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Refs

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  • XYZ, ABC (2022). "CHAPTER TITLE". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
  • XYZ, ABC (2023). "CHAPTER TITLE". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
  • Vásáry, István (1982). "The 'Yugria' Problem". In Róna-Tas, András (ed.). Chuvash studies. Bibliotheca orientalis hungarica. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-2851-1.
  • Hajdú, Péter (1998). "A magyar–ugor vs. altaji összehasonlítótól az uráli nyelvészetig (via finnugor)". In Domokos, Péter; Csepregi, Márta (eds.). 125 éves a Budapesti Finnugor Tanszék: jubileumi kötet [From the Hungarian-Ugric vs. Altaic comparative study to Uralic linguistics (via Finno-Ugric)]. Urálisztikai tanulmányok. Budapest: ELTE, BFT. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-963-463-213-9.
  • Stipa, Günter Johannes (1990). Finnisch-ugrische Sprachforschung von der Renaissance bis zum Neupositivismus. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in German). Vol. 206. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • XYZ, ABC (2015). "CHAPTER TITLE". In Sudár, Balázs (ed.). Magyarok a honfoglalás korában [Hungarians during the Age of Conquest]. Magyar őstörténet. Budapest: Helikon. pp. 1–200. ISBN 978-963-227-592-5.

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Kol and Burislev

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Kol (died about 1173) was a Swedish prince who, together with his brother Burislev was a contender for the throne of Sweden from 1167 until his violent death a few years later. The struggle was a stage in the rivalry between the House of Sverker, to which Kol and Burislev belonged, and the House of Eric.

Boleslaw (Swedish: Burislev; died 1172/73) was a Swedish pretender for the throne, belonging to the House of Sverker. He acted in concert with his kinsman Kol against King Canute I of Sweden, then head of the House of Eric. The two pretenders, who were brothers, half-brothers, or uncle and nephew, may never have controlled much more than the Province of Östergötland, which was the base of the dynasty. Boleslaw is believed either to have been murdered by King Canute's men, or to have fled to Poland in or before 1173.

Background

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Boleslaw was a descendant of the old King Sverker I of Sweden (d. 1156), but the exact pedigree is not clear. Sverker married, as his second wife, Richeza of Poland. From this marriage a son called Bulizlaus (Boleslaw, Burislev) was born, as apparent from a Danish administrative document. He was named for his maternal grandfather Bolesław III Wrymouth. Older Swedish historians, such as Natanael Beckman who wrote a biographical article in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, therefore claimed that Boleslaw and Kol were sons of Sverker.

However, according to a medieval genealogy, Boleslaw, Kol and a third brother called Ubbe the Strong were in fact the sons of King Sverker I's son John. On the basis of this, Swedish historians such as Nils Ahnlund and Adolf Schück have claimed instead that there were two different Boleslaw, uncle and nephew; thus the contenders were indeed sired by John, who died a young man in c. 1152. A medieval list of monastic donations indicates that a certain Ragnhild was the mother of Kol and probably Boleslaw, and consequently the wife of John. She is known to have survived him and presumably raised her children during the turbulent years following John's and Sverker I's deaths, before entering Vreta Abbey as a nun.

Background

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In most older literature Kol is called Kol Sverkersson, based on an unverifiable assumption that he was a son of King Sverker I of Sweden. The only source that says anything about his parentage is, however, a medieval genealogy copied by Olaus Petri in the 16th century: "Suercherus Rex senior ... genuit Carolum Regem et Johannem ducem et Sunonem Sijk ... Johannes dux genuit Koll Regem, Ubbe fortem et Burislevum Regem".[1] In other words, the genealogy claims he was a grandson of Sverker and a son of Prince John, and that his brothers were Ubbe the Strong and King Burislev.[2][3] A medieval list of donations indicates that the mother of Kol was called Ragnhild. She might have been a relative of the jarl Guttorm who donated land to Vreta Abbey on her behalf.[4]

