The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded in the US. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination". The NAACP was active in the Civil Rights Movement during the counterculture era.[1]
Crystal Methamphetamine is first developed in Japan. By the 1960s, "Meth" and other amphetamines are in widespread use as recreational drugs, including within the UK "Mod" and US outlaw motorcycle club subcultures. Later, the phrase "Speed Kills" becomes popular, even within the otherwise substance-friendly larger counterculture.[2][3][4]
In response to the Palmer Raids, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is founded. In the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond, the ACLU is instrumental in defending the rights of counterculture activists with regard to speech, assembly, and other protected activities.[5]
The first atomic bomb is successfully detonated under the direction of the United States Army near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The world enters the nuclear age; now entire cities can be razed by a single bomb, and the security previously afforded by strong armies and large oceans alone is threatened.[9][10][11]
Using atomic bombs, the US destroys the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[12][13] World War II in the Pacific ends soon after, and much of the world is divided into an Eastern Bloc and a Western Bloc, setting the stage for the Cold War and eventual massive nuclear weapons build-ups by the free US, the communist USSR, and their respective allies. Later, large protests against the nuclear arms race are among the first indications of a rising counterculture.[14][15]
Levittown: A model of post-war desire for quieter, suburban life, and a signifier of the breakdown of the close-knit, urban family (where many generations all lived in cities under one roof), the first mass-produced housing subdivision breaks ground and spreads over former potato and onion farms on Long Island, New York. Thousands of new homes are first rented (then later sold) virtually overnight, and the trend soon spreads nationwide. In the US, both the massive move from cities to the suburbs and the "baby boom" are underway. The new properties reinforce entrenched racial segregation, denying access to those not of the "caucasian" race.[16][17][18]
Jack Kerouac first uses the term "Beat Generation" in reference to the nascent intellectual culture that would ultimately give way to the so-called counterculture.[27][28]
Shelley v. Kraemer: The enforcement by states of deed restrictions prohibiting the transfer of real estate to non-Caucasians is deemed unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court, clearing the way for home ownership by Blacks and Jews in previously segregated communities.[29][30]
Inexpensive personal transportation – the Volkswagen Beetle arrives in the US. By 1970, over 4 million sold, when annual US sales top out at 570,000. The "Bug" and VW "Bus" (introduced in 1950) later become associated with the hippie and counterculture eras.[31][32][33]
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) is published. The dystopian novel presents the super-state of Oceania, dominated by an omnipresent totalitarian government underpinned by pervasive overt and covert surveillance of citizens, proscribed language and rigid societal institutions. The book establishes the concept of "Orwellian" societies in the public imagination, framing government institutions as tools of manipulation via draconian control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth (doublethink), and manipulation of the past, including the "unperson" — a person whose past existence is expunged from public record and memory.
Communist China: After a long and bloody civil war, Party Chairman Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China. Mao rules China until his death in 1976. In the late 1960s, carrying Mao's Little Red Book is fashionable in the west.[35][36][37][38]
Korean War: Communist forces of North Korea invade western ally South Korea with support from the People's Republic of China and the USSR. The US, UK, and other UN nations respond and hold back the incursion. In 1953 the war ends where it began, with each side faced-off at the 38th parallel.[39][40]
Mad magazine debuts as a comic book before switching to standard magazine format in 1955, satirizing both American culture and later counterculture alike.[44][45]
The National Security Agency is established, bringing most civilian US communications and technical intelligence collection under one roof. Intended as a tool against foreign enemies, the later use of the agency's extensive resources by bureaucrats and politicians against domestic, anti-war counterculture radicals is revealed and debated in congress in the 1970s.[46][47]
Project MKULTRA, the CIA's behavior control research program which grew to include testing LSD on both volunteer and unsuspecting subjects into the 1960s, commences.[50]
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed at Sing Sing Prison, New York, after conviction on espionage charges for their role in the communist spy ring which gave the USSR the atomic bomb and thereby initiated the nuclear arms race.[52][53][54]
The democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran is overthrown by intelligence operatives of the UK and US. The Shah of Iran is reinstalled as absolute monarch. The success of the operation begins a pattern of CIA-fomented coups and assassinations in the global fight against expansion of the political, economic, and military interests of the USSR, ultimately culminating in the fiasco of US combat involvement in Vietnam.[55][56]
On the floor of the US Senate, Senator John F. Kennedy opines that to "pour money, material, and men into the jungles of Indochina without at least a remote prospect of victory would be dangerously futile and self-destructive". After his election to the presidency in 1960, Kennedy escalates US involvement in the conflict that becomes the Vietnam War.[59][60]
The Geneva Accords grant independence to French Indochina, establishing Vietnam as a unified, independent nation in name only. The US is not a signatory to the treaty. The French are officially out of Southeast Asia, leaving behind a raging civil war.[61]
Brown vs. Board of Education: The US Supreme Court rules unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The doctrine of "Separate but Equal" as a moral or legal pretext for segregation is no longer enforceable by governments, and true racial integration begins in schools in the southern US.[62][63]
SEATO: The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is formally activated, nominally obligating the US to intervene as part of collective action in case of military conflagration in the region. The non-binding SEATO commitment, however, is only invoked as justification for involvement in Vietnam by future President Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) after later escalation of hostilities there proves unpopular.[64]
Emmett Till murder: A black teen is brutally slain in Mississippi after allegedly flirting with a white woman. The incident becomes a pivotal event in the growing civil rights movement after Till's mother allows the boy's mutilated body to be viewed, and after two white men (who later confess to the murder) are acquitted by an all-white, all-male jury. In 2017, Till's apparently coerced female accuser recanted key testimony she gave under oath.[67][68]
UK politician Baron Mayhew experiences the psychedelic effects of mescaline "guided" by Humphry Osmond. The event is filmed for broadcast by the BBC, but never airs.[69]
Activist Rosa Parks refuses to cede her seat on a public bus to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama, and is arrested. A successful bus boycott by local blacks led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ensues, while the ACLU takes on and wins Parks' legal case. After over a year of black boycott, the US Supreme Court orders the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system.[77]
The FBI's COINTELPRO domestic counterintelligence program begins. The surveillance effort is initially directed against stateside communist activities, but grows to include illegal invasions of privacy targeting civil rights and anti-war activists.[78][79]
Masters and Johnson begin their scientific research into human sexual responses. This research at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University in St. Louis is the first of many widely read books.[80]
The western world is shocked and fearful when the USSR launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial space satellite. The ability to launch a satellite equates to the ability to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile, thereby directly threatening much of the world with long-range missile attack for the first time.[85][86] Confidence is further shaken in December, when Vanguard, the rushed US attempt to equal Sputnik, explodes on the launchpad.[87][88]
Revolutionary forces under the leadership of Fidel Castro overthrow the corrupt Batista government in Cuba. Fifty years of repressive rule by the future Soviet ally ensue before Castro relinquishes control to his brother.[100][101][102]
The Day the Music Died: Early rock stars Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper are killed along with the pilot of a small plane in bad weather near Clear Lake, IA. Guitarist Tommy Allsup "loses" his seat after a coin-flip with Valens, and Holly's bass player (and future country music legend) Waylon Jennings also misses the doomed flight when he allows the ill "Bopper" to take his seat.[103][104] In 1972, Don McLean's "American Pie" is released, and is later called "the accessible farewell to the Fifties and Sixties."[105]
Superman is dead?: Front-page headlines allege that actor George Reeves' shooting death is a suicide, shocking a generation of youngsters mourning the first major superhero of comic books and television.[relevant?] Reeves' death is later considered by many to be a murder.[106][107][108]
TV on trial: The short-lived sanctity of the new medium of television is destroyed when the broad quiz show scandal culminates with a confession before congress of rigging and breach of trust by a Columbia University professor, Charles Van Doren, from an exceptional academic family.[110][111]
January: Voting age in Britain lowered from 21 to 18.
