List of Christian denominations by number of members
 |
It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of Christian denominations. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2017.
|
This is a list of Christian denominations by number of members.
It is inevitably partial and generally based on claims by the denominations themselves. The numbers should therefore be considered approximate and the article an ongoing work-in-progress. With about 2.42 billion adherents all over the world,[1] Christianity is the largest religious group in the world.
The list includes the Catholic Church including the Eastern Catholic Churches; all the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches with some recognition and their offshoots; Protestant denominations with at least 0.2 million members; the provinces of the Anglican Communion with at least 0.2 million members; all the other Christian branches with distinct theologies, such as Restorationist and Nontrinitarianian denominations; the independent Catholic denominations; and the Church of the East.
Contents
Christianity – 2.42 billionEdit
Catholic Church – 1.285 billionEdit
A map of Catholicism by population percentage.
Catholic population exceeds 1.28 billion.[2]
Figures below are in accordance with Church’s Book of Statistics (2014).[3]
- Latin Church – 1.255 billion
- Prominent movements:
- Catholic Charismatic Renewal – 160 million[4]
- Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima – 20 million
- Legion of Mary (active and auxiliary) – 10 million
- International Catholic Conference of Scouting – 8 million
- Cursillo – 5 million
- Worldwide Marriage Encounter – 5 million couples
- Marian Movement of Priests – 5 million
- Militia Immaculatae – 3 million
- International Alliance of Catholic Knights – several million
- Knights of Columbus – 1.9 million
- Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement – several million
- Nocturnal Adoration Societies - 2 million
- Neocatechumenal Way – 1 million
- Couples for Christ - 1 million
- Society of Saint Vincent de Paul – 0.8 million
- Secular Franciscan Order – 0.4 million
- Young Christian Workers (JOC) - 0.2 million
- School of the Cross - 0.2 million
- Focolare Movement – 0.14 million
- Christian Life Community - 0.12 million
- Opus Dei – 0.095 million
- Pax Romana (organization) - 0.06 million
- Community of Sant'Egidio – 0.05 million
- Communion and Liberation - 0.05 million
- Salesian Cooperators Association - 0.03 million
- Christian Life Movement - 0.025 million
- Regnum Christi – 0.02 million
- Our Lady's Rosary Makers – 0.017 million
- Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans – 0.012 million
- Eastern Catholic Churches – 16.3 million[5]
- Alexandrian Rite
- Ethiopian Catholic Church – 0.2 million[6]
- Coptic Catholic Church – 0.2 million[6]
- Eritrean Catholic Church – 0.2 million[7]
- Antiochene Rite
- Maronite Catholic Church – 3.1 million[6]
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church – 0.4 million[6]
- Syriac Catholic Church – 0.1 million[6]
- Armenian Rite
- Armenian Catholic Church – 0.4 million[6]
- Byzantine Rite
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church – 4.3 million[6]
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church – 1.3 million[6]
- Romanian Greek Catholic Church – 0.7 million[6]
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church – 0.5 million[6]
- Hungarian Greek Catholic Church – 0.3 million[6]
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church – 0.2 million[6]
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church – 0.1 million[6]
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church – 0.1 million[6]
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia – 0.05 million[8]
- Georgian Byzantine Catholic Church – 0.01 million[9]; not sui iuris
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million[6]
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million[6]
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church – 0.01 million[6]
- Macedonian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million[6]
- Russian Greek Catholic Church – 0.01 million[6]
- Chaldean Rite
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church – 3.8 million[6]
- Chaldean Catholic Church – 0.4 million[6]
- Canonically irregular groups
- Society of Saint Pius X – 0.5 million[10]
Protestantism – 920 millionEdit
.svg)
Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after the Catholic Church by number of followers. Estimates vary considerably, from 400 million up to more than a billion.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] One of the reasons is the lack of a common agreement among scholars about which denominations constitute Protestantism. For instance, most of the sources but not all of them include Anglicanism as part of Protestantism (see below). Moreover, Protestant denominations do not form a single communion, comparable to those of the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy. Nevertheless, 900 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars, and thus is used in this article. Note that 900 million figure also includes Anglicanism, as well as Anabaptists, Baptists and multiple other groups which have in their scope some denominations that might disavow a common "Protestant" designation, and would rather prefer to be called, simply, "Christian".