The suggestion that he was a son of Sverker is based on a Danish source which mentions that Sverker had a son Boleslaw (Burislev). This son has been identified by some historians (such as Nathanael Beckman in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon) as the throne contender by the same name, and thus Kol has also been assigned Sverker I for a father.[2]

Strife for kingship

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Prince John was killed in an incident by the Swedish peasantry around 1152. Since he was a young man at his death, his sons must still have been infants. Kol's uncle Charles VII of Sweden was killed by Canute I of Sweden on Visingsö in 1167. Now Kol was recognized at least in parts of Sweden, presumably in Östergötland which was the basis of the dynasty's power. He held the throne in opposition to Canute for a few years, in tandem with his brother or uncle Burislev. The short chronicle of the Westrogothic law relates the few known details: "[King Canute I] won Sweden with his sword and killed King Kol and King Burislev, and had many battles against Sweden and was victorious in them all".[5] A little more is known about Kol from medieval donation lists. He owned land in Frönäs on Öland and donated it to his mother Ragnhild, who in turn gave it to Vreta Abbey when she entered the abbey as a nun.[4] A papal letter from 1171 or 1172 mentions a "K." who was king of the Swedes and Geats; it is not clear whether Kol or Canute (Knut) is meant.[6] Kol was probably killed in battle or murdered by Canute's men around 1173. A 14th-century source claims that he was killed at Bjälbo.[2][3] After his death, his kinsfolk donated land to Vreta Abbey for his soul, indicating that they were able to keep properties after Canute's victory.[7]

Though some sources affirm that Kol actually was King of Sweden for a few years, the Swedish Royal Court does not recognize him as such in its official list of rulers.

Civil war

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Boleslaw is mentioned in the regnal list appended to Västgötalagen together with Kol: "King Canute I won Sweden with his sword and killed King Kol and King Burislev, and had many battles against Sweden and was victorious in them all." Otherwise, he appears in fewer medieval sources than his brother whose name occurs in several king-lists. According to annotations by the 17th-century scholar Johannes Messenius, Kol fell in battle, but Boleslaw continued the struggle against Canute with some success. However, when he carelessly stayed at the mansion of Bjälbo he was assaulted by Canute's troops and killed. Still later traditions have it that Kol and then Boleslaw were killed in battle at Blodåkrarna (the Blood Fields) close to Bjälbo, in 1169. Most probably, however, the struggle came to an end in 1172–73, since Canute reportedly reigned for 23 years after his victory.

It has been speculated that Canute I married a sister of his antagonists Kol and Boleslaw whose name was Cecilia, and to whom he was betrothed in c. 1160. This hypothesis is based on an annal entry which mentions a Princess Cecilia, mother of Eric the Saint, as the sister of Kol and Ulf (Ubbe). Eric the Saint, it is argued, might be a mistake for Eric X of Sweden, the son of Canute I. This hypothesis has been disputed, however.

Though several sources affirm that Boleslaw actually was King of Sweden for a few years, the Swedish Royal Court does not recognize him as such in its official list of rulers.

Problems

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General structure of Uralic mythologies

Sources

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Other sandboxes

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Ugrians

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Uralic languages at early 20th century
 
Areas of Uralic protolanguages. "Ugric" denotes the Ugric Sprachbund. The map includes the contemporary state borders.

