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1990 Serbian general election

(Redirected from Serbian general election, 1990)

General elections were held in Serbia, a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, in December 1990. The presidential elections and the first round of the parliamentary elections were held on 9 December, whilst a second round of the parliamentary elections was held on 23 December 1990. This was the last parliamentary election in Serbia where members were elected in single-member constituency seats by a two-round voting system; all subsequent elections have taken place under proportional representation.

1990 Serbian general election
← 1989 9 December 1990 (1990-12-09) 1992 →
Presidential election
Turnout71.40% (Decrease 12.15 pp)
 
Candidate Slobodan Milošević Vuk Drašković Ivan Đurić
Party SPS SPO SRSJS–UJDI
Popular vote 3,285,799 824,674 277,398
Percentage 67.71% 16.95% 5.72%
President of the Presidency before election

Slobodan Milošević
SPS

Elected President

Slobodan Milošević
SPS

Parliamentary election
All 250 seats in the National Assembly
126 seats needed for a majority
Turnout
71.39% (Decrease 10.96 pp)
Party Leader % Seats
SPS Slobodan Milošević 48.15 194
SPO Vuk Drašković 16.49 19
DS Dragoljub Mićunović 7.78 7
VMDK András Ágoston 2.75 8
SDAS Sulejman Ugljanin 1.75 3
SRSJS Ivan Đurić 1.55 2
NSS Dragan Veselinov 1.41 1
SSS Milomir Babić 1.09 2
SDS Tode Vojvodić 0.68 1
UJDI Tibor Várady 0.52 1
DSHV Bela Tonković 0.49 1
PVD Riza Halimi 0.46 1
SJ Ante Ercegović 0.45 1
DRSM Đeljadin Idrizi 0.07 1
Independents – 9.47 8
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Prime Minister before Prime Minister after
Stanko Radmilović
SPS		 Dragutin Zelenović
SPS

Background

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Post-World War II

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After World War II, the Communist Party consolidated power in Yugoslavia, transforming the country into a socialist state.[1][2] Each constituent republic had its own branch of the Communist party, with Serbia having the Communist Party of Serbia.[3] The federal Communist party renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) at its 6th Congress in 1952.[4][5] Its branches did the same; the Communist Party of Serbia became the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS).[6][7] With the death of Josip Broz Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, in 1980, the country was faced with economic issues, constitutional problems, and a rise in ethnic nationalism.[8]

Within Serbia, Slobodan Milošević came to power at the 8th Session in September 1987.[9][10]: 36  Milošević served as the president of the City Committee of SKS in Belgrade until being appointed president of SKS in May 1986, upon the proposal of his mentor Ivan Stambolić, a reformist within SKS.[11][12][13] Milošević turned populist in April 1987 and then became a critic of Stambolić.[13][14] Milošević dismissed Stambolić's allies at the 8th Session, and in December 1987, Stambolić was removed from his role as president of Serbia.[9][15] With Milošević in power, protests supporting Milošević's policies, known as the anti-bureaucratic revolution, started in Serbia and Montenegro in 1988.[10]: 41 [16] Following the protests, the leadership in Montenegro, Vojvodina, and Kosovo was overthrown by the pro-Milošević faction.[16][17]

Milošević was named president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in May 1989, after being nominated to the position by the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia.[18]: 15 [19][20] In response to his appointment, general elections were announced for November 1989.[18]: 15 [21]: 27  Milošević won the election in a landslide, officially being elected president of the presidency of the SR Serbia.[18]: 19  These would be the last one-party elections in Serbia.[22] Stanko Radmilović, a Milošević loyalist, became the prime minister of Serbia after the elections.[23][24]

In January 1990, an SKJ extraordinary congress was held to address the dispute over Milošević's centralisation reforms and reforms of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia.[25]: 21–22  During the congress, SKS proposed implementing a "one man–one vote" system, which was opposed by the Slovene delegation, who favoured confederated Yugoslavia.[26] Milošević fiercely opposed to confederalism.[27] With the assistance of delegates from Montenegro, Vojvodina, Kosovo, and the Yugoslav People's Army, the proposals from SKS were accepted, while the Slovene and Bosnian proposals were rejected.[26][28] This ultimately led to the dissolution of SKJ shortly after the congress.[25]: 29 

Constitutional referendum

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The Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia suddenly announced on 25 June 1990 that a constitutional referendum would take place on 1 and 2 July, to determine the new constitution of Serbia.[29][30][31] The referendum was held during a crisis in Kosovo.[32] As reported by Zoran Sokolović, the president of the Assembly of SR Serbia, in the Official Gazette, the proposal was recommended by the presidency of SR Serbia and members of the Assembly of SR Serbia.[29] In response to the announcement, a protest was organised at the building of Radio Television of Belgrade, condemning the referendum and state controlled media.[30] Vojislav Šešelj, the leader of the Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP), gave a speech critical of the government during the protest.[30] Opposition political parties called for the referendum to be postponed after the first multi-party elections and called on their supporters to boycott the referendum if the demand was not met.[33][34] Before the announcement, the government had previously rejected holding elections in 1990.[35]