- Historical Protestantism – 300–400 million[12]
- Baptist churches – 75–105 million[12][18]
- Southern Baptist Convention – 15.2 million[19]
- National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. – 7.5 million[20]
- Nigerian Baptist Convention – 5.0 million[21]
- National Missionary Baptist Convention of America – 3.1 million[21]
- National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. – 3.1 million[21]
- Baptist Union of Uganda – 2.5 million[21]
- Baptist Community of Western Congo – 2.1 million[21]
- Baptist General Convention of Texas – 2.1 million[21]
- Baptist Convention of Tanzania – 2.0 million[21]
- Brazilian Baptist Convention – 1.6 million[21]
- Progressive National Baptist Convention – 1.5 million[21]
- Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India – 1.3 million[21]
- Baptist Bible Fellowship International – 1.2 million[22]
- American Baptist Churches USA – 1.2 million[21]
- Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention – 1.1 million[21]
- Baptist Community of the Congo River – 1.1 million[21]
- National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. – 1.0 million[22]
- Myanmar Baptist Convention – 1.0 million[21]
- Cooperative Baptist Fellowship – 0.8 million[21]
- Baptist General Association of Virginia – 0.6 million[21]
- Baptist Convention of Kenya – 0.6 million[21]
- Nagaland Baptist Church Council – 0.6 million[21]
- Korea Baptist Convention – 0.5 million[21]
- Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches – 0.5 million[21]
- Orissa Evangelical Baptist Crusade – 0.5 million[21]
- National Baptist Convention (Brazil) – 0.4 million[21]
- Church of Christ in Congo–Baptist Community of Congo – 0.4 million[23]
- Baptist Convention of Malawi – 0.3 million[21]
- Garo Baptist Convention – 0.3 million[21]
- Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches – 0.3[21]
- Ghana Baptist Convention – 0.3[21]
- Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda – 0.3 million[21]
- Conservative Baptist Association of America – 0.2 million[24]
- National Association of Free Will Baptists – 0.2 million[25]
- Convention of Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches – 0.2 million[21]
- Manipur Baptist Convention – 0.2 million[21]
- Baptist Community in Central Africa – 0.2 million[21]
- Lutheranism – 70–90 million[12][26]
- Evangelical Church in Germany - 21.9 million (11 million United Protestants i.e. Lutheran & Reformed, 10 million Lutherans, 1 million Reformed)[27]
- Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus – 8.3 million[28]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania – 6.5 million[29]
- Church of Sweden – 6.0 million[30][31]
- United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India – 4.5 million[32]
- Batak Christian Protestant Church – 4.5 million[33]
- Church of Denmark – 4.4 million[34]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland – 3.9 million[35][36]
- Church of Norway – 3.7 million[37][38]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America – 3.6 million[39][40]
- Malagasy Lutheran Church – 3.0 million[41]
- The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria – 2.2 million[42]
- Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod – 2.0 million[43]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea – 1.2 million[44]
- Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil – 0.7 million[45]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia – 0.7 million[46]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa – 0.6 million[47]
- The Protestant Christian Church – 0.5 million[33]
- The Indonesian Christian Church – 0.4 million[33]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia – 0.4 million[46]
- Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod – 0.4 million[48]
- Evangelical Free Church of America – 0.4 million[49]
- Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ – 0.3 million[50]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon – 0.3 million[51]
- Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria – 0.3 million[52]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe – 0.3 million[53]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia – 0.3 million[54]
- Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia – 0.3 million[33]
- Church of Iceland – 0.2 million[55]
- Simalungun Protestant Christian Church – 0.2 million[33]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil – 0.2 million[56]
- Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine – 0.2 million[57]
- Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia – 0.2 million[58]
- Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary – 0.2 million[59]
- Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church – 0.2 million[60]
- Methodism – 60–80 million[12][61][62]
- United Methodist Church – 12 million[63]
- African Methodist Episcopal Church – 2.5 million[64]
- Church of the Nazarene – 2 million[65]
- Methodist Church Nigeria – 2 million[66]
- The Salvation Army – 1,797,291 registered members[67]
- Methodist Church of Southern Africa – 1.7 million[68]
- Korean Methodist Church – 1.5 million[69]
- African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church – 1.4 million[70]
- United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast – 1 million[71]
- Free Methodist Church – 0.9 million[72]
- Christian Methodist Episcopal Church – 0.9 million[73]
- Methodist Church Ghana – 0.8 million[74]
- Methodist Church in India – 0.6 million[75]
- Methodist Church in Kenya – 0.5 million[76]
- Wesleyan Church – 0.4 million[77]
- Methodist Church of Great Britain – 0.2 million[78]
- Methodist Church in Brazil – 0.2 million[79]
- Calvinism (Reformed churches) – 55–100 million[12][80][81][82]
- Presbyterianism – 40–50 million
- Presbyterian Church of East Africa – 4.0 million[83]
- Presbyterian Church of Nigeria – 3.8 million[84]
- Presbyterian Church of Africa – 3.4 million[85]
- Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong) – 3.0 million[86]
- Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap) – 2.9 million[87]
- National Presbyterian Church in Mexico – 2.8 million[88]
- Church of Christ in Congo–Presbyterian Community of Congo – 2.5 million[89]
- Presbyterian Church of Cameroon – 1.8 million[90]
- Presbyterian Church (USA) – 1.5 million[91]
- Presbyterian Church of India – 1.3 million[92]
- Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – 1.3 million[93]
- Presbyterian Church of Brazil – 1.0 million[94]
- Presbyterian Church in Sudan – 1.0 million[95]
- Presbyterian Church in Cameroon – 0.7 million[96]
- Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu II.) – 0.7 million[97]
- Presbyterian Church in Korea (BaekSeok) – 0.6 million[98]
- Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana – 0.6 million[99]
- United Church of Christ in the Philippines – 0.5 million[100]
- Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa – 0.5 million[101]
- United Church of Canada – 0.4 million[102]
- Church of Scotland – 0.4 million[103]
- Presbyterian Church in America – 0.4 million[104]
- Presbyterian Church of Pakistan – 0.4 million[105]
- Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin) – 0.4 million
- Korean Presbyterian Church – 0.3 million[106]
- Presbyterian Church in Rwanda – 0.3 million[107]
- Uniting Church in Australia – 0.2 million[108]
- Presbyterian Church in Taiwan – 0.2 million[109]
- Presbyterian Church in Ireland – 0.2 million[110]
- Continental Reformed churches – 20–30 million
- Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar – 3.5 million[111]
- Protestant Church in Indonesia – 3.1 million[112]
- United Church in Zambia – 3.0 million[113]
- Evangelical Church of Cameroon – 2.5 million[114]
- Swiss Reformed Church – 2.4 million[115]
- Protestant Church in the Netherlands – 2.0 million[116]
- Christian Evangelical Church in Timor – 2.0 million[117]
- Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) – 1.1 million
- Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa – 0.7 million[118]
- United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands – 0.6 million[119]
- Protestant Church in Western Indonesia – 0.6 million[120]
- Evangelical Christian Church in Tanah Papua – 0.6 million[121]
- Protestant Church of Maluku – 0.6 million[122]
- Reformed Church in Hungary – 0.6 million[123]
- Reformed Church in Romania – 0.6 million[124]
- Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa – 0.5 million[125]
- Toraja Church – 0.4 million[126]
- Reformed Church of France – 0.4 million[127]
- Lesotho Evangelical Church – 0.3 million[128]
- Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera – 0.3 million[129]
- Christian Church of Sumba – 0.3 million[130]
- Karo Batak Protestant Church – 0.3 million[131]
- Christian Reformed Church of Nigeria – 0.3 million[132]
- Reformed Church in Zambia – 0.3 million[133]
- Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola – 0.2 million[134]
- Reformed Church in America – 0.2 million[135]
- Christian Reformed Church in North America – 0.2 million[136]
