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Austria–Hungary relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.
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 Austria |
 Hungary |
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Both countries are full members of the European Union. They share a 366 kilometres (227 mi) border, which can be crossed anywhere without control, because of the Schengen Agreement.
Country comparison
| Name | Austria | Hungary | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Official name | Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich) | Hungary (Magyarország) | ||
| Coat of Arms | 
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| Flag | 
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| Population | 8,725,931 | 9,830,485 | ||
| Area | 83,879 km2 (32,386 sq mi) | 93,028 km2 (35,919 sq mi) | ||
| Population Density | 101.4/km2 (262.6/sq mi) | 105.9/km2 (274.3/sq mi) | ||
| Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional republic | Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic | ||
| Capital | Vienna – 1,863,881 (2,600,000 Metro) | Budapest – 1,759,407 (2,524,697 Metro) | ||
| Largest City | ||||
| Official language | German (de facto and de jure) | Hungarian (de facto and de jure) | ||
| Main religions | 59.9% Roman Catholicism, 6% Orthodox, 3.4% Protestantism, 7% Islam, 0.2% Buddhism, 0.1% Judaism, 23.4% other or none | 38.9% Catholicism (Roman, Greek), 13.8% Protestantism (Reformed, Evangelical), 0.2% Orthodox, 0.1% Jewish, 1.7% other, 16.7% Non-religious, 1.5% Atheism, 27.2% undeclared | ||
| Ethnic groups | 81.1% Austrian, 2.7% German, 2.2% Serb, 2.2% Turk, 11.5% other | 83.7% Hungarian, 3.1% Roma, 1.3% German, 14.7% not declared | ||
| GDP (nominal) | $387.299 billion, $44,561 per capita | $132.683 billion, $13,487 per capita | ||
| External debt (nominal) | $802.010 billion (2014 Q1) – 200 % of GDP | $202.000 billion (2012 Q4) – 115 % of GDP | ||
| GDP (PPP) | $415.936 billion, $47,856 per capita | $265.037 billion, $26,941 per capita | ||
| Currency | Euro (€) – EUR | Hungarian forint (Ft) – HUF | ||
| Human Development Index | 0.885 (very high) | 0.828 (very high) | ||
| Expatriate populations | 55,038 Hungarian citizens lived in Austria in 2011 (census) | ? |
Before World War II
In the last decades of the Dual Monarchy, Austria and Hungary developed quite differently. In Hungary, the Magyar aristocracy and bourgeoisie tried to "Magyarize" the other nations of the multi-national kingdom within forty years: education was offered in Hungarian only, and place names and all official documents had to be written in Hungarian as well. In multi-national Austria, on the contrary, the Basic Law of the State ([Staatsgrundgesetz] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) of 1867 declared all nations of Imperial Austria equal, and the Germans as the leading nation did not try to "Germanize" the others. In the Kingdom of Hungary, voting rights were kept to the upper classes, while in Austria universal, equal and direct voting of all men was established in 1907.
Before World War I, many aristocratic Hungarian families (such as Esterházy, Batthyany and Pálffy) had their own palaces in Vienna, where their king (the Emperor of Austria) resided. Some of them still own these premises today.
Politicians and generals of both leading nations, Austrian Germans and Magyar Hungarians, were responsible for the disastrous foreign policy of the Monarchy that led towards World War I. Thence these two were treated as defeated enemies after World War I by the Allies of World War I. Both shared the experience of seeing millions of nationals having to live in other countries: the Austrians were not allowed to integrate the Germans of Bohemia and Moravia into their republic, the Hungarians had to leave the Magyars of Transylvania to Romania and those north of the Danube to Czechoslovakia (today Slovakia).
According to the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon, 1920, Hungary had to cede its westernmost part, called [Deutsch-Westungarn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), to Austria, since these districts were inhabited by Germans for centuries. German: Ödenburg (now Template:Lang-hu) would have been the natural capital of the new Austrian State of Burgenland. Hungary did not agree to relinquish this city, so the Allied powers ordered a referendum, which the Hungarians won. Although many Austrians considered the polls to be irregular, the decision was treated as definitive. The area called Burgenland by the Austrians was handed over to Austria in the autumn of 1921. Even today, Hungarian may be used as an official language in some communities of Burgenland. Hungarian aristocrats like the Esterházys and Batthyanys kept their vast estates in Austria, even after their Hungarian estates were expropriated in 1945.
After World War II
Political development of Hungary and Czechoslovakia towards communist regimes after 1945 made Austrian politicians extremely cautious in their relations with the Communist Party of Austria, even though it did not get much support at the elections. The Iron Curtain made Hungarians and Austrians living near the border feel the division of Europe quite personally.
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Austrians hoped Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and the thousands of revolutionaries would succeed. When the Red Army intervened, the Austrian neutrality policy, adopted in 1955, did not stop the government deploying the army (Bundesheer) at the eastern border with the order to shoot any foreign soldier entering Austria. Tens of thousands of Hungarian refugees found their way into Austria by the bridge at Andau and other ways. (In 1957, U.S. writer James Michener published his novel The Bridge at Andau.) The refugees were received in Austria with great sympathy.
The most prominent refugee was Archbishop Cardinal József Mindszenty, the Primate of Hungary. Liberated from imprisonment during the revolution, he lived at the American Embassy in Budapest until 1971, when he agreed to leave Hungary. He then travelled to Vienna under U.S. protection and lived at the "Pazmaneum", a seminary for Hungarian priests, until his death in 1975. In 1991 his remains were reburied at the cathedral in Esztergom in Hungary.
