Wikipedia

National symbols of India

(Redirected from List of national symbols of India)

The Government of India has designated official national symbols that represent the Republic of India. These symbols serve as the representation of the identity of the country.[1] When India obtained independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947, the tricolour flag officially became the first national symbol of the Dominion of India.[2] The Indian Rupee which was in circulation earlier was adopted as the official legal tender after independence.[3] The official state emblem with the motto Satyameva Jayate was adopted later on 30 December 1947.[4] The national anthem and song were adopted two days before the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950.[5] After India became a republic following the enactment of the constitution, the national symbols officially came to represent the Republic of India.[1][6][7] The last to be adopted as a national symbol was the national microbe Lactobacillus delbrueckii in October 2012.[8]

List of national and official symbols

edit
Symbol Name Image Adopted Notes
Official name Republic of India (Bharat Ganarajya)[9]
 
 26 January 1950[10] The Constitution of India uses the official names of India and Bharat.[10][11] The name "India" is derived from the Classical Latin India, a reference to the region beyond the Indus River. In turn, the name "India" was derived successively from Hellenistic Greek India ( Ἰνδία), ancient Greek Indos ( Ἰνδός), Old Persian Hindush (an eastern province of the Achaemenid Empire), and ultimately its cognate, the Sanskrit Sindhu, or "river", specifically the Indus River and, by implication, its settled basin.[12][13]

The term Bharat (Bhārat), mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature, is used in several Indian languages. Though Vedic literature uses the word to mention the Bharatha tribe, the earliest usage of the word to represent a larger territory was in the first century BCE.[14] It is derived from the region Bharatavarsha ruled by king Bharatha, whose name literally means "the shining one".[15][16] A modern rendering of the historical name, Bharat became a native name for India in the mid-20th century after its mention in the constitution.[17]

National flag Flag of India[9]
 
 15 August 1947 (Dominion of India)[2]

26 January 1950 (Republic of India)[18]		 The Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolour with equally sized deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom with the Dharma chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.[9][19] The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. Saffron indicates the strength and courage, white represents peace, green expresses fertility, growth and auspiciousness with the chakra symbolising truth.[1]

The flag was designed based on the swaraj flag design proposed by Pingali Venkayya.[20][21] The tricolour flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.[19] It was unfurled by the first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 15 August 1947.[22]

National emblem State Emblem of India[23]
 
 30 December 1947 (Dominion of India)[4]

26 January 1950 (Republic of India)[7]		 The national emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath consisting of four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolising power, courage, confidence and faith.[24] The lions are mounted on a circular abacus over a bell-shaped lotus. The abacus has a frieze carrying the reliefs of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion with a Dharma chakra in the middle.[23][1]

The motto "Satyameva Jayate" (English: Truth Alone Triumphs) is a quote taken from Mundaka Upanishad, the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.[25] It is inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script as a part of the state emblem.[23] The emblem was adopted by the constituent assembly on 30 December 1947.[4] The emblem in its present form was designed by Dinanath Bhargava when the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950.[7]

National motto Satyameva Jayate
("Truth Alone Triumphs")[23]
National anthem Jana Gana Mana[26]
("Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People")[27]
 
 24 January 1950 (Dominion of India)[26]

26 January 1950 (Republic of India)[10]		 "Jana Gana Mana" is taken from Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata, composed in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911.[28] It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at Calcutta.[29] The first stanza of the song was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the national anthem on 24 January 1950.[5] The national anthem is played in approximately 52 seconds.[1][5]
National song Vande Mataram[30]
("Mother, I bow to thee!")[31]
 
 24 January 1950 (Dominion of India)[1]

26 January 1950 (Republic of India)[10]		 Vande Mataram is a Sanskrit poem written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, first published in 1882 as part of the Bengali novel Anandmath.[32][1] The poem played a vital role in the Indian independence movement and gained political significance when it was recited by Tagore in 1896.[33] The first two verses of the song were adopted as the national song of India On 24 January 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of India.[1]
National days Independence Day[9]
 