January : Musician, hippie, and philanthropic margarine heir Michael J. Brody, Jr. announces he will give away his fortune, which he reports to be $25–50 million.[114][115][116]
January: Set Up, Like a Bowling Pin: 19 people including members of the Grateful Dead and Owsley Stanley are busted for drugs in New Orleans. The episode makes the cover of Rolling Stone in March, and is later mentioned in the Dead song "Truckin' ".[117][118]
February: Weather Underground bombings and arsons in US states of NY, CA, WA, MD, & MI.
February: Chicago 7 verdicts are handed down: two are exonerated, five are soon sentenced for "crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot", but all the convictions and sentences are later reversed.
February: Students riot at University of California-Santa Barbara and SUNY Buffalo, NY.
March: The documentary film Woodstock is released.
Late March: Fleetwood Mac founder Peter Green and bandmate Danny Kirwan get waylaid at a bizarre party at the Highfisch-Kommune cult/commune, Munich. After apparently taking LSD, both Green and Kirwan thereafter reportedly suffer from lifelong mental illness.[120][121]
April: Jerry Rubin guest appears the Phil Donahue Show and lambastes Donahue for his conservative appearance.
April: California Governor Ronald Reagan says: "If it takes a blood bath, let's get it over with."[122]
May: Radicals among the students at Kent State University protesting the spread of the war into Cambodia burn the ROTC building to the ground. Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes calls in the National Guard at the request of Kent's Mayor.[127]
May: In what is perhaps the greatest tragedy of the stateside anti-war protest movement, poorly trained soldiers of the Ohio National Guard are set loose into confrontation with – and open fire on – unarmed students at Kent State University leaving four dead and nine wounded, including Dean Kahler, who was paralyzed.[128]
May: Holding Together: A benefit for Timothy Leary is held at the Village Gate in NYC. Jimi Hendrix and Johnny Winter perform.[129][130]
May: Student Strike of 1970: Many colleges across the US shut down in protest of the war and the Kent State events.
May: Hard Hat Riot: Construction workers confront anti-war demonstrators, Wall St., New York City. They march again May 11. On May 20, 100,000 construction workers and longshoremen demonstrate in favor of administration war policy at New York City Hall.[131]
May: Attempting to "rescue" his child from what he believes to be a hippie commune, father Arville Garland murders his daughter Sandra and three others as they sleep in Detroit. The events are eerily similar to those depicted in the hippie-bashing film Joe, which was filmed prior to – but released after – the murders.[132][133]
May: 100,000 rally against war in Washington, DC. At 4:15am, President Nixon defies Secret Service security, and leaves the White House to meet and chat with surprised protesters camping out at the Lincoln Memorial.[134][135][136]
May: Jackson State killings: Police kill two and injure 11 during violent student demonstrations at Jackson State College, MS. This is two days after six African-American men were fatally shot in the back for violating curfew in Augusta by the Georgia National Guard.
June: Daniel Berrigan is arrested by the FBI for kidnapping/bombing conspiracy.
June: Major League Baseball pitcher Dock Ellis takes LSD on what he mistakenly believes is an off day, and throws a no-hitter. Ellis later quits drugs, becomes a recovery counselor, and expresses regret over drug abuse during his playing career.[137][138]
June: President Nixon appoints the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. The report issued in September finds a direct correlation between the unrest and the level of US military involvement in Indochina.
June: The US Supreme Court confirms conscientious objector protection on moral grounds.
June: The US voting age is lowered to 18. This is soon challenged and overturned in the Supreme Court, leading to the swift adoption of the 26th Amendment on June 1, 1971 guaranteeing suffrage at 18.
July: Huston Plan: A broad, cross-agency scheme for illegal domestic surveillance of anti-war figures is concocted by a White House staffer, and accepted but then quickly quashed by President Nixon. Elements of the plan were, however, allegedly implemented in any event.[139][140][141]
August: Riot police evacuate Disneyland in Anaheim, CA after a few hundred Yippies stage a protest.
August: Communist activist Angela Davis appears on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list after a firearm purchased in her name is linked to a murder plot involving a judge.[142]
August: Women's Strike for Equality: 50 years after US women's suffrage, 20,000 celebrate and march in New York City, demanding true equality for women in American life.[144]
September: Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, acclaimed musician and co-founder of Canned Heat, dies of a prescription barbiturate overdose at Topanga Canyon, CA, at age 27.[146]
September: Timothy Leary escapes prison with help from the Weather Underground, and joins Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers.
October: Keith Stroup founds NORML, a group working to end marijuana prohibition, in Washington, DC.
October: Janis Joplin, rock's first solo female superstar, dies as the result of an apparent accidental heroin overdose at age 27 in Los Angeles.
October: Political activist Angela Davis is arrested on kidnapping, murder, and conspiracy charges.
October: Doonesbury debuts as a syndicated comic strip, acknowledges the counterculture, and continues to chronicle events into the 21st century.[148]
October: President Nixon is pelted with eggs by an unfriendly crowd of 2000 after giving a speech in San Jose, CA.
November: Jerry Rubin appears live on The David Frost Show and tries to pass a joint to the talkshow host, the signal for Yippies in the audience to rush the stage and protest.
December: Elvis Presley arrives unannounced at the White House. The King meets and is photographed with President Nixon. They discuss patriotism, hippies, and the war on drugs.[149][150][151]
December: Laguna Beach Christmas Happening: Thousands gather for an extended hippie festival, featuring an airdrop of hundreds of Christmas cards, each containing a dose of "Orange Sunshine" LSD courtesy of The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, or the "Hippie Mafia," an acid-manufacturing and hash-smuggling organization bent on "psychedelic revolution."[152][153]
December: Paul McCartney sues to dissolve the Beatles.
The violent Black Liberation Army is formed in the US. A series of bombings, murders, robberies, prison breaks, and an airline hijacking ensue before the group fades from view in the early 1980s.[154]
January: Police fire on a peace march in Los Angeles, killing one.
February: A military induction center in Oakland, CA is bombed.
February: Rioting in Wilmington, NC leaves 2 dead.
February: An induction center in Atlanta, GA is bombed.
February: The UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed in Vienna, with the intention of controlling psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics at the international level.[158]
March: The US Capitol building is bombed by war protesters; no injuries, but extensive damage results.
March: The FCC says that it can penalize radio stations for playing music that seems to glorify or promote illegal drug usage.
March: The Fight of the Century: Conscientious Objector and counterculture hero Muhammad Ali loses to default symbol of the pro-war right Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden, NYC, in what is widely considered to be the greatest heavyweight fight in boxing history.[159][160][161]
April: Vietnam veterans protest against the war at the US Capitol in Washington, DC, throw their medals on the steps, and testify to US war crimes.
April: 500,000 protesters rally at US Capitol to petition for an end to the war; 200,000 rally against the war in San Francisco.
May Over 12,000 anti-war protesters are arrested on the third day of the 1971 May Day Protests in Washington, DC.