- Kalimantan Evangelical Church – 0.2 million[137]
- Javanese Christian Church – 0.2 million[138]
- Indonesia Christian Church – 0.2 million[139]
- Church of Christ in the Sudan Among the Tiv – 0.2 million[140]
- Church of Lippe – 0.2 million[141]
- Evangelical Church of Congo – 0.2 million[142]
- Christian Evangelical Church of Sangihe Talaud – 0.2 million[143]
- Central Sulawesi Christian Church – 0.2 million[144]
- Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany – 0.2 million[145]
- Congregationalism – 5 million
- United Church of Christ – 0.9 million[146]
- Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola – 0.9 million[147]
- United Congregational Church of Southern Africa – 0.5 million[148]
- Presbyterianism – 40–50 million
- Anabaptism – 4.0 million
- Mennonites – 2.1 million[149]
- Schwarzenau Brethren/German Baptists – 1.5 million[150]
- Amish – 0.3 million
- Hutterites – 0.05 million
- Hussites – 1 million
- Moravians – 0.825 million
- Czechoslovak Hussite Church – 0.14 million
- Unity of the Brethren – 0.035 million
- Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) – 0.4 million
- Modern Protestantism – 400–500 million
- Pentecostalism – 280 million[12]
- Assemblies of God – 67 million[151]
- Apostolic Church – 15 million
- International Circle of Faith – 11 million[152]
- Fangcheng Fellowship – 10 million[153]
- China Gospel Fellowship - 10 million
- Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) - 6 million
- International Church of the Foursquare Gospel - 9 million
- Church of God in Christ - 6.5 million[154]
- Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide – 5 million
- International Pentecostal Holiness Church – 4 million
- United Pentecostal Church International – 4 million
- The Pentecostal Mission – 2.5 million
- Christian Congregation of Brazil – 2.5 million
- True Jesus Church – 2.5 million
- The Church of Pentecost – 2.1 million
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God – 2 million
- Pentecostal Assemblies of the World – 1.5 million
- Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa – 1.2 million
- Church of God of Prophecy – 1.5 million
- Association of Pentecostal Churches of Rwanda – 1 million
- God is Love Pentecostal Church – 0.8 million
- Nondenominational evangelicalism – 80 million
- Calvary Chapel – 25 million
- Born Again Movement – 3 million[155]
- Association of Vineyard Churches – 15 million
- Christian and Missionary Alliance – 4 million[156]
- Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) – 1.2 million
- African initiated Protestant churches – 60 million[157]
- Zion Christian Church – 15 million
- Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim – 10 million
- Kimbanguist Church – 5.5 million
- Redeemed Christian Church of God – 5 million[158]
- Church of the Lord (Aladura) – 3.6 million[159]
- Council of African Instituted Churches – 3 million[160]
- Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit – 1.4 million[161]
- African Church of the Holy Spirit – 0.7 million[162]
- African Israel Church Nineveh – 0.5 million[163]
- Seventh-day Adventist Church – 20.0 million[164]
- New Apostolic Church – 10 million[165]
- Chinese-originated and Chinese Independent Churches – 10 million
Groups listed have origins in the Lord's Recovery movement associated with Watchman Nee and Witness Lee. The Shouters are an offshoot of the Local churches, considered a dangerous sect by the Chinese government; due to the extremely decentralized nature of both groups, there is controversy over which house churches should be actually considered part of each. Eastern Lightning, which is in turn an offshoot of The Shouters, is very hierarchical (in contrast to its predecessors) and teaches that Christ has already returned as a woman named Lightning Deng.- Local churches or Church Assembly Hall – between 1 and 10 million
- Eastern Lightning – 1 million
- The Shouters – unknown, probably less than 1 million
- Restoration Movement – 7 million
- Churches of Christ – 5 million
- Christian churches and churches of Christ – 1.1 million[22]
- Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) – 0.7 million[166]
- Community of Disciples of Christ in Congo – 0.7 million[167]
- Plymouth Brethren – 1 million[168]
Anglicanism – 85 millionEdit
A map of the Anglican Communion (blue), the Porvoo Communion (green), comprising European Anglican and Lutheran churches, and the Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic) (red), a federation of Old Catholic Churches.