 15 August 1947[34] The Indian Independence Act, 1947 was passed by the British Parliament in July 1947.[35] The Constituent Assembly of India met at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi, chaired by Rajendra Prasad in which Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India's independence.[36][37] The Dominion of India became an independent country on 15 August 1947.[35][38]
Republic Day[9]
 
 26 January 1950[39] Republic Day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of India and the country's transition to a republic on 26 January 1950.[40][41] The date was chosen as the Indian National Congress proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) on this day in 1930.[42][43]
Gandhi Jayanti[9]
 
 2 October[9] Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi espoused the philosophy of nonviolent resistance, played a key role in Indian Independence movement and, is regarded as the "Father of the Nation".[44][45]
Oath of allegiance National Pledge[46]
 
 26 January 1965[47] It was written in Telugu by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962.[48][49] The English version of the same was adopted as the national pledge.[50][46] The central advisory board on education directed that the pledge to be sung in schools from 26 January 1965.[51]
National currency Indian Rupee[52]
 
 15 August 1947[3]

15 July 2010 (symbol)[52]		 Indian rupee (ISO code: INR) is the official currency of India, the issuance of which is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.[53] Rupee is derived from rupya or rūpiya, which was used to denote various coins in usage since 4th century BCE.[54] The Indian rupee symbol, adopted in July 2010, is a combination of Devanagari "Ra" and the Roman letter "R" with two parallel horizontal lines at the top which represent the national flag and indicate equality.[52]
National calendar Indian National Calendar[55]
 
 22 March 1957[55] The Indian national calendar, based on the Shaka era Hindu calendar was adopted on 22 March 1957.[55] The calendar has 365 days across 12 months.[56] It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.[55]
National animal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris)[1]
 
 April 1973[57] The Bengal tiger was chosen as the national animal in a meeting of the Indian wildlife board in 1972 and was adopted officially in April 1973. It was chosen over the Asiatic lion due to the wider presence of the tiger across India.[57][58][57] Tiger is one of the big cats with prominent black stripes on a yellow coat and represents grace, strength, agility and power.[59] As of 2023, India is home to almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.[60]
National bird Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus)[1]
 
 1 February 1963[61] Indian peacock was designated as the national bird of India in February 1963.[61][62] A bird indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, the peacock is a colourful bird, with males being larger than females and consisting of blue neck and a spectacular long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers with colourful eyespots, which it raises into an arched fan during courtship.[62][63][64]
National heritage animal Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)[65][66]
 
 22 October 2010[67] Indian elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal in India and a cultural symbol throughout its range, appearing in various religious traditions and mythologies.[68][69] It is native to mainland Asia with nearly three-fourth of the population found in India.[70][71] It was declared as the national heritage animal of India on 22 October 2010.[65][67]
National tree Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)[72][73]
 
 1950[74] Indian banyan is a large tree native to the Indian subcontinent and produces aerial roots from the branches which grow downwards, eventually becoming trunks.[75] Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India.[76] The tree's structure and deep roots symbolise unity and as the tree gives shelter to various organisms , it denotes India and its people from different backgrounds.[72]
National fruit Mango (Mangifera indica)[72][77]
 
 1950[78] Mango is a large fruit tree with many varieties, believed to have originated in northeast India.[79][80][81] It has been cultivated in India since ancient times and is known for its deliciousness.[72] It is considered an economically important fruit in India and the country is the largest producer of mangoes worldwide.[82]
National aquatic animal Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)[83][84]
 
 18 May 2010[85] The Ganges river dolphin is an endangered freshwater or river dolphin endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in India. It was announced as the national aquatic animal in May 2010 to raise awareness towards its conservation.[85]
National reptile King cobra (Ophiophagus hanna)[66]
 
 King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snake and endemic to Asia.[86] The species has diversified coloration and possess a unique threat display, spreading its neck-flap and raising its head upright and hissing.[87][88] The snake occupies an eminent position in the mythology and folklore of India.[89][90]
National river Ganges River[91][92]
 