May: Attorney General John N. Mitchell compares the anti-war protesters to Nazis, and on May 13, calls them Communists.
May: The wedding of Mick Jagger and Nicaraguan beauty Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias is celebrated by hippies and jet-setters alike, but is marred by a media circus with fisticuffs at Saint-Tropez on the French Riviera. The couple splits in 1977.[162][163][164]
May: The play Godspell opens in New York, depicting Jesus and his disciples in a contemporary, countercultural milieu.
May: US military personnel in London petition at US Embassy against the Vietnam War.
June: Pentagon Papers: The New York Times publishes the first excerpt of illegally leaked secret US military documents detailing US intervention in Indochina since 1945. A Federal Court injunction on June 15 temporarily stops the releases.[167]
June: The Washington Post publishes excerpts from the Pentagon Papers, halted by court order the following day.
August: Concert for Bangladesh: George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, and friends including Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Leon Russell, Billy Preston and Bob Dylan, stage a landmark charity event in New York City. Popular albums and a film follow, and the shows become a model for huge rock benefits such as Live Aid.[170]
August: Attorney General Mitchell announces there will be no Federal investigation of the 1970 Kent State shootings.
September: Burglars operating under the direction of White House officials break into the office of Daniel Ellsburg's psychiatrist in a botched attempt to find files to discredit the Pentagon Papers leaker.[172]
September 9: Attica: Prisoners take control, hold hostages, and riot over rights and living conditions at Attica State Prison, NY. 39 die (including 10 corrections officers) before most prisoner demands are met and order is restored.[173]
September: Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, BC and soon becomes the most prominent, and most controversial, international activist environmental organization.[174][175]
October: est, the controversial self-improvement training program holds its first conference in San Francisco.[176]
October: Three FBI informants reveal on PBS that they were paid to infiltrate anti-war groups and instigate them to commit violent acts which could be prosecuted.
October: Rioting in Memphis leaves one dead.
October: Guitar phenomenon Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers Band is killed in a motorcycle accident in Macon, GA at age 24. Allman bassist Berry Oakley also dies in a bike crash only blocks away the following year.[177]
November: Berkeley, CA City Council votes to provide sanctuary to all military deserters.
November: Ringo Starr and Keith Moon co-star with Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention in Zappa's "surrealistic documentary" 200 Motels.[178]
November: Socialite, early supermodel, and Andy Warhol "Superstar"Edie Sedgwick dies at 28 after an overdose of alcohol and barbiturates, Santa Barbara, CA.[179]
December: Smoke on the Water: Rockers Deep Purple are disrupted in the process of recording Machine Head when the hall they intend to use for recording is burned down by a fan during a Frank Zappa concert, Montreux, Switzerland.[180][181][182]
December: Feminism comes of age: Gloria Steinem's Ms. Magazine is first published as an insert in New York Magazine. The first standalone issue arrives the following month.
Rainbow Bridge, Chuck Wein's film depicting the counterculture on Maui, and featuring the second-to-last live performance by Jimi Hendrix, is released.[194]
February: The Needle and the Damage Done: Neil Young releases a moving musical testimonial of friends lost to deadly narcotics during the era. Growth of heroin use flattens out in the 1970s, but the drug is considered "hip" and use explodes again within unindoctrinated generations in the 1990s and beyond.[195][196][197]
March: The Nixon administration begins deportation proceedings against John Lennon, on the pretext of his 1968 hashish charge in London.[198][199]
March: The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, appointed by President Nixon, finds "little danger" in cannabis, recommending abolition of all criminal penalties for possession.
April: The first Hash Bash is held on the campus of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.[200]
April: Facing heavy ground losses, US forces resume the bombing of Northern Vietnam.
April: Students at University of Maryland protesting the bombing battle with police and National Guard are sent in.
April: Large anti-war marches in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
May: US FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover dies at 77 after nearly 50 years of virtually unchallenged control over the principal federal law enforcement agency.[201]
May: Wallace Shot: Disavowed segregationist and Alabama Governor George Wallace is shot and paralyzed at a presidential primary campaign event in Laurel, MD.[202]
May: Weather Underground bomb at the Pentagon causes damage but no injuries.
May: 15,000 demonstrate in Washington against the war.
Jun: Angela Davis is acquitted on all counts in her weapons trial.
June: The Watergate burglars are arrested in Washington, DC.
June: U.S. public schools can no longer require girls to wear dresses and must allow them to wear pants, with the Education Amendments of 1972.
July: Actress Jane Fonda visits North Vietnam. Fonda's return incites outrage when a photograph[203] of her seated on an enemy anti-aircraft gun is published, and she insists that POWs held captive have not been tortured or brainwashed by the communists. Fonda continues to apologize for aspects the episode.[204][205]
October: October Surprise?: US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger tells a White House press conference that "we believe that peace is at hand."[206]
November7: Republican Richard Nixon is re-elected in a landslide over progressive Democratic Senator George McGovern.
November: Police kill 2 students during campus rioting at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
November 21: A Federal Appeals Court overturns the conviction of the "Chicago 7" members.
December 18–29: US Operation Linebacker II becomes most intensive bombing campaign of the war.
The Joy of Sex: Unthinkable a decade earlier, the widely read sex manual for the liberated 1970s is published and openly displayed in mainstream bookstores.
Michael X, a self-styled black revolutionary and civil rights activist in 1960s London, is convicted of murder. He is executed by hanging in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago in 1975.[207]
January: Bangladeshis burn down the US Information Service in Dacca in protest of the bombing of North Vietnam.
January: Aerial bombing of North Vietnam resumes after a 36-hour New Year's truce.
January: Forty neutral member nations of the UN formally protest the US bombing campaign.
January: Canada's Parliament votes unanimously to condemn US bombing actions and calls for them to cease.
January: Anti-war demonstrators attack US consulate in Lyons, France, and burn down the library of America House in Frankfurt, West Germany.
January: Anti-war protesters occupy US consulate in Amsterdam.
January: President Nixon suspends the bombing, citing progress in the Peace talks with Hanoi. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt warns Nixon that US relations with Western Europe are at risk.[208]
January: Former US President Lyndon B. Johnson dies at 64 after a heart attack at his Texas ranch.[209]
January 22: The US Supreme Court rules on Roe v. Wade, effectively legalizing abortion.[210][211]
January: US combat military involvement in Vietnam ends with a ceasefire, and commencement of withdrawal as called for under the Paris Peace Accords.[212]
February–May: Wounded Knee incident: Native American activists occupy the town of Wounded Knee, SD; 2 protesters and 1 US Marshal are killed during a lengthy standoff.[213]
March: The first military draftees who are not subsequently called to service are selected, unceremoniously ending the Vietnam era of conscription in the US.
March: Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, a founding member of the Grateful Dead, dies of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage at age 27 in Corte Madera, CA.[214]
March: War Ends: President Nixon announces that the last US combat troops have left Vietnam as US POWs have been released.[215]
May: The Senate Watergate Committee begins televised hearings on the ever-growing Watergate scandal implicating the President for gross abuses of power.
July: John Paul Getty III, 16, grandson of miserly oil billionaire and world's richest man Jean Paul Getty, is kidnapped for ransom in Rome. The negotiated payment of about $3 million is only made after the junior Getty's ear is excised and mailed back to a newspaper. The youth survives, but becomes a drug addict and stroke victim, and dies in 2011 at 54.[217]
July: Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, NY draws 600,000 to see the Grateful Dead, the Band, and the Allman Brothers – the largest such gathering in the US since Woodstock.[218]
August: All US military involvement in Indochina conflict officially ends under the Case–Church Amendment.