- Anglican Communion – 80 million[169][disputed ]
- Church of England – 25.0 million[170]
- Church of Nigeria – 18.0 million[171]
- Church of Uganda – 8.1 million[172]
- Anglican Church of Kenya – 5.0 million[173]
- Episcopal Church of South Sudan and Sudan – 4.5 million[174]
- Church of South India – 3.8 million[175]
- Anglican Church of Australia – 3.1 million[176]
- Anglican Church of Southern Africa – 2.3 million[177]
- Anglican Church of Tanzania – 2.0 million[178]
- Episcopal Church in the United States – 1.9 million[179]
- Anglican Church of Canada – 1.6 million[180]
- Church of North India – 1.5 million[181]
- Anglican Church of Rwanda – 1.0 million[182]
- Church of the Province of Central Africa – 0.9 million[183]
- Anglican Church of Burundi – 0.8 million[184]
- Church in the Province of the West Indies – 0.8 million[185]
- Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia – 0.5 million[186]
- Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean – 0.5 million[187]
- Church of Christ in Congo–Anglican Community of Congo – 0.5 million[188]
- Church of Pakistan – 0.5 million[189]
- Church of Ireland – 0.4 million[190]
- Church of the Province of West Africa – 0.3 million[191]
- Anglican Church of Melanesia – 0.2 million[192]
- Episcopal Church in the Philippines - 0.1 million[193]
- Continuing Anglican movement and independent churches – 0.6 million
- Traditional Anglican Communion – 0.4 million[194]
- Anglican Church in North America – 0.1 million[195]
- Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa – 0.1 million[196]
Eastern Orthodox Church – 270 millionEdit
A map of Eastern Orthodoxy by population percentage.
The most common estimate of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide is 225–300 million, forming a single communion, making it the second largest, single Christian denomination behind the Catholic Church.[197] These are the adherents of the recognized Orthodox jurisdictions (autocephalous and autonomous churches) that are in full communion with each other. In addition, there are some Orthodox splinter groups and non-universally recognized churches.
- Autocephalous churches – 224 million
- Russian Orthodox Church – 150 million
- Romanian Orthodox Church – 23 million
- Church of Greece – 15 million
- Serbian Orthodox Church – 11.5 million
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church – 10 million
- Georgian Orthodox Church – 3.5 million
- Greek Orthodox Church of Constantinople – 3.5 million
- Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch – 2.5 million
- Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria – 1.5 million
- Orthodox Church in America – 0.08 million
- Polish Orthodox Church – 1 million
- Albanian Orthodox Church – 0.8 million
- Church of Cyprus – 0.7 million
- Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem – 0.14 million
- Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church – 0.07 million
- Autonomous churches – 13 million
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) – 7.2 million[198]
- Moldovan Orthodox Church – 3.2 million
- Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia – 1.25 million
- Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia – 0.62 million
- Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric – 0.34 million[citation needed]
- Estonian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) – 0.3 million
- Finnish Orthodox Church – 0.08 million
- Chinese Orthodox Church – 0.03 million
- Japanese Orthodox Church – 0.02 million
- Latvian Orthodox Church – 0.02 million
- Non-universally recognized churches – 27 million
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate) – 19.5 million[198]
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church – 0.8 million
- Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church – 2.4 million
- Macedonian Orthodox Church – 2 million
- Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance) – 0.75 million
- Old Calendarist Romanian Orthodox Church – 0.50 million
- Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church – 0.45 million
- Orthodox Church in Italy – 0.12 million
- Montenegrin Orthodox Church – 0.05 million
- Other separated Orthodox groups – 6 million
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church – 5.5 million
- Old Believers – 5.5 million
- Greek Old Calendarists – 0.86 million
- True Orthodox Church – 0.85 million
- Evangelical Orthodox Church – 0.07 million
Oriental Orthodoxy – 86 millionEdit
A map of Oriental Orthodoxy by population percentage.
Oriental Orthodox churches are the churches descended from those that rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Despite the similar name, they are therefore a different branch of Christianity from the Eastern Orthodox (see above).
- Autocephalous churches – 84 million
- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church – 48 million[199]
- Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria – 15.5 million
- Armenian Apostolic Church – 9 million[200]
- Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin – 6 million
- Holy See of Cilicia – 1.5 million
- Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople – 0.5–0.7 million[201]
- Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem – 0.34 million
- Syriac Orthodox Church – 6.6 million[202][203][204]
- Jacobite Syrian Christian Church – 1.2 million[205]
- Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church - 2.5 million
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church - 2 million[206]
- Autonomous churches - 1 million
- French Coptic Orthodox Church – 0.01 million
- Churches not in communion – 1 million
- Mar Thoma Syrian Church – 1.1 million[207]
- Malabar Independent Syrian Church – 0.06 million
- British Orthodox Church – 0.01 million
Restorationism and Nontrinitarianism – 35.2 millionEdit
- Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) – 16.3 million
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – 16.1 million[208]
- Community of Christ – 0.25 million[209]
- Jehovah's Witnesses – 8.5 million [210]
- Oneness Pentecostalism – 6 million
- United Pentecostal Church International – 4 million
- Pentecostal Assemblies of the World – 1.5 million
- Minor denominations – 4.4 million
- Iglesia ni Cristo – 2.3 million[211]
- La Luz del Mundo – around million (See La Luz del Mundo#Statistics)
- Unitarian Universalism – 0.6 million[212]
- Unitarian Universalist Association – 0.2 million[213]
(Unitarian Universalism developed out of Christian traditions but no longer identifies as a Christian denomination.)