 4 November 2008[93] The Ganges rises in the western Himalayas and flows south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India.[94] It has been important historically with many cities located on its banks and is a lifeline to millions of people who live along its course.[95] It is considered as a sacred river and worshipped as a goddess in Hinduism.[96][97] In November 2008, Ganges was declared as a national river due to its close association with the lives of millions of Indians.[91]
National microbe Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus[8]
 
 18 October 2012[8] Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a gram-positive bacterium used for the production of yogurt and plays a crucial role in natural processes involving fermented products.[98] It is also considered a probiotic.[99] It was declared as the national microbe in 18 October 2012 and was selected by children through voting.[8]
National flower Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)[72][100]
 
 1950[101] Lotus is an aquatic plant adapted to grow in the flood plains. Lotus seeds can remain dormant and viable for many years, therefore the plant is regarded as a symbol of longevity.[102][103] It occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture.[104][105]

While the flower was stated to be declared as the national flower of India in 1950,[101] the government has declared that no national flower exists despite contrary claims made by government officials and ministers.[106][107]

National game Field hockey[72]
 
 Field hockey is a team sport in which India has won the gold at the summer olympics eight times, the most by any nation.[108] As per a 2012 reply from Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to a RTI query, there was no declared national game in India.[109] But Field hockey continues to be listed as the national game in Indian Government websites and text books.[72][110]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "National Symbols". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Jha, Sadan (25 October 2008). "The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite". Economic and Political Weekly: 102–111. ISSN 0012-9976. OCLC 1567377.
  3. ^ a b "The Journey of Indian Rupee". The Daily Guardian. 3 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "Press Communique' – State Emblem" (PDF) (Press release). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Orders relating to National Anthem of India (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023. The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore's song known as "Jana Gana Mana" is the National Anthem of India
  6. ^ "Constitution of India". Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Sanchari Pal (26 December 2016). "A Tribute to the Artist who Sketched and Illuminated India's National Emblem". Better India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d "Education for Biodiversity Conservation". Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "India at a glance". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d The Constitution of India (PDF). Constituent Assembly of India. 26 January 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2012 – via Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
  11. ^ "India, that is Bharat: A short history of the nation's names, from the Rig Veda to the Constitution of India". The Indian Express. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Etymology of India". World History. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  13. ^ "India (noun)". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2009. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  14. ^ Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (2014). Rethinking Hindu Identity. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-317-49034-0.
  15. ^ "Two names, one nation: The origins of 'Bharat' and 'India'". India Today. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  16. ^ Lawrence A. Babb (2020). Religion in India: Past and Present. Liverpool University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-78046-623-1. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  17. ^ Adrija Roychowdhury (9 September 2023). "India, that is Bharat: A short history of the nation's names, from the Rig Veda to the Constitution of India". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  18. ^ "Indian tricolor". Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  19. ^ a b "National flag". Government of India. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  20. ^ Muzaffar H. Syed; Anil Kumar; B.D. Usmani; Pramod Gupta (2022). Post Independence India. K.K. Publications. p. 355. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  21. ^ Ramachandra Guha (2019). Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World. Penguin Random House. p. 177. ISBN 978-9-35305-259-1. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  22. ^ "Where did Nehru unfurl Tricolour on August 15, 1947? It wasn't the Red Fort". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d "State Emblem". Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  24. ^ "The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Act, 2005" (PDF). 20 December 2005. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  25. ^ "Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Standing Committee On Home Affairs: 116th Report on The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Bill, 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2013.