September: In one of the most bizarre series of events of the era, celebrated journeyman country rock musician Gram Parsons dies of a morphine overdose after visiting Joshua Tree National Monument; his body is "stolen" by well-meaning friends attempting to fulfill Parson's funerary wishes and set afire at Joshua Tree. A film account of the misadventures is released in 2003.[219]
September: Folk singer-songwriters Jim Croce and Maury Muehleisen are killed along with 5 others after their chartered tour plane crashes on takeoff in Louisiana.[220]
October: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns. President Nixon names Congressman Gerald R. Ford of Michigan to replace Agnew on October 12.[223]
October: Congress begins to consider articles of impeachment against Nixon.
November: Greece: Students at Athens Polytechnic strike against the military junta. Tanks roll the 17th and at least 24 die.[224]
November: At a session with 400 AP editors, President Nixon states, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."[225]
March–April: Short-lived fad of "streaking" is at its height in the US.[227][228]
April: Disco music, following the success of "Love Train" a year earlier, again hits number one on the Billboard charts with "TSOP", a clear sign that the post-"sixties counterculture" era is now at hand. The punk rock subculture also traces its genesis to around this time, with groups like Ramones and Television playing the CBGB club in NYC.
May: Five SLA members including their leader are killed fighting police during a standoff in Los Angeles.[229]
July: Singing star "Mama" Cass Elliot, 32, dies after a heart attack in the London flat of Harry Nilsson. Who drummer Keith Moon, also 32, dies of an overdose of an anti-alcoholism drug in the same home in 1978.[230][231]
August: Facing imminent impeachment, Richard Nixon resigns as President of the United States. Vice President Gerald Ford is sworn in as president on August 9 and declares "our long national nightmare is over."
September–December: Police repeatedly quell unrest as desegregation comes to Boston high schools.
September: President Ford pardons former president Nixon.
September: President Ford offers conditional amnesty to military deserters and evaders of the Vietnam era draft, creating a path for re-entry into the US.[232]
December: President Ford invites George Harrison to luncheon at the White House.[233]Peter Frampton visits in 1976.
December: The New York Times reports the CIA illegally spied on 10,000 anti-war dissidents under Nixon's presidency.[234][235]
January: Church Committee: The US Senate votes to begin unprecedented investigation into US intelligence activities, including illegal spying on domestic radicals.[236]
April: Operation Frequent Wind: The last remaining US military and intelligence personnel escape Saigon as South Vietnam is invaded and annexed by communist forces, in direct violation of the so-called "Peace" Accords.[237]
September: US President Ford survives assassination attempts by two women, including a failed attempt by Manson "family" member Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, in one month.[238][239]
October: A New York State Supreme Court judge reverses the deportation order against John Lennon, allowing Lennon to remain in the US.[240]
October: Saturday Night Live: The counterculture comes of age as George Carlin hosts the first episode of the mainstream TV revue. The long-running series soon features many notable American TV firsts, including open depiction of marijuana use in comedy sketches.[241][242][243]
President Jimmy Carter unconditionally pardons thousands of Vietnam draft evaders, allowing them to re-enter the US[244]
Elvis Presley, a progenitor of the rock era, critic of the counterculture, and biggest selling individual recording artist of all time dies at age 42 in Memphis, Tennessee.[245][246]
^"NAACP: 100 Years of History". naacp.org. NAACP. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized grassroots-based civil rights organization. Its more than half-million members and supporters throughout the United States and the world are the premier advocates for civil rights in their communities, campaigning for equal opportunity and conducting voter mobilization.
^"A Brief History of Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine Prevention in Vermont". healthvermont.gov. Vermont Department of Health. Retrieved September 21, 2014. 1960s: Doctors in San Francisco drug clinics prescribe injections of methamphetamine to treat heroin addiction. Illegal abuse occurs in subcultures such as outlaw biker gangs and students, which cook and use the drug.
^"ACLU History". www.aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
^"Obituary: Albert Hoffman". telegraph.co.uk. London: Telegraph Media Group. April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
^"The History of CORE". core-online.org. Congress of Racial Equality. Retrieved September 21, 2014. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in 1942 as the Committee of Racial Equality by an interracial group of students in Chicago – Bernice Fisher, James R. Robinson, James L. Farmer, Jr., Joe Guinn, George Houser, and Homer Jack. Many of these students were members of the Chicago branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a pacifist organization seeking to change racist attitudes. The founders of CORE were deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of nonviolent resistance.
^Lamont, Lansing (1965). Day of Trinity (2nd printing ed.). New York: Atheneum. p. 235. ISBN978-0689706868. A pinprick of brilliant light punctured the darkness, spurted upward in a flaming jet, then spilled into a dazzling cloche of fire that bleached the desert to a ghastly white. It was precisely 5:29:45 a.m.
^Halberstam, David (1993). The Fifties (First (pbk) ed.). New York: Willard Books (Random House). pp. 134–143. ISBN978-0-679-41559-6. In 1944 there had been only 114,000 new houses started; by 1946 that figure had jumped to 937,000: to 1,118,000 in 1948; and 1.7 million in 1950.
^Ceplair, Larry; Englund, Steven (1979). The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community 1930–1960. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-04886-7.
^"Jackie Robinson". baseballhall.org. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2016-05-13. The impact Robinson made on Major League Baseball is one that will be forever remembered. On April 15 each season, every team in the majors celebrates Jackie Robinson Day in honor of when he truly broke the color barrier in baseball, becoming the first African-American player ... to take the field in the big leagues. He opened the door for many others... .
^Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives (July 26, 1947). National Security Act of 1947 (1973-10 ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Public lAw 253, 80th Congress, July 26, 1947 (61 Stat. 495)
^"USAF Established". nationalmuseum.af.mil. National Museum of the United States Air Force. October 22, 2013. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
^"1948: Shelley v. Kraemer". bostonfairhousing.org. Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston. Retrieved July 16, 2014. The Supreme Court found that while racially-based restrictive covenants are not themselves unconstitutional, enforcement of the covenants is: *Private parties may voluntarily adhere to racially-based restrictive covenants. *State enforcement of racially-based restrictive covenants, however, is discriminatory as it violates the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment
^Rosen, Mark D. (April 2007). "Was Shelley v. Kraemer Incorrectly Decided-Some New Answers". Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. BerkeleyLaw – University of California. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Shelley's attribution logic threatened to dissolve the distinction between state action, to which Fourteenth Amendment limitations apply, and private action, which falls outside the Fourteenth Amendment.
^Lanz, Peter (1985). Das große Käfer-Buch (The Big Book on Beetles). Munich and Bergisch-Gladbach. ISBN978-3-404-60141-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Flink, James (1975). The Car Culture. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 197. ISBN978-0-262-56015-3.
^Hirsch, Jerry (January 31, 2014). "First Volkswagen Beetle arrived in a U.S. showroom 65 years ago". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2014. They were so adaptable, you could turn them into a dune buggy, you could hop it up, you could paint it wildly," he said. "It was the car of the hippie movement and of the counterculture – Leslie Kendall, curator of the Petersen Automotive Museum
^"Brief history of the Korean War". The BBC. May 26, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2014. When a ceasefire was eventually signed, on 27 July 1953, no-one could have guessed that 50 years later, the two Koreas would remain technically at war. A peace treaty has never been signed, and the border continues to bristle with mines, artillery and hundreds of troops.
