This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2021) |
The following multigraphs are used in the Cyrillic script. The palatalized consonants of Russian and other languages written as C-⟨ь⟩ are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the languages of the Caucasus, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate 'tense' ('strong') consonants and long vowels; sequences with ⟨в⟩, ⟨у⟩, ⟨ә⟩ for labialized consonants; and sequences with ⟨ӏ⟩ or ⟨ъ⟩ for ejective consonants or pharyngealized consonants and vowels. Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs. See Cyrillic digraphs for examples.
АEdit
ВEdit
ГEdit
- Adyghe: [ɡʷ]
- Kabardian: [ɡʷ]
- Ossetian: [ɡʷ]
- Also found in several other languages where ⟨у⟩ is used for labialization (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
- Aleut language (Bering dialect): [w]
- Abaza: [ʁ]
- Adyghe: [ʁ]
- Aghul: [ʁ]
- Archi: [ʁ]
- Avar: [ʁ]
- Bezhta: [ʁ]
- Crimean Tatar: [ɣ]
- Dargwa: [ɣ]
- Kabardian: [ʁ]
- Karachay-Balkar: [ʁ]
- Kumyk: [ʁ]
- Lezgian: [ʁ]
- Ossetian: [ʁ]
- Tabasaran: [ʕ]
- Tatar: word-final [ʁ]
ӶEdit
ДEdit
- Abaza: [d͡ʒ]
- Adyghe: [d͡ʒ]
- Aghul: [d͡z]
- Belarusian: [d͡ʐ]
- Bulgarian: [d͡ʒ]
- Crimean Tatar: [d͡ʒ]
- Dargwa: [d͡ʒ]
- Kabardian: [d͡ʒ]
- Karachay-Balkar: [d͡ʒ] (Karachay); [d͡z] (Balkar)
- Komi: [d͡ʒ]
- Lezgian: [d͡ʒ]
- Ossetian: [d͡ʒ]
- Russian: [d͡ʐ]
- Tabasaran: [d͡ʒ]
- Ukrainian: [d͡ʒ]
- Abaza: [d͡z]
- Adyghe: [d͡z]
- Belarusian: [d͡z]
- Bulgarian: [d͡z]
- Dargwa: [d͡z]
- Kabardian: [d͡z]
- Komi: [d͡ʑ]
- Lezgian: [d͡z]
- Ossetian: [d͡z]
- Russian: [d͡z]
- Shughni: [d͡z]
- Tabasaran: [d͡z]
- Ukrainian: [d͡z]
- Russian: [t͡ɕ] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ЕEdit
ЁEdit
ЖEdit
- Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced [ʐd] (palatalized to [ʐdʲ] before ⟨ь⟩ and palatalizing vowels). However, in the word дождь ("rain") and its derivatives, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound [ʑː] (devoiced to [ɕː] in the nominative singular of дождь). The unpalatalized pronunciation [ʐː] in these words (unlike words with ⟨жж⟩ or ⟨зж⟩) is uncommon and considered nonstandard.
- Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced [ʐː]. However, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound [ʑː] (though this is becoming increasingly outdated).[1]
- Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ЗEdit
- Russian: [ʐː] (regular) or [ʑː] (conservative Moscow pronunciation) (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
- Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ӠEdit
ИEdit
ЙEdit
КEdit
- Adyghe: [kʷ]
- Kabardian: [kʷ]
- Ossetian: [kʷ] or [kʷʰ]
- Also found in several other languages where ⟨у⟩ is used for labialization (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
- Abaza: [qʼ]
- Adyghe: [q]
- Aghul: [qː]
- Archi: [qʼ]
- Avar: [q͡χːʼ]
- Chechen: [qʼ]
- Crimean Tatar: [q]
- Dargwa: [ɢ]
- Ingush: [qʼ]
- Kabardian: [q]
- Karachay-Balkar: [q]
- Kumyk: [ɢ] or [q]
- Lezgian: [q]
- Ossetian: [kʼ]
- Tabasaran: [qːʰ]
- Tatar: [q]
- Abaza: [kʲ]
- Abkhaz: [kʲʼ]
- Aghul: [qʼ]
- Archi: [k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ] or [ʟ̝]
- Avar: [t͡ɬːʼ]
- Dargwa: [qʼ]
- Lezgian: [qʼ]
- Tabasaran: [qʼ]
ҚEdit
ҞEdit
ӃEdit
ЛEdit
НEdit
- Crimean Tatar: [ŋ]
- Yakut: [ɲ]
- In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for a word-final [n], equivalent to pinyin ⟨n⟩.
ҢEdit
ОEdit
ПEdit
РEdit
СEdit
- Russian: [ʐː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
- Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ТEdit
- Russian: [t͡ɕ] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ҬEdit
УEdit
ҮEdit
- Turkmen: (until 1993, in that year the Turkmen alphabet became Latin) [yː]
ФEdit
ХEdit
- Abaza: [q]
- Adyghe: [χ]
- Aghul: [qʰ]
- Archi: [qʰ]
- Avar: [q͡χː]
- Dargwa: [q]
- Kabardian: [χ]
- Lezgian: [qʰ]
- Ossetian: [q]
- Tabasaran: [qʰ]
ҲEdit
ЦEdit
- In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ], equivalent to pinyin ⟨z⟩ and, before an iotated vowel, ⟨j⟩.
ҴEdit
ЧEdit
- In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [t͡ʂ], equivalent to pinyin ⟨zh⟩.
ЏEdit
ШEdit
- Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
ЩEdit
ЫEdit
ЭEdit
ЮEdit
- In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [y], equivalent to pinyin ⟨yu⟩.
ЯEdit
ӏEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 224, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395