Extremism. Arlington House. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-87000-158-1.
- ^ https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2019/1013_pd/formation-cpi-tashkent
- ^ Sukhbir Choudhary (1971). Peasants' and Workers' Movement in India, 1905-1929. People's Publishing House. p. 126.
- ^ https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-08-03-1970/bose-indian%20revolutionaries%20bolsheviksearly%20contacts%201918-1922.pdf
- ^ Bulletin of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. 26th State Typography. 1967. p. 44.
- ^ Gabriele Simoncini (1993). The Communist Party of Poland, 1918-1929: A Study in Political Ideology. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7734-9414-5.
- ^ Emanuel Nowogródzki; Mark Nowogrodzki (31 December 2001). The Jewish Labor Bund in Poland, 1915-1939: from its emergence as an independent political party until the beginning of World War II. Shengold. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-88400-214-7.
- ^ Communist International. Congress (1921). Report of Meetings Held at Moscow, June 22nd-July 12th, 1921. Communist Party of Great Britain. p. 42.
- ^ Алексей Николаевич Дубовиков; L. P. Lanskiĭ (1969). Из истории международного обьединения революционных писателей (МОРП). Наука. p. 631.
- ^ Проблемы Дальнего Востока. 1978. p. 192.
- ^ Я. В Васильков (2003). Люди и судьбы: биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов--жертв политического террора в советский период (1917-1991). Петербургское Востоковедение. p. 139. ISBN 978-5-85803-225-0.
- ^ John Riddell (14 October 2011). Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922. BRILL. p. 1254. ISBN 978-90-04-20779-0.
- ^ А. И. Сухарев (2004). Мордовия: А-М. Мордовское книжное изд-во. p. 350.
- ^ a b c d Bayerlein, Bernhard H.. Zwischen Internationale und GULAG. Präliminarien zur Geschichte der internationalen kommunistischen Frauenbewegung (1919-1945). Teil 1. In: The International Newsletter of Communist Studies Online 12 (2006), 19, pp. 27-47
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ a b Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. p. 174. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9. Cite error: The named reference "Tosstorff2016" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Gökay, Bülent (1993). "The Turkish Communist Party: The Fate of the Founders". Middle Eastern Studies. 29 (2): 220–235. ISSN 0026-3206.
- ^ Baruch Gurevitz (15 September 1980). National Communism in the Soviet Union, 1918-28. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8229-7736-0.
- ^ Gurevitz, Baruch, and Dominique Négrel. [www.jstor.org/stable/20169699 Un Cas De Communisme National En Union Soviétique Le Poale Zion: 1918-1928]. Cahiers Du Monde Russe Et Soviétique, vol. 15, no. 3/4, 1974, pp. 333–361.
- ^ Charles B. McLane (8 December 2015). Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia: An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4008-7966-3.
- ^ Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1212. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Philippe Bourrinet (8 December 2016). The Dutch and German Communist Left (1900–68): ‘Neither Lenin nor Trotsky nor Stalin!’ - ‘All Workers Must Think for Themselves!’. BRILL. p. 247. ISBN 978-90-04-32593-7.
- ^ Socialist Labor Party (1943). Workers of the World, Unite!: Declaration on the Dissolution of the Communist International, Adopted May 27, 1943. New York Labor News Company. p. 16.
- ^ Игорь Бунич (2003). Золото партии. Яуза. p. 213.
Polish sources edit
You asked me to look into that. Here is what I found:
- open access research paper in Polish on this conference. Well, at least it has quite a few paragraphs about it.
- Btw, I see this on Polish wikisource (booklet by Lenin in Polish). No English TL? Well, at least it gives you a picture to use in the article. Also PD is this newspaper article in Polish criticizing it, with a headline about it: [3].
- I am sorry, I couldn't find a list of delegates :( You can copy your question to WT:POLAND, there is a small chance someone else could notice it and help. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:28, 14 April 2020 (UTC)