^Rothstein, Edward (April 13, 2009). "MAD Magazine". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Adapted from Is It Still a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World?" by Edward Rothstein, The Times, Sept. 18, 1999, and other Times articles
^The National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights: Hearings before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities of The US Senate (Volume 5 ed.). Washington, DC: US Senate, 94th Congress, 1st Session. 1975.
^"National Book Awards – 1953". nationalbook.org. National Book Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Winner: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man
^US Senate (August 3, 1977). Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification: Joint Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session. Washington, DC: US Senate. p. 70.
^Cite error: The named reference Roberts2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Venona". nsa.gov. US National Security Agency. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014. The VENONA files are most famous for exposing Julius (code named LIBERAL) and Ethel Rosenberg and help give indisputable evidence of their involvement with the Soviet spy ring.
^Risen, James (April 16, 2000). "Secrets of History: The CIA in Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014. NYT Editorial Note on PDF attached to web article: The C.I.A.'s history of the 1953 coup in Iran is made up of the following documents: a historian's note, a summary introduction, a lengthy narrative account written by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, and, as appendices, five planning documents he attached on the web published the introduction and several of the appendices
^"Vietnam". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved 2016-05-13. The situation did not improve. In September of 1963, President Kennedy declared in an interview, "In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, the people of Vietnam, against the Communists... But I don't agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake ... [The United States] made this effort to defend Europe. Now Europe is quite secure. We also have to participate—we may not like it—in the defense of Asia."
^Moise, Edwin E. (1998). "The Vietnam Wars, Section 4: The Geneva Accords". clemson.edu. Retrieved July 7, 2014. The Geneva Accords stated that Vietnam was to become an independent nation. Elections were to be held in July 1956, under international supervision, to choose a government for Vietnam. During the two-year interval until the elections, the country would be split into two parts; the North and the South. The dividing line chosen, at the seventeenth parallel a little north of the city of Hue, was quite close to the line that had separated the two halves of Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but this was purely a coincidence. This line no longer corresponded to any natural division in Vietnamese society, in economy, political structure, religion, or dialect. It was an arbitrary compromise between French proposals for a line further north and Viet Minh proposals for a line further south.
^"Brown v. Board of Education". civilrights.org. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights/The Leadership Conference Education Fund. 2014. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2014. On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional. The Brown case served as a catalyst for the modern civil rights movement, inspiring education reform everywhere and forming the legal means of challenging segregation in all areas of society. After Brown, the nation made great strides toward opening the doors of education to all students. With court orders and active enforcement of federal civil rights laws, progress toward integrated schools continued through the late 1980s. Since then, many states have been resegregating and educational achievement and opportunity have been falling for minorities.
^Krock, Arthur (1968). Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 411. ISBN978-1122260817. Arthur Krock, three-time Pulitzer Prize winner, was for more than 30 years Washington Correspondent at the New York Times
^Italie, Hillel (2017-01-28). "Emmett Till accuser admits fabricated testimony". The Detroit News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2017-02-04. The woman at the center of the trial of Emmett Till's alleged killers has acknowledged that she falsely testified he made physical and verbal threats, according to a new book
^"Panorama: The Mescaline Experiment". SOTCAA ...some of the corpses are amusing. Mike Scott and Joseph Champniss. February 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ... on the 2nd of September, 1955, a small BBC crew descended on Christopher Mayhew's nice middle-class house in Surrey to film a load of footage which, sadly, was destined never to be edited into a full programme. It's entirely possible that, had it ever been broadcast, the show would have been remembered for decades afterwards as a unique event in television history and Mayhew would have been remembered as an underground hero for the mild-altering set ... What follows is a complete transcript of the rushes filmed on that day.
^Raskin, Jonah (30 September 2005). "'Six at the Six' at 50 – Return of S.F.'s poetic beat". San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved 2 February 2016. In cocky, competitive San Francisco, where poetry slams outdraw Sunday sermons, the Six Gallery poetry reading that took place Oct. 7, 1955 has become nearly as much a part of the city's mystique as the 1849 Gold Rush or the 1906 earthquake.
^Italiano, Laura (2018-08-31). "The Village Voice is no more". nypost.com. New York Post. Retrieved 2018-09-16. The storied New York tabloid the Village Voice — already down to around two dozen employees — is now officially dead, its owner announced Friday. Half of the staff will be fired, with the other half hanging on briefly to work on an online archive, owner Peter Barbey told them, according to the Gothamist website. The publication has stopped publishing new material.
^Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1990). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Domestic Dissent. Boston: South End Press.
^Ferreira, Becky (2015-12-06). "Watch the Spectacular Inferno of America's First Satellite Attempt". motherboard.vice.com. Vice Media. Retrieved 2016-03-02. When Sputnik was launched into orbit on October 4, 1957, people around the world understandably flipped out. Even today, Sputnik is remembered less as a scientific experiment than as a cultural sea change, and the spectacular cold open of the Space Race.
^Hamlin, Jesse (November 26, 1995). "How Herb Caen Named a Generation". sfgate.com. San Fransciso Chronicle/Hearst. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Chronicle columnist Herb Caen coined the word "beatnik" on April 2, 1958, six months after the Soviets launched the Sputnik satellite into space.
^"Early defections in march to Aldermaston". theguardian.com. April 5, 1958. Retrieved July 31, 2014. The march bore the signs of careful planning. The column with its banners – "Which is to be banned, the H-bomb or the human race?" – got off on time, and the long snake that slid down Piccadilly, Kensington High Street, and Chiswick High Road, managed with only discreet help from the police, not to obstruct what little traffic there was.
^"Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)". stanford.edu. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Archived from the original on 2015-01-14. Retrieved August 16, 2014. On 15 November 1957, SANE ran a full-page advertisement in the New York Times warning Americans: We are facing a danger unlike any danger that has ever existed. Inspired by the enthusiastic response to its Times advertisement, SANE redefined itself as a mass membership organization, gaining 130 chapters and 25,000 members by the following summer.
^"SLATE Digital Archives". Slate Archives Committee. Retrieved July 31, 2014. SLATE officially organizes. Temporary SLATE Coordinating Committee includes Charleen Rains, Owen Hill Pat Hallinan, Peter Franck, Fritjof Thygeson and Mike Miller.
^"Fidel Castro- Fulgencio Batista (1901–1973)". pbs.org. PBS Online/WGBH/The American Experience. December 21, 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2014. He was called El Hombre, "the Man," and for three decades he was one of Cuba's most controversial leaders. It would take Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution to unseat him.
^Kemp, Susan. "Human Rights in Cuba"(PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (University of Denver). Retrieved July 9, 2014. This section provides General Background information on the recent human rights situation in Cuba. The subcategory of Spanish Resources includes eight books on human rights in Cuba. The Socialism subcategory includes sources discussing the changing political environment in Cuba since the Cold War and the impact of the instability of Cuba's socialist system.
^"Guitarist who avoided Buddy Holly plane crash dies at 85". Fox News. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Tommy Allsup was part of Holly's band when the Lubbock, Texas, singer died in the Feb. 3, 1959, plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. Allsup flipped a coin to see who between him and Valens would get a seat on the plane and who would have to take the bus to the next stop on the tour.