- Unitarian Universalist Association – 0.2 million[213]
- Church of Christ, Scientist – 0.4 million
- Friends of Man – 0.07 million
- Christadelphians – 0.06 million
- Family International – 0.01 million
Independent Catholicism – 18 millionEdit
Various denominations self-identifying as Catholic, despite not being affiliated with the Catholic Church itself.[214]
- Philippine Independent Church – 6 million[215]
- Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association – 5 million[216]
- Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church – 5 million[217]
- Traditionalist Mexican-American Catholic Church – 2 million
- Old Catholic Church – 0.1 million
- Polish National Catholic Church – 0.025 million
- Apostolic Catholic Church – 0.005 million
- Palmarian Catholic Church – 0.0015 or 0.001 million[218]
Minor branches – 1 millionEdit
- Church of the East (Nestorianism) – 0.6 million
- Assyrian Church of the East – 0.5 million
- Ancient Church of the East – 0.1 million
- Messianic Judaism – 0.35 million[219]
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ "Status of Global Mission, 2015, in the Context of AD 1900–2050" (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 39, No. 1. Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
- ^ "Global Catholic population exceeds 1.28 billion – CatholicHerald.co.uk". 6 April 2017.
- ^ "Catholic Church Statistics 2016 – ZENIT – English".
- ^ "The Charismatic Renewal and the Catholic Church". Catholicworldreport.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Why So Many Rites in the Church – ZENIT – English".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches". Catholiceducation.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Rinunce e nomine".
- ^ http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf
- ^ "CCEO: text – IntraText CT". Intratext.com. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Society Of St. Pius X (SSPX) Criticizes Pope Francis". The Huffington Post. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's religious Population, CIA World Factbook
- ^ a b c d e f g Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population, The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, December 2011
- ^ Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy. 2005, page 119.( also in PDF file (archived from the original on 2008-04-13), p49), saying "Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America."
- ^ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2 August 2004). "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set". Routledge – via Google Books.
- ^ Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (7 May 2009). "The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations". Taylor & Francis – via Google Books.
- ^ Brown, Stephen F. (5 September 2017). "Protestantism". Infobase Publishing – via Google Books.
- ^ Noll, Mark A. (25 August 2011). "Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction". OUP Oxford – via Google Books.
- ^ "Baptist World Alliance". community.christianemergencynetwork.org. 2014-08-14.
- ^ Resources, Carol Pipes, LifeWay Christian. "Report: Southern Baptist Churches up in 2016; Baptisms, Membership Decline – Word and Way". Retrieved 2017-07-09.
- ^ About Us The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Baptist World Alliance – Statistics".
- ^ a b c Ron Rhodes, The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations, Harvest House, 2007
- ^ "Church of Christ in Congo – Baptist Community of Congo". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Conservative Baptist Association of America (CBAmerica)| American Denominations | The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "National Association of Free Will Baptists| American Denominations | The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and . Books.google.it. 2010-09-21. ISBN 9781598842043. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Zahlen und Fakten zum kirchlichen Leben – 2017" (PDF). ekd.de. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ ""Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus"". News and Events. EECMY. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
- ^ "Tanzania – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ Medlemmar i Svenska kyrkan 1972 - 2017 Svenska kyrkan
- ^ "Sweden – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Member Churches (All) – ::: Welcome to UNITED EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN INDIA :::". Uelci.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ a b c d e "Indonesia – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Denmark – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ Seurakuntien jäsentilasto 2018 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
- ^ "Finland – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ Church of Norway - main figures 4.6.2018 Statistics Norway
- ^ "Norway – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "ELCA Facts". ELCA.org.