Another refugee of 1956 was Prince Pál Esterházy. Expropriated in Hungary, he lived from his vast estate in Burgenland (which as of 2013 belongs to his widow Melinda Esterhazy). But as Burgenland seemed too close to communist Hungary for him, he preferred to reside in Zurich with his wife.
During the 1970s, János Kádár reduced the oppression by the communist dictatorship and practiced politics called "Gulyás Communism". Bruno Kreisky was head of government in Austria, and official relations between Hungary and Austria thawed. Commentators, referring to the names of the two politicians, spoke of a new "K & K era". In the 1980s, both countries discussed plans were to hold a joint world exhibition ("Expo 1996") in Vienna and Budapest; a negative referendum on the issue, held in Vienna, killed the plan.
The Hungarian government decided to tear down the Iron Curtain at the border with Austria, and on 27 June 1989 they staged a "tear-down action" together with Austria, at which foreign ministers Alois Mock and Gyula Horn cut through barbed wire with pliers in the presence of news photographers and reporters from around the world.[1] The photographs, published worldwide, prompted many East Germans vacationing in Hungary to move to West Germany via Hungary and Austria immediately. Hungarian sources later commented that at the time of this photo opportunity most of the Iron Curtain had already been demolished.
Relations today
Both countries are members of the European Union, and since the end of 2007 the Schengen Agreement has allowed citizens to cross the border without control wherever there is a right of way. Austrian entrepreneurs have set up or bought banks, factories and shops in Hungary, vintners from Burgenland make wine in Hungary, and Austrian farmers have bought or leased Hungarian farmland.
Austrians living in the east of the country know that dentists in Hungary sometimes work much more cheaply than in Austria and visit dentists there, for example in Sopron and in Mosonmagyaróvár. Hungarian artisans are called to Austria for repair work and other household jobs.
In the mid 2000s the gasoline company OMV, which is partly owned by the Austrian state, tried to obtain influence over the Hungarian gasoline company MOL Group by buying its shares, with the goal of merging the two companies. Hungarian public opinion and the Hungarian government were largely against this movement, and a law was passed to obstruct it. On 16 June 2008 the European Commission stated that because OMV was already the biggest player in the oil and gas markets in central Europe, a merger with MOL would seriously hamper competition in the region.[2] In early 2009 OMV, seeing no chance to realize its plan, sold its MOL shares to a Russian energy company and announced to plan investments in other countries.
Factories in Burgenland heavily pollute the Template:Lang-hu/German: Raab river that flows from Austria into Hungary. As the problems could not be solved at the local or regional level, the Hungarian government is now consulting the Austrian government towards the earliest possible remedy.[citation needed]
In 2009, both countries remembered the bicentennary of composer Joseph Haydn's death. Haydn, born in Lower Austria, died in Vienna, but had lived and worked for the Esterházy princes for 30 years in western Hungary, part of which is now the Austrian Burgenland.
Győr–Sopron–Ebenfurth Railway
This railway company with headquarters in Sopron is a joint enterprise of the states of Hungary (66.5%),[3] Austria (28.6%) and a holding belonging to ÖBB Austrian Federal Railways (4.9%), which is due to sell its shares to the Strabag building company if the European Commission agrees. In Hungarian it is called Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurti Vasút (GySEV), in German it was called Raab-Oedenburg-Ebenfurther Eisenbahn (ROeEE) until 2008 and is now called Raaberbahn.
The company maintains the following railway lines:
- Győr/Raab–Sopron/Ödenburg–Ebenfurth (Lower Austria), the main line of the company
- Sopron/Ödenburg–Szombathely/Steinamanger (parallel to the Austrian border, in Hungary only; operated by MÁV, the Hungarian State Railway, until 2002)
- Szombathely/Steinamanger–Szentgotthárd/St. Gotthard (as above; operated by MÁV until 2006)
- Neusiedl am See (Burgenland)–Fertőszentmiklós (Hungary), German: "Neusiedler Seebahn"
- Széchenyi Museum Railway near Nagycenk/Groß-Zinkendorf (Hungary), a narrow-gauge track constructed in 1972
The main line of the company was licensed to a private company by the Hungarian government in 1872. The Györ−Sopron line opened to traffic around 1876. The "Neusiedler Seebahn" was opened in 1897. Traffic between the two countries continued even during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, World War II, and the Cold War after it.
Beginning in the 1980s, the company got more business, especially in freight. A new freight terminal in Sopron was constructed. In 1987, the main line was electrified.[4]
Diplomatic representation
Austria has an embassy in Budapest and six consulates (in Pécs, Nyíregyháza, Szombathely, Székesfehérvár, Szeged and Veszprém). Hungary has an embassy in Vienna and eight consulates (in Bregenz, Graz, Horitschon, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz, Maria Enzersdorf and Salzburg).
See also
References
- ^ Photo in European Navigator website Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Austria's OMV cedes defeat in battle for Hungary's MOL". Thomson Financial. Forbes. 4 August 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
OMV had proposed creating a refinery complex, integrating two closely located refineries, one in Austria and one in neighbouring Slovakia, with the possibility of a third party holding a capacity share. But Brussels found these proposals unacceptable.
- ^ ORF Austrian Broadcasting Company, 9 July 2007 Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Template:En icon Template:De icon Template:Hu icon "Website of the Raaberbahn railway company". Retrieved 28 October 2014.