^Moyer, Justin Wm. (2015-04-08). "Gloomy Don McLean reveals meaning of 'American Pie' – and sells lyrics for $1.2 million". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-01-17. Shoved into unheated buses on a "Winter Dance Party" tour in 1959, Holly — tired of rattling through the Midwest with dirty clothes — chartered a plane on Feb. 3 to fly from Clear Lake, Iowa, to Fargo, N.D., where he hoped he could make an appointment with a washing machine. Joining him on the plane were Ritchie Valens and, after future country star Waylon Jennings gave up his seat, J.P. Richardson, a.k.a. "the Big Bopper." Taking off in bad weather with a pilot not certified to do so, the plane crashed, killing everyone aboard. The toll was incalculable: The singers of "Peggy Sue" and "Come On Let's Go" and "Donna" and "La Bamba" were dead. Holly was just 22; incredibly, Valens was just 17. Rock and roll would never be the same.
^Patterson, John (November 17, 2006). "Who killed Superman?". theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
^Riedel, Michael (2016-02-01). "Meet the sleezebag agent who inspired the new Coen Bros movie". nypost.com. The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-02-01. The real Eddie Mannix was a thug from New Jersey who bribed cops, bedded hundreds of would-be actresses, ran with the mob and may have ordered the killing of "Superman" George Reeves.
^Woo, Elaine (1999-03-08). "Del Close – Improvisational Comedy Pioneer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-11-30. Much of Close's own humor on stage was morbidly satirical. A gypsy of the counterculture—he hung out with Ken Kesey and Timothy Leary, was a prolific and proud abuser of drugs, and ran light shows for the Grateful Dead—Close said his comic sensibility was fueled by "social rage."
^"Michael Brody Interview". nbcuniversalarchives.com. NBC Universal Media. 1970-01-15. Retrieved 2016-01-24. Michael James Brody, Jr., heir to the oleomargarine fortune and self-proclaimed savior holds a press conference at Kennedy Airport in New York. After disembarking from a plane with his wife, Michael Brody holds a press conference in the arrivals building of the airport. He says he wants to become well known to the public, because he plans to give away $50 million within the next year.
^Rolling Stone Editors (1970-03-07). "New Orleans Cops & the Dead Bust: Police in the Big Easy giving bands a hard time". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-01. In New Orleans to open up a new ballroom, locally known as "the Warehouse," most of the Dead and their road crew were nailed in a dope raid in the same French Quarters hotel where members of the Jefferson Airplane were busted just weeks before. State and federal narcs rounded up 19 people in the Dead raid, and were none too polite about it, either."{{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
^Graham, Steve (2009-05-08). "Peter Green: Man of the World". bbc.co.uk. BBC Four/BBC. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Legendary blues guitarist BB King named Peter Green as one of the greatest exponents of the blues, and the 'only guitar player to make me sweat'. If Green had only written Black Magic Woman, his name would still have a place in blues rock history forever. His three short years leading Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac saw the band established as one of the biggest-selling groups of the 1960s. Yet at the height of their fame Green left the group, with his life spiralling into turmoil as drug-induced mental health issues took control. Rumours of his demise began to spread, and sightings of him became notorious. After years battling his mental illness, Green is writing and recording again. Featuring archive performances and interviews with Carlos Santana, Noel Gallagher, founding members of Fleetwood Mac and Green himself, this film tells the story of one of blues rock's living legends.
^"Peter Green – The Munich LSD Party Incident". youtube.com. Route via Youtube. 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Clip from BBC Documentary. Peter Green and members of Fleetwood Mac give their accounts of the infamous LSD party at the Highfisch-Kommune in Munich. Band manager Clifford Davis claims that this was the night that Peter Green and Danny Kirwan became 'seriously mentally ill'. Peter Green says, 'I had a good play there, it was great.' This incident is the genesis for Ada Wilson's novel Red Army Faction Blues, which fully explores the situation the Peter Green walked into that night.
^"Midnight Cowboy". tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 27, 2014. 1969 was an interesting turning point in American cinema and no film better reflects that than Midnight Cowboy. Not only was it the first X-rated film to win the Best Picture Oscar but it presented a view of New York City that was the most bleak and depressing portrait since Ray Milland hit every seedy Manhattan bar in The Lost Weekend (1945).[permanent dead link]
^Berman, Eliza (2015-04-22). "Meet the Organizers of the Very First Earth Day". Time, Inc. Retrieved 2016-03-26. How a troupe of twenty-somethings mobilized millions of Americans to speak out on the environment
^Gibbens, Sarah (2018-04-21). "How the Environment Has Changed Since the First Earth Day". natonalgeographic.com. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2018-04-28. When Earth Day was first created in 1970, it rode the coattails of a decade filled with social activism. Voting rights were strengthened, civil rights were outlined, and women were demanding equal treatment. But there was no Environmental Protection Agency, no Clean Air Act, or Clean Water Act. Fast forward 48 years and what started as a grassroots movement has exploded into an international day of attention and activism dedicated to preserving the environment. Officially, the United Nations recognizes this upcoming April 22 as International Mother Earth Day. Across the globe, millions of people take part in Earth Day. According to the Earth Day Network, one of the largest activist bodies organizing Earth Day events, people celebrate by holding marches, planting trees, meeting with local representatives, and cleaning up their local environments.
^Walker, Jesse (2013-09-13). "Hardhats for Peace, College Kids for War: The surprising shape of public opinion in the Vietnam era". reason.org. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Book Review: Hardhats, Hippies, and Hawks: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement as Myth and Memory. The Hard Hat Riot of May 1970 has managed somehow to be both widely forgotten and universally remembered. The incident itself, in which rampaging New York construction workers beat up hippies and demanded that City Hall raise the American flag, is a piece of historical trivia; most Americans born after it have little inkling that it occurred, and even the people who were around at the time are likely to be hazy on the details. But the image of a pro-war worker in a hardhat punching a privileged protester is enshrined in our cultural memory. It's what the late '60s and early '70s were supposed to look like: college kids who hated the Vietnam War and blue-collar patriots who loved the flag.
^Carr, Tom (2016). Blood on the Mitten (1st ed.). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. p. 47. ISBN9781943338078.
^Pevere, Geoff (2010-06-18). "How Joe and Patton could, 40 years on, play again today". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2017-06-17. Joe, like Patton, had its true-life historical hook. Two months before the movie opened, and on the very same day as the Hard Hat Riot in Manhattan, a middle-aged railroad worker named Arville Douglas Garland entered a Detroit university residence (known, apparently, as a hippie haven) and shot and killed four students — including his daughter and her boyfriend. Although equipped for the rampage with multiple weapons and extra ammo, Garland was ultimately handed a light sentence by the same judge who'd seen Joe as part of his deliberation process and rejected any prospective jurors who'd done the same. Garland was seen to be let off lightly, but justly so by the hundreds of supporters who sent the killer letters endorsing his actions. At the time, it was reported that no one wrote to suggest that Garland had given the murdered kids anything but what they deserved.
^Jennings, Peter; Jarriel, Tom (May 9, 1970). "5/9/1970: Nationwide Student Strike". abcnews.go.com. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 26, 2014. Students gather to protest the invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State massacre. (Archival footage including speeches by Benjamin Spock, Jane Fonda, and Ron Young).
^Getlen, Larry (August 31, 2014). "How Dock Ellis Dropped Acid and Threw a Ho-Hitter". nypost.com. The New York Post. Retrieved September 4, 2014. Later in life, Ellis, who ultimately got straight and became a drug counselor, expressed shame about what he had done. While the LSD no-hitter kept him in the public eye, he came to see it not as a point of pride, but as a sign that his drug use might have robbed him of his greatest professional memory.