- ^ "United States – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Madagascar – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Nigeria – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "LCMS statistics for 2016: membership down, contributions up". Lcms.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "Papua New Guinea – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Brazil – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ a b "Namibia – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "South Africa – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Welcome to the CELC Website!". Celc.info. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Statistics". EFCA. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Lutheran CORE Update". spiritofaliberal.com. Spirit of a Liberal. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ "Cameroon – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Austria – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Zimbabwe – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Latvia – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Iceland – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Brazil – International Lutheran Council".
- ^ "France – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Slovakia – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Hungary – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Estonia – The Lutheran World Federation".
- ^ "Member Churches". Worldmethodistcouncil.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Membership". www.methodist.org.uk.
- ^ Tooley, Mark. "The American Spectator : Thriving Christianity". Spectator.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "African Methodist Episcopal Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "'Our Mission Connexion' – Nazarene Communications Network". Ncnnews.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Methodist Church Nigeria". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Salvation Army International, statistics page". Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ "Methodist Church of Southern Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Korean Methodist Church". 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.
- ^ "African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
- ^ "United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Fast Facts". Fmwm.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Christian Methodist Episcopal Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Methodist Church Ghana". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Methodist Church in India". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Methodist Church in Kenya". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Wesleyan Church| American Denominations | The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Statistical overview of the Methodist Church" (PDF). methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
- ^ "Methodist Church in Brazil". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "About The World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC)". World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC). Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Old First Reformed Church in Park Slope : : The Reformed Church". Oldfirstbrooklyn.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ http://wcrc.ch/about-us
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of East Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Nigeria". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Africa". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ eng.chongshin.ac.kr
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Korea". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ http://www.executivaipb.com.br/Atas_CE_SC/SC/SC%202010/doc31_320.pdf
- ^ "Church of Christ in Congo – Presbyterian Community of Congo". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Cameroon". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ PCUSA Membership Numbers For 2016, PC (USA), 2016, retrieved 2018-02-14
- ^ "The Presbyterian Church of India" (PDF). Unitingworld.org.au. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Patrick Johnstone and Jason Mandryk, Operation World: 21st Century Edition (Paternoster, 2001), p. 419.
- ^ "Estatísticas 2011 : Dados ESTIMADOS" (PDF). Executivaipb.com.br. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ [1] Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church in Cameroon". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". Reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". Reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Ghana". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "United Church of Christ in the Philippines". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "United Church Statistics" (PDF). The United Church of Canada. 21 February 2018.
- ^ "About The Church of Scotland". The Church of Scotland. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
- ^ "PCA Statistics Five Year Summary". Pcaac.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church of Pakistan". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Korean Presbyterian Church – Statistic data of church reformiert-online.net
- ^ "Presbyterian Church in Rwanda". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ About the Uniting Church in Australia Uniting Church in Australia
- ^ "PCT Administration – Structure and Statistics". pct.org.tw. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
- ^ A Brief Guide to PCI Presbyterian Church in Ireland
- ^ "Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar (FJKM)". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". Reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "United Church of Zambia". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Administrator. "Qui sommes-nous?". Eeccameroun.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Statistische Jaarbrief 2015". Protestantse Kerk in Nederland. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
- ^ "Protestant Evangelical Church in Timor". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "United Church in Papua New Guinea". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Protestant Church in Western Indonesia". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Evangelical Christian Church in Tanah Papua". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Protestant Church in the Moluccas". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Reformed Church in Hungary". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Reformed Church in Romania". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Toraja Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Reformed Church of France". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Lesotho Evangelical Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Christian Church of Sumba". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Karo Batak Protestant Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Reformed Church of Christ in Nigeria". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Reformed Church in Zambia". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ^ "Reformed Church in America| American Denominations | The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ "Yearbook 2016" (PDF). crcna.org. Christian Reformed Church in North America. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- ^ "Kalimantan Evangelical Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Javanese Christian Churches". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Indonesian Christian Church (GKI)". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "The Church of Christ in the Sudan among the Tiv (NKST)". Recweb.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "EKD – Church of Lippe". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Evangelical Church of Congo". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Christian Evangelical Church of Sangihe Talaud". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Christian Church of Central Sulawesi". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "EKD – Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and North-Western Germany". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST STATISTICAL PROFILE – FALL 2017 The Center for Analytics, Research and Data (CARD) – United Church of Christ
- ^ "Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "United Congregational Church of Southern Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "mwc-cmm.org". mwc-cmm.org. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
- ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "STATISTICS OF THE ASSEMBLIES OF GOD" (PDF). Assemblies of God, USA. 2012-08-02.