The Ugrians or Ugors[9] were the pre-historic linguistic ancestors of the present-day Hungarians and the Khanty and Mansi peoples.[10][11][12] The name is sometimes also used in a modern context as a cover term for these three peoples.[13][14]

The Khanty and the Mansi are collectively known as the Ob-Ugrians. They are ethnographically close to each other and live in geographic proximity with each other in the Ob River basin in Western Siberia (mostly in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs).[14]

Most Hungarians on the other hand live in Hungary in the Central Europe. They are ethnographically and culturally distant from the Ob-Ugrians, and are only related to them by a weak linguistic connection.[14]

History

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Khanty, Mansi and Hungarian languages are all Uralic languages. They are not particularly close, but still share a number of phonological and morphological features, as well as a vocabulary of about 150 words, some of which are related to horsemanship. Khanty and Mansi share a much larger vocabulary, about 400 words. According to the traditional view in Uralic linguistics, the three languages form the Ugric branch of the Uralic family. Khanty and Mansi together form the Ob-Ugric subbranch of the Ugric languages. (See Uralic languages § Classification.). [ugric general]

However, the attempts to reconstruct either the Proto-Ugric or Proto-Ob-Ugric language have not been successful, and the status of the Ugric and Ob-Ugric is now contested. To explain the common features, many Uralists consider that although the three Ugric languages do not necessarily share a common ancestor, they formed a common Sprachbund, influencing each other via areal contact. The original home of the Proto-Ugric languages (either in the traditional or Sprachbund sense) is usually located in Southwestern Siberia, at the margin of the Eurasian steppe.

The divergence of the Ugric languages from each other is considered to have happened around 1000 BC due to steppe migrations and climate changes. Due to these factors, the speakers of Ob-Ugric languages began to move northwards, eventually arriving to their present-day location in the Ob river basin. They merged with the hunter-gatherer people of the taiga. In historical times, they have been in contact with Samoyedic, Turkic, and Komi.

The Ob-Ugric peoples are mentioned in written sources from XXth century onwards. The East Slavic Laurentius chronicle...

The traditional Khanty-speaking areas are located in the ... while the Mansi is traditionally spoken ... The Ob-Ugric languages show a number of contacts with other languages. After the colonization of Siberia, Russian influence has been significant, and today most of the Khanty and Mansi are bilingual in Russian. [ugric general]

After the Ugric divergence, the speakers of Proto-Hungarian began to move westwards, adopting a half-nomadic steppe culture. Not much is known about them or their movements until they arrive in the Pannonian Basin in the 9th century. There is evidence of a lexical contact with Iranian and Turkic, and possibly Permic languages. The number of West Old Turkic loanwords in Hungarian is high, and they seem to have been in a close and prolonged contact with Turkic peoples during this period. (See Hungarian prehistory) [ugric general]

Yugria problem

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The present-day term Ugrian is based on two sources: the term Yugria which historically applied to Ob-Ugrians, and the old Russian ethnonym Ugry for the Hungarians. The relation between these terms has been debated.

The name Yugra appears in Arab-Persian geographical texts in the 11-13th centuries. These writings mention a northern people called Yura or Yugra, with whom the Volga Bulgars carry a silent trade for furs. During the 11th century, the name Yugra also appears in Russian sources, designating a people and their territory. These people are mentioned to share a border with the Samoyeds, and they can be identified with the Khanty and Mansi peoples. The exact location of Yugra varies in the Russian sources, and is apparently associated with the various locations in which the Russians encountered the Khanty and Mansi. In the early sources, it is located on the western foothills of the Ural mountains, but when the Russians reach the Ob river in the 14th century, the location shifts east. The usage of the term Yugra ceases in the 16th century, and the separate ethnonyms Ostyaks and Vogul are adopted for the Khanty and Mansi. It survives in geographical names.[15]

By the middle of the 15th century, Muscovy manages the subjugate the Yugra after multiple campaigns, and Ivan III, the Grand Prince of Moscow, adds "Grand Prince of Yugra" to his title. During this time, the Western World and the Papacy are also becoming increasingly interested in the Muscovy affairs, establishing diplomatic missions and embassies.

The scholarly term "Ugric," encompassing the Magyar, Vogul, and Ostyak peoples, is used even though "we have no evidence whatsoever that the peoples designated by it knew each other or were applied to by their neighbors during their former coexistence". And he adds that this term is "saturated with historical air and a sense of blurred connections."[16]

Miklós Zsirai [hu] discussed the etymology and suggested that both words originate from Onogur.