^Witz, Billy (September 4, 2010). "For Ellis, a Long, Strange Trip to a No-Hitter". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014. But it was Ellis's claim, after he retired, that he threw his no-hitter while under the influence of LSD that cemented his standing as an icon of the sport's counterculture era, making him an intriguing figure to artists, musicians, filmmakers, and journalists — even after his death.
^"Angela Davis Arrested in N.Y.; Was On Ten Most Wanted List". thecrimson.com. AP via The Harvard Crimson, Inc. 1970-10-14. Retrieved 2018-06-10. Davis was added on Aug. 18 to the FBI's list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. She has been accused of buying guns used in the attempt on Aug. 7 to free three San Quentin convicts undergoing trial in San Rafael, Calif. She has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution on state charges of murder and kidnapping.
^Carlson, Peter. "When Elvis Met Nixon". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved July 27, 2014. From the Archives: A bizarre encounter between the president and the king of rock and roll
^Gostisha, Dave (2010). "When Elvis Met Nixon". youtube.com. condensedmovies.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
^Nicols, Dana; Chamberlain, Mark (2012-12-01). "The Happening". Laguna Beach Magazine. Retrieved 2017-06-19. Peace, Love and Not Much to Eat "The youth subculture in the United States has found an untraditional way to observe this Christmas weekend. It's another rock festival—but—unlike previous such events, it seems to have happened almost all by itself, with little apparent organization." —CBS News, December 1970
^Cite error: The named reference unodc.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Silver, Michael (November 19, 2003). "Where Were You on March 8, 1971?". espn.go.com. ESPN Classic. Retrieved June 27, 2014. The country was split between those supporting our efforts in Vietnam and those opposed to the war. Hawks, doves, hard hats, flower children, black power, Woodstock, Kent State and the silent majority were bywords for the most divisive American decade since the American Civil War some 100 years earlier.
^Fitzpatrick, Frank (April 14, 2014). "When politics enter the playing field". philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 27, 2014. People forget the intensity of opposing passions in 1971. No one was neutral. Friends and families were bitterly divided. If you supported the Vietnam War, you supported Frazier. And if you opposed it, you were in the corner of Ali, who had forfeited his title for refusing military induction in 1967.
^Cosgrove, Ben; Shearer, John. "Ali, Frazier and the 'Fight of the Century': A Photographer Remembers (w/text)". life.time.com. Time, Inc. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Long before the first bell of their March 1971 fight sounded, the contest was billed as "The Fight of the Century" and, amazingly, it lived up to the hype. That night, a star-studded crowd watched two of the greatest fighters who ever lived battle for supremacy in the world's premier sports arena.
^"1971: Row rocks Rolling Stone wedding". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-07. Mick Jagger and his Nicaraguan-born wife-to-be eventually arrived at 1700. Police and journalists exchanged blows in the frenzy. Hippies turned up on foot and bicycles, mingling with members of the international jet set, who arrived in Rolls Royces for the wedding.
^Getlen, Larry (2016-06-11). "Mick Jagger's 1971 wedding was 'skin-crawlingly embarrassing'". The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-06-11. The year 1971 had already been a hectic one for the Rolling Stones. In March, at lead singer Mick Jagger's urging, they became the first rock band to declare themselves tax exiles from the UK, relocating to France in order to escape England's high tax rates on the wealthy...The high-class wedding, writes journalist David Hepworth, "marked the establishment of rock and roll as a viable branch of high society."
^Sheehan, Neil; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E.W.; Butterfield, Fox (1971). The Pentagon Papers. New York: New York Times/Bantam. The Secret History of the Vietnam War. The Complete and Unabridged Series as Published in the New York Times. With key documents and 64 page of photographs
^Krogh, Egil (June 30, 2007). "The Break-In That History Forgot". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2014. The premise of our action was the strongly held view within certain precincts of the White House that the president and those functioning on his behalf could carry out illegal acts with impunity if they were convinced that the nation's security demanded it. As President Nixon himself said to David Frost during an interview six years later, "When the president does it, that means it is not illegal." To this day the implications of this statement are staggering.
^Berman, Eliza (2015-09-09). "The Only Photographer Allowed at the Attica Prison Riot Remembers Four Days of Chaos". time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved 2016-05-08. When the dust settled, 39 people were dead—29 inmates and 10 corrections employees—with more of the wounded to die in the coming days. It was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the days of the Civil War.
^Montgomery, Marc (2015-09-16). "History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace". rcinet.ca. Radio Canada International. Retrieved 2016-06-24. While Greenpeace had started as an anti-nuclear peace organization, it began to concentrate more on environmental issues when joined by two New Zealand scientists in 1975 who were strongly against whaling due to an incident they had witnessed years earlier in British Columbia. They had studied communications between whales trapped by fishermen and those which had managed to stay free.
^Landau, Jon (1971-11-25). "Bandleader Duane Allman Dies in Bike Crash". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-19. Duane Allman, the leader and driving force behind the Allman Brothers Band, died Friday, October 29th, from massive injuries received in a motorcycle crash in Macon, Georgia. He was 24. He and the rest of the band had currently been in the middle of their first real vacation in more than two years.
^Canby, Vincent (1971-11-11). "Movie Review – Film: Frank Zappa's Surrealist '200 Motels'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-27. The title is, perhaps, the best thing about the film that opened yesterday at the Plaza Theater. It cheerily evokes the image of groupies, warm beer, cheeseburgers, overflowing ash trays, efficient plumbing and inefficient air-conditioning, which freezes the air without cleaning it, in an endless chain of identical bed-sitters that are the homes-away-from-home for the members of a touring rock group.
^Koenig, Rhoda (2007-01-08). "Edie Sedgwick: The life and death of the Sixties star". The Independent. Retrieved 2016-06-20. Rich, gorgeous and well-connected, Edie Sedgwick was the party girl who lit up Andy Warhol's golden circle. As her life story comes to the screen, Rhoda Koenig unravels a very Sixties tragedy
^Kenyon, Peter (2015-03-08). "A Swiss Town, A Casino Fire And 'Smoke On The Water'". npr.org. National Public Radio (US). Retrieved 2016-06-12. But for rockers of a certain age, Montreux will always be best known for its rich musical history — including the roaring casino fire that inspired the English rock band Deep Purple's classic "Smoke on the Water." The story goes that on Dec. 4, 1971, Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention were playing a gig at the Montreux casino. The band was nearly 90 minutes into the show, cranking through "King Kong," when someone in the crowd fired a flare gun at the wooden roof, which instantly caught fire.
^Huey, Ryan (2018-02-08). "When marijuana was legal in Michigan: 22 days in 1972". Lansing State Journal/Gannet. Retrieved 2018-02-12. The "Free John Now!" campaign culminated in the "John Sinclair Freedom Rally" on December 10, 1971, headlined by John Lennon. Lennon and Yoko Ono took the stage around three in the morning with a dobro guitar and an impromptu band. They closed their short set with a song written especially for the occasion. "It ain't fair, John Sinclair, in the stir for breathing air," Lennon sang. Three days later, John was free. His case convinced the Michigan Supreme Court that marijuana and heroin were not equally dangerous, though state law had treated them that way, misclassifying cannabis as a narcotic and imposing long sentences for possession and sales. The Court released Sinclair from prison and, three months later, declared the state's marijuana laws unconstitutional.