- ^ Association of Christian Churches. Dr. James B. Gould. Washington, DC, USA. 2006.
- ^ God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World. Books.google.com. 2009-04-02. ISBN 9781101032411. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "Holy Convocation | COGIC FACT SHEET". Cogic.net. 1968-04-03. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Born Again Movement". Adherents.com. Retrieved Dec 10, 2014.
- ^ "Our World". Cmalliance.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Gordon Melton. "African Initiated Churches". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Redemption Camp - Armin Rosen".
- ^ "Church of the Lord (Aladura) Worldwide". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Council of African Instituted Churches". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "African Church of the Holy Spirit". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "African Israel Nineveh Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Adventist Review Online – Propelled by TMI, Adventist Church Tops 20 Million Members". www.adventistreview.org.
- ^ "New Apostolic Church International". Nak.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)| American Denominations | The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Christ in Congo – Community of Disciples of Christ in Congo". World Council of Churches. 2006. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
- ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "The Anglican Communion Official Website – Provincial Directory". Anglicancommunion.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of England". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Nigeria:". Anglican-nig.org. 2007-04-18. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Uganda". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Anglican Church of Kenya". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ [2] Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "CSI Christ Church – Location Map". Csimichigan.org. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Number of Australian Anglicans falls by 580,000 in five years: Census 2016". tma.melbourneanglican.org.au. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ "Anglican Church of Southern Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Anglican Church of Tanzania". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Table of Statistics of the Episcopal Church" (PDF). episcopalchurch.org. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- ^ "2011 National Household Survey – Religion". Statistics Canada, 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- ^ "Church of North India". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Province of the Episcopal Church in Rwanda". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of the Province of Central Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Anglican Church of Burundi". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church in the Province of the West Indies". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Aotearoa". Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Aotearoa. Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Aotearoa. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^ "Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Christ in Congo – Anglican Community of Congo". Oikoumene.org. 2003-12-20. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Pakistan". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Ireland". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Church of the Province of West Africa". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Church of Melanesia". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Episcopal Church in the Philippines". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
- ^ "Traditional Anglican bloc eyeing union with Rome is far-flung group". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ "South African Christian". Sachristian.co.za. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Mary Fairchild. "Orthodox Affiliation". About. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Патріярхат / Архів / Церкви України: тенденції розвитку:". Patriyarkhat.org.ua. 2003-11-21. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Ethiopia: Orthodox Head Urges Churches to Work for Better World". Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ "Catholicos of All Armenians". armenianchurch.org. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.
- ^ Khojoyan, Sara (16 October 2009). "Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries". ArmeniaNow.com. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ "Adherents.com". adherents.com.
- ^ "Adherents.com". adherents.com.
- ^ "AINA Estimates". Aina.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Mbiti, John S.; Vischer, Lukas; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2003). The Encyclopedia Of Christianity (Encyclopedia of Christianity) Volume 5. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 285. ISBN 0-8028-2417-X.
- ^ Not recognized by the Syriac Orthodox Church
- ^ [3] Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts". Lds.org. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. "Community of Christ General Denominational Information". Cofchrist.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "About Jehovah's Witnesses". JW.org. 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ "MAP: Iglesia ni Cristo in the Philippines".
- ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Skinner, Donald E. "membership growth in uua slows down". uuworld.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Christian, a born again. "Major World Christian Denominations, Rank, Size, Members, Adherents, Number Born Again; # in Christ's Congregation - Belief Bits.com".
- ^ "Philippine Independent Church". Oikoumene.org. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ (GMT+8) (2010-12-28). "Chinese Newspaper Attacks Pope's Christmas Criticism｜Culture｜News｜WantChinaTimes.com". Wantchinatimes.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Beliefs". Catholicshaveachoice.com. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Lundberg, Magnus (2015). "Modern alternative popes" (PDF). uu.diva-portal.org. Uppsala University Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
- ^ Posner, Sarah (29 November 2012). "Kosher Jesus: Messianic Jews in the Holy Land". The Atlantic.