  26. ^ a b "National Anthem". Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  27. ^ "English translation of Jana Gana Mana". Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  28. ^ Rabindranath Tagore (2004). The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore: Poems. Sahitya Akademi. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-260-1295-4. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  29. ^ Chowdhury, Arunangsu Roy. "100 years since 'Jana Gana Mana' was born". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  30. ^ "National Song". Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  31. ^ "The meaning and history of Vande Mataram". Times Now. 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  32. ^ Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (2003). Bande Mataram, the Biography of a Song. Penguin. pp. 1–8, 73–76, 90–99. ISBN 978-0-14-303055-3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  33. ^ Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. New York: Random House (Harmony Books). pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  34. ^ "Independence day". Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  35. ^ a b "A brief history of non-Independent period of Independent India". The Week. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  36. ^ "Constituent Assembly of India Volume V". Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  37. ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947". Fordham University. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  38. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. London: Macmillan Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-230-01654-5. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  39. ^ "Republic day of India". Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  40. ^ Constitution of India (PDF). Constituent Assembly of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023 – via Government of India.
  41. ^ "Republic Day, January 26: History, Significance & Celebration". The Times of India. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  42. ^ "Purna Swaraj resolution". Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  43. ^ Janamey Choudhary (January 2022). "Purna Swaraj and our constitution" (PDF). Odisha Review: 1-3. ISSN 0970-8669. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  44. ^ "When is Gandhi Jayanti". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  45. ^ "UN declares 2 October, Gandhi's birthday, as International Day of Non-Violence". United Nations. 15 June 2007. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  46. ^ a b "Indian Pledge by Staff Members". Ministry of Education, Government of India. 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  47. ^ "Do you know we have a National Pledge?". Hindustan Times. 20 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  48. ^ "Visakhapatnam remembers 'pledge' composer". Times of India. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  49. ^ "The 'Pledge', now 50, is the pride of Telugus!". The Hindu. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  50. ^ Rajya Sabha debate (PDF) (Report). Parliament of India. 4 December 1964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  51. ^ Biswas, Arabinda; Agrawal, S. P. (1 January 1986). Development of education in India: a historical survey of educational documents before and after independence. Concept Publishing Company. p. 140. ISBN 978-8-17022-066-4. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  52. ^ a b c "Currency symbol". Government of India. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  53. ^ "Basics of Indian Currency/Currency Management". Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  54. ^ Goyal, Shankar (1999). "The Origin and Antiquity of Coinage in India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 80 (1/4). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute: 144. JSTOR 41694581. Panini makes the statement (V.2.120) that a 'form' (rüpa) when 'stamped' (ahata) or when praise-worthy (prašamsa) takes the ending ya (i.e. rupya).
  55. ^ a b c d "National Calendar". Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  56. ^ Report of the Calendar Reform Committee (Report). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1955. pp. 255–256. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  57. ^ a b c "Tiger grabbed lion's national animal status". The Times of India. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  58. ^ "Royal Bengal Tiger: The National Animal of India". Jagranjosh. 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  59. ^ "National Animal". Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  60. ^ Qureshi, Q.; Jhala, Y. V.; Yadav, S. P. & Mallick, A. (2023). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 (PDF) (Report). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  61. ^ a b "Why peacock is considered the national bird". News9. 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  62. ^ a b "National Bird". Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  63. ^ Hugh Whistler (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson. pp. 401–410. ISBN 978-1-4067-4576-4.
  64. ^ WT Blanford (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol. 4. Taylor and Francis. pp. 681–70.
  65. ^ a b "MOEF to Declare Elephant as National Heritage Animal" (Press release). Government of India. 31 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  66. ^ a b "Significant symbols". The Hindu. 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  67. ^ a b "Elephant declared national heritage animal". Hindustan Times. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  68. ^ DeVito, Carole; DeVito, Pasquale (1994). India – Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India). United States Educational Foundation in India. p. 4.
  69. ^ Martin-Dubost, Paul (1997). Gaṇeśa, the Enchanter of the Three Worlds. Franco-Indian Research. pp. 412–416. ISBN 978-8-19001-843-2.