^Powell, Mimi; Scott Dagostino; Bhisham Kinha. "The Porn Power List". FAB magazine. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
^Jeffrey Escoffier, "Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution," in Sex Scene. Media and the Sexual Revolution, ed. Eric Schaefer, Duke University Press, 2014, ISBN9780822356424, pp. 319–347, at p. 319.
^Alinsky, Saul D. (1971). Rules for Radicals (A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals) (Vintage Books Edition, March 1972 ed.). New York: Random House/Vintage. ISBN978-0-394-71736-4.
^Farber, Jim (2014-01-07). "Neil Young is triumphant during solo acoustic concert at New York's Carnegie Hall". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved 2018-06-06. Young also made a connection between two moving songs about heroin: Bert Jansch's "Needle of Death" and his own classic on the subject, "The Needle and the Damage Done."
^Getlen, Larry (2016-09-03). "Inside the US government's secret war against John Lennon". The New York Post. Retrieved 2016-09-03. Wildes' book tells the story of the Nixon administration's battle to deport Lennon, ostensibly for a prior conviction in the UK for hashish possession. The real reason? The government feared that Lennon's outspoken stance against the Vietnam War and other political beliefs threatened to influence the country's 18-to-20-year-olds in the 1972 election, just as the national voting age had been lowered.
^Pincus, Allison (2007-04-03). "The first 'High Noon' march". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved 2016-06-20. he first Hash Bash was held as a celebration after the success of the "Free John Now" campaign that arouse in response to the incarceration of political activist and Ann Arbor local, John Sinclair. Sinclair was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for the possession of two marijuana joints in July 1969.
^Gentry, Curt (1991). J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (First Plume, 1992-09 ed.). New York: Norton/Penguin/Plume. p. 33. ISBN978-0-452-26904-0.
^Leonard, Kevin (2015-07-09). "Police investigation reveals details of Wallace assassination attempt". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2016-06-14. On that day in Laurel, Wallace, then a Democratic governor from Alabama whose views on race and segregation were becoming more out of place in 1972 America, had just finished his campaign speech when he stepped toward the crowd and was shot by Bremer. Wallace was paralyzed in the shooting and three others were also injured.
^Turchiano, Danielle (2018-07-25). "Jane Fonda Reflects on Vietnam, Talks '9 to 5' Sequel". variety.com. PMC. Retrieved 2018-07-26. I'm proud that I went to Vietnam when I did, but what I say in the film is true: I am just so sorry that I was thoughtless enough to sit down on that gun at that time. The message that sends to the guys that were there and their families, it's horrible for me to think about that," she said. "Sometimes I think, 'Oh I wish I could do it over' because there are things I would say differently now."
^Johnson Publishing Company (1975). "Jet". Jet : 2004. Johnson Publishing Company: 6–. ISSN0021-5996.
^Edward W. Knappman, ed. South Vietnam: Volume 7, US-Communist Confrontation in Southeast Asia 1972–1973. p. 226.
^Beschloss, Michael (2012-12-04). "In His Final Days, LBJ Agonized Over His Legacy". pbs.org/newshour. NewsHour Productions LLC. Retrieved 2016-06-24. Johnson was napping in his ranch bedroom when he suffered his last massive coronary, called his beloved Secret Service agent Mike Howard and fell to the floor, almost instantly dead. It was exactly two days after the presidential term he would have served, had he run again in 1968, and almost the same moment that his successor, Richard Nixon, declared a peace in Vietnam that had eluded LBJ and would not last.
^McBride, Alex (December 2006). "Roe v. Wade (1973)". pbs.org. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
^"3/29/73: End of Vietnam War". abcnews.go.com. ABC News Internet Ventures. 1973-03-29. Retrieved 2018-06-03. Archival ABC News footage of Nixon address to the nation.
^Schwartz, Larry. "Billie Jean won for all women". espn.com. ESPN. Retrieved 2016-08-25. The "Battle of the Sexes" captured the imagination of the country, not just tennis enthusiasts. On Sept. 20, 1973 in Houston, she was carried out on the Astrodome court like Cleopatra, in a gold litter held aloft by four muscular men dressed as ancient slaves. Riggs was wheeled in on a rickshaw pulled by sexy models in tight outfits, "Bobby's Bosom Buddies."
^"Nixon Announces New Vice President (Video)". c-span.org. C-SPAN / National Cable Satellite Corporation. Retrieved March 2, 2015. President Nixon announced House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as his choice for vice president to replace Nixon's first vice president, Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. President Nixon also talked about a new outbreak of war in the Middle East and about inflation in the U.S. Mr. Ford also spoke briefly.
^"Greece Marks '73 Student Uprising". Athens News. Athens, Greece. November 17, 1999. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2014. The Polytechnic Uprising, as it has come to be known, dealt a blow to the self-confidence of the junta leaders and led directly to the toppling of the dictator and chief putschist of the April 21, 1967, coup d'etat that brought the junta to power, Colonel George Papadopoulos.
^"Timothy Leary Was FBI Narc". cbsnews.com. CBS Interactive. 1999-06-30. Retrieved 2015-11-27. Timothy Leary, the counterculture guru whose Â"turn on, tune in, drop outÂ" preachings made him an anti-establishment icon in the 1960s, quietly cooperated with the FBI in 1974 and informed on a radical leftist group in hopes of winning his freedom from jail, newly released FBI records show.
^"Operation Frequent Wind: April 29–30, 1975". usni.org. U.S. Naval Institute. April 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2015. For 125,000 Vietnamese-Americans and their descendants, April 30, 1975 marks the day their lives changed forever. On that date, Saigon fell to the forces of North Vietnam and thousands of "at risk" Vietnamese joined the dwindling number of Americans still left in Vietnam to be evacuated by Operation Frequent Wind a massive assembly of aircraft and ships that became the largest helicopter evacuation in history. With the fall of Saigon imminent, the United States Navy formed Task Force 76 off the coast of South Vietnam in anticipation of removing those "at risk" Vietnamese who had ardently supported our efforts to stop the Communist takeover of South Vietnam.
^Zoglin, Richard (June 23, 2008). "How George Carlin Changed Comedy". content.time.com. Time, Inc. Retrieved February 25, 2015. When NBC introduced a new late-night comedy show in 1975 called Saturday Night Live, Carlin was the comedian they turned to as the first guest host.
^Ulster, Laurie (February 13, 2015). "Live from New York – 40 Years Ago – It's Saturday Night!". biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved February 25, 2015. But to really understand the beginnings of what is now Saturday Night Live, you first have to forget what it has become. Now it's an institution. Back in 1975, it was pure counterculture. There had been nothing like it before, not really, and Lorne Michaels had to do battle with conventional network thinking to make it what he knew it had to be: a show full of amateurs doing comedy for people the TV industry didn't yet understand.
^Wattenberg, Ben; Wattenberg, Daniel (August 19, 1997). "The Social Revolutionary who Rejected his Progeny". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 4, 2014. More than any other man, Elvis Presley has been assigned ultimate paternity for the children of the '60s. He introduced the beat to everything and changed everything – music, language, clothes; it's a whole new social revolution – the '60s come from it, said composer Leonard Bernstein. Before Elvis, there was nothing, the decade's most representative child, John Lennon, once said. But Elvis repudiated his progeny. Religious, anti-communist, unconflicted capitalist to the end, he neither aligned himself with the Woodstock generation's politics nor joined their countercultural party.