István Vásáry [hu] disagrees with Zsirai...[15]

András Róna-Tas offers his own take on the matter.

Gábor Gyóni [hu] does not consider the matter closed.

The term Ob-Ugric was introduced by the linguist August Ahlqvist who studied the Khanty and Mansi peoples in the 1880s.[17] A predecessor of this category can be found in 1823 article by Julius Klaproth, who classifies the Ugric languages into two groups: Hungarian (German: Uguren, Onoguren, Ungern) and 'Yugrian' (German: Jugrien, Jugorien), comprising the Khanty and Mansi languages.

László Honti [hu] summarizes much of this very concisely and provides translations of Zsirai. He quotes Zsirai: "The technical term Ugric — bracketing Hungarian, Vogul and Ostyak together — is also used on the assumption that the old names Ugra, Jugria meaning Vogul and Ostyak have a common origin with ungri, Hungaria etc." (Zsirai 1937, 142–143)

The term Ugric peoples (Swedish: Ugriska folken) as a collective designation for the three peoples was used in 1850s by Matthias Castrén.[18][19][20] Earlier, Julius Klaproth had used the term Ugrian Finns in his magnum opus Asia Polyglotta (1828). The term Finno-Ugric was popularized starting from Otto Donner's work in 1870s [hajdu] The term Ugric became commonplace designation for the three ethnic groups and their languages in the early 20th century, following the works of Heikki Paasonen (1902), József Pápay [hu] (1922) and Eemil Nestor Setälä (1926).[16]


[21]

In beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (latinized form of the name) and Ugry, an Old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians, was noted. Yugra has since then been often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and Ugry is disputed. The establishment of the name Ugric for the language family which includesKhanty and Mansi and Hungarian, was based on the assumption that the two words share the same origin.

Notes

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  1. ^ Nils Ahnlund, "Vreta klosters äldsta donatorer", Historisk tidskrift 65, 1945, p. 341.
  2. ^ a b c Hans Gillingstam (1977). "Kol". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon band 21. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  3. ^ a b Liljegren, Bengt (2004). Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media. p. 34. ISBN 9185057630. Retrieved 2014-02-11. Kol was killed in a battle at Bjälbo in Östergötland in 1173 digitized July 9, 2008
  4. ^ a b Nils Ahnlund, "Till frågan om den äldsta Erikskulten i Sverige", Historisk tidskrift 68, 1948, p. 318.
  5. ^ Mats G. Larsson, Götarnas riken: Upptäcktsfärder till Sveriges enande. Stockholm: Atlantis, 2002, p. 185.
  6. ^ Hans Gillingstam, "Kol", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11708
  7. ^ Nils Ahnlund, "Vreta klosters äldsta donatorer", Historisk tidskrift 65, 1945, p. 321.
  8. ^ Vanderbilt, David (2018-10-31). Berry Phases in Electronic Structure Theory: Electric Polarization, Orbital Magnetization and Topological Insulators. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316662205. ISBN 978-1-316-66220-5.
  9. ^ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
  10. ^ Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. p. 97,319. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
  11. ^ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
  12. ^ Skribnik, Elena; Laakso, Johanna (2022). "Ugric: General introduction". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 523–524. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
  13. ^ Hajdú, Péter (1975). Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples. London: Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96552-9.
  14. ^ a b c Wixman, Ronald (1984). The peoples of the USSR : an ethnographic handbook. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-585-23536-3. Cite error: The named reference "USSR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b Vásáry, István (1982). "The 'Yugria' Problem". In Róna-Tas, András (ed.). Chuvash studies. Bibliotheca orientalis hungarica. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-963-05-2851-1.
  16. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference hajdu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Ahlqvist, August (1882). Tutkimus sivistyssanoista obilais-ugrilaisten kansojen kielissä (in Finnish). Frenckell. The German translation Über die Kulturwörter der obisch-ugrischen Sprachen was published posthumously in 1890.
  18. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Ugrische Völker«. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Band 19. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  19. ^ "Finno-Ugrian", 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. Volume 10, retrieved 2024-02-10 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  20. ^ Castren, Matthias Alexander (1857). Nordiska resor och forskningar: Ethnologiska föreläsningar öfver altaiska folken (in Swedish). Finska Litteratur-Sällskapets Tryckeri.
  21. ^ Praline 1969, p. 16.