  70. ^ "Indian elephant". WWF. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  71. ^ "India has 27,312 elephants, census shows". The Hindu. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g "National symbols of India". ENVIS, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  73. ^ Judgement of National Green Tribunal South Zone (Report). National Green Tribunal. 6 November 2023. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  74. ^ "National Tree of India". Adda247. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  75. ^ "Ficus benghalensis". Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  76. ^ "National Tree". Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  77. ^ "National Mango Festival". Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  78. ^ "National fruit". Cultural India. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  79. ^ Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mango (Mangifera indica L.)". In: Fruits of Warm Climates; New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 221–239. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  80. ^ Kuhn, David N.; Bally, Ian S. E.; Dillon, Natalie L.; Innes, David; Groh, Amy M.; Rahaman, Jordon; Ophir, Ron; Cohen, Yuval; Sherman, Amir (20 April 2017). "Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 577. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00577. PMC 5397511. PMID 28473837.
  81. ^ Warschefsky, Emily J.; Wettberg, Eric J. B. (June 2019). "Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication". New Phytologist. 222 (4): 2023–2037. doi:10.1111/nph.15731. PMID 30730057.
  82. ^ "FAO statistics". FAO. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  83. ^ "Dolphin Declared National Aquatic Animal" (PDF) (Press release). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 18 May 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  84. ^ "Dolphin becomes India's national aquatic animal". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009.
  85. ^ a b Dolphin Declared National Aquatic Animal (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  86. ^ Leon Gray (2013). King Cobra: The World's Longest Venomous Snake. Bearport Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-61772-732-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  87. ^ Lillywhite, Harvey B. (2014). How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior of the World's Snakes. Oxford University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-19-538037-8.
  88. ^ James E. Gerholdt (1996). King Cobras. Abdo & Daughters. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-56239-516-2. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  89. ^ S.A. Minton Jr.; M.R. Minton (1980). Venomous reptiles. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-16626-1.
  90. ^ "Ancient snakes of India". India Today. 20 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  91. ^ a b "Ganga to be declared a "National River"" (Press release). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  92. ^ "National Mission for Clean Ganga". Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  93. ^ "First anniversary of Ganga being declared as National River of India". The Times of India. 4 November 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  94. ^ Swain, Ashok (2004). Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-135-76883-6.
  95. ^ Rice, Earle (2012). The Ganges River. Mitchell Lane Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-61228-368-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  96. ^ Alter, Stephen (2001). Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers. ISBN 978-0-15-100585-7. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  97. ^ Bhattacharji, Sukumari; Bandyopadhyay, Ramananda (1995). Legends of Devi. Orient Blackswan. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-250-0781-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  98. ^ Stachelska, Milena Alicja; Foligni, Roberta (2018). "Development of a time-effective and highly specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in artisanal raw cow's milk cheese". Acta Veterinaria Brno. 87 (3): 301–308. doi:10.2754/avb201887030301. ISSN 0001-7213.
  99. ^ School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi?an, China; Shaanxi Heshi Dairy, China; Chen, He; Huang, Jie; Shi, Xiaoyu; Li, Yichao; Liu, Yu (30 December 2017). "Effects of six substances on the growth and freeze-drying of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus [pdf]". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria. 16 (4): 403–412. doi:10.17306/J.AFS.2017.0512.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  100. ^ "National flower". Government of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020.
  101. ^ a b "Lotus flower is associated with India's cultural identity". Deccan Herald. 13 November 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  102. ^ "Sacred lotus may hold secret of longevity". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  103. ^ Shen-Miller, J.; Schopf, J. W.; Harbottle, G.; Cao, R.-j.; Ouyang, S.; Zhou, K.-s.; Southon, J. R.; Liu, G.-h. (2002). "Long-living lotus: Germination and soil -irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany. 89 (2): 236–47. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.236. PMID 21669732.
  104. ^ A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times. S. Chand Publishing. p. 552. ISBN 978-9-35501-683-6. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  105. ^ "Sacred Lotus". Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  106. ^ "There is no 'national flower' for India, Minister tells in Rajya Sabha". The Hindu. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  107. ^ "MEA controversy: Is lotus the national flower?". Deccan Herald. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  108. ^ "Indian field hockey records". Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  109. ^ "Hockey is not our national game: Ministry". The Times of India. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  110. ^ "Govt to review its portal article on hockey as national game". Business Standard. 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_India&oldid=1234446195"