References

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Groups of Finno-Ugric nations identified by language (west to east):
Pinks: Sami
Blues: Baltic Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Perm Finns

Finnic peoples

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The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who [...], and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River.

The scope of the terms "Finn" and "Finnic" varies by context. They can refer to the Baltic Finns of Finland, Scandinavia, Estonia and Northwest Russia. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes four groups:[1] the Baltic Finns, the Sami of northern Fennoscandia, and the Volga Finns and Perm Finns of Russia.[2] The last two include the Finnic peoples of the Komi-Permyak Okrug and the four Russian republics of Komi, Mari El, Mordovia and Udmurtia.[3] The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sami (100,000).[4]

The Finnic peoples are sometimes called Finno-Ugric, uniting them with the Ugrians, or Uralic, uniting them also with the Samoyeds. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.[5]

Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.[citation needed]

Ugri

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First sources that mention the possible connection between the Hungarians and the Ob-Ugrians date from the 15th and 16th centuries. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (later Pope Pius II) mentions in his Cosmographia that there exists an idol-worshipping people in Scythia, who speak "the same language" as the Hungarians. However, it is unclear whether this refers to the Yugra (the name for Ob-Ugrians in East Slavic chronicles). Clearer statements were made by Julius Pomponius Laetus and Maciej Miechowita, who


The name Uralic derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (Urheimat) hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains. It was first proposed as an ethnonym Uralier (in German) by Julius Klaproth in Asia Polyglotta (1823). The original conception did not include the Samoyed peoples.[6][7]

Sources

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Basic examples
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  • Potential step (evanescent wave only)
  • Step barrier and wave packet
  • Double quantum well
  • Hydrogen atom

Advanced

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Sources

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  • (Wolf, p.2) for continuity of the wave function despite the discontinuity of the potential
  • (Taylor [7]) Resonant tunneling - conduction in crystalline solids
  • (Taylor [8], Ch. 7.10, p.234) General concept of tunneling
  • (Girvin & Yang, Appendix) Tunneling between two quantum wells in second quantized language, hopping as tunneling p.117
  • Advanced bibliography: Kleinert 1995, pp. 794-6

Band theory

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Refs

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  1. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1994) [1990]. "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  2. ^ Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  3. ^ Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  4. ^ "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  6. ^ Klaproth, Julius (1823). Asia Polyglotta (in German). Paris: A. Schubart. p. 182.
  7. ^ Stipa, Günter Johannes (1990). Finnisch-ugrische Sprachforschung von der Renaissance bis zum Neupositivismus (PDF). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in German). Vol. 206. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 294.
  8. ^ Taylor, John R. (John Robert) (2004). Modern physics for scientists and engineers. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-805715-2.

Medieval

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  • Hans, King of Denmark
    • In almost every English-language source in this article he is known as Hans (exception is Letters from James IV (1953), which calls him King John) Britannica calls him John, but also acknowledges that he is "Also known as: Hans, John II"
    • Study whether Hans of Denmark is a primary topic.


 
Search for "of Bjelbo" on Wikipedia.
 
Search for "Smallands" on Wikipedia.

de Dacia

Post-medieval

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Westrogothian Rebellion

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  • Västgötaherrarnas' rebellion: [13] [14]
  • Västgötland rebellion: [15]

Refs

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  • Magnus Ladulås:
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