The state media labelled those opposing the referendum as "anti-Serbian" and "pro-Albanian".[32] The results published by the Republic Electoral Commission (RIK) on 5 July showed that the referendum passed.[33][36] On the same day, the government of Serbia dissolved the Assembly of SAP Kosovo and its government.[33][37] This was done in response to the proclamation of the Republic of Kosova three days prior.[33] The newly-adopted constitution effectively abolished the autonomy that SAP Kosovo had.[33][38] "They tried to declare Kosovo a republic and by that they endangered Serbia and Yugoslavia", Sokolović said.[39] This move was condemned by Amnesty International and the European Parliament.[27] The constitution went into effect on 28 September.[40][41]

Electoral system

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The electoral system of Serbia was amended with the adoption of a new referendum. The 250 members of the National Assembly of Serbia were elected by a first-past-the-post, two-round voting system from 250 constituencies.[34][42]: 18–20  All subsequent elections in Serbia have been conducted under a proportional representation system.[43][44] The territory of a constituency either included several local communities (mesna zajednica), populated places (naseljena mesta), or a single municipality.[42]: 20–29  Eligible voters were able to vote for only one candidate in the constituency that they resided in.[45] A candidate could have been proposed by one or more political parties or other political organisations if they had collected at least 100 valid signatures from constituency residents, or the candidate could have been proposed by a citizens group [sr] (grupa građana) instead.[45] A citizens group, according to the law in 1990, is a political designation used to determine a group of 100 citizens bound by an agreement willing to take part in an election.[45] The candidate was submitted to RIK by its proposer.[45] The candidate could have been declined, after which the deficiencies had to be fixed in a span of 48 hours if the candidate was to be re-submitted to RIK.[45] The symbol of a constituency, the name of the election, and a list of candidates that ran in the constituency were present on the voting ballot.[45]

Regarding presidential elections, a candidate could have been any resident of Serbia that was proposed by one or more political parties, political organisations, or a citizens group.[46] A candidate was elected if it received a majority of all votes cast and if at least half of all voters took part in the election.[46] If no candidate won a majority of all votes cast, the second round had to be held in the next fifteen days.[46] In the second round, at least two candidates who received the most votes take part.[46] If the turnout was lower than 50%, the election is annulled, and a new election has to be scheduled.[46]

RIK, local election commissions, and the polling boards of constituencies have overseen elections in Serbia.[45][47] At the time of the election, Časlav Ignjatović served as the president of RIK.[48] Parliamentary and presidential elections were called by the president of the National Assembly, who also had to announce their dates.[45][46] Regarding the 1990 election, the presidential and parliamentary elections were called by Sokolović on 28 September for 9 December.[34][48] In the case of runoffs, the second round of the parliamentary election was scheduled for 23 December.[49] According to the law, a parliamentary election is held every four years, though it is possible for a snap election to take place.[45] If a snap election occurs, then the president of Serbia has to call the election, considering that the president also has to dissolve the National Assembly.[45] A presidential election is called every five years.[50][49] The campaign for an election could have lasted between 30 and 90 days.[45] To vote, a person had to be a citizen, able to perform working duties, and be at least 18 years old.[45] For those in the military, they could have voted at military establishments.[45][51] Voting also took place in hospitals, nursing homes, and police barracks.[51] During the election day, eligible voters could have voted from 07:00 (UTC+01:00) to 20:00 at a voting station in their constituency.[45] Voters who were either blind, disabled, or illiterate could have brought a relative to vote on their behalf at a voting station.[45] This was the first multi-party election in Serbia since 1938.[38][49][52]

Political parties

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See also: List of political parties in Serbia

The table below lists political parties elected to the Assembly of SR Serbia after the 1989 parliamentary election.[21]: 34 [53]: 29  At the time of the election, Bogdan Trifunović was the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS.[54] During its existence, the Assembly of SR Serbia was divided into the Council of Associated Labour, the Council of Municipalities, and the Socio-Political Council. In the Council of Associated Labour, 134 SKS delegates were elected; in the Council of Municipalities, 84 SKS delegates were elected; and in the Socio-Political Council, 85 SKS delegates were elected.[53]: 29 

Name Leader 1989 result
Seats
League of Communists of Serbia Bogdan Trifunović
303 / 340
Independents –
37 / 340

Participants

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Parliamentary candidates

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The parliamentary election was contested by 1706 candidates, 81 of whom were women,[55] who were either proposed by a registered political party or citizens groups.[45][56] With the adoption of a new constitution, the registry of political parties was also created.[57][58] The first political parties that were put in the registry included the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), the legal successor of SKS,[34] Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Serbian National Renewal (SNO), Serbian Saint Sava Party, People's Radical Party (NRS), Democratic Party (DS), New Democracy – Movement for Serbia, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians, Party of Independent Entrepreneurs and Peasants, New Communist Movement, Workers' Party of Yugoslavia, Democratic Forum, Party of Democratic Action, Movement for the Protection of Human Rights, Alliance of All Serbs of the World, Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina, Independent Democratic Association, Party for Democratic Action, Republican Party, Old Radical Party, People's Party, Green Party, Democratic Party of Freedom, Liberal Party (LS), Democratic Party (Davidović–Grol), Democratic Political Party Roma, Party of Social Justice, People's Peasant Party (NSS), Serbian Democratic Party, and Party of Yugoslavs.[57] The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina/Yugoslavia (LSV/J) was also formed during the same period.[59] In the second round of the parliamentary election, 303 candidates contested the elections.[56]

At the time of the election, the three main political parties in Serbia were SPS, SPO, and DS.[55] Considering that the SPS was the legal successor of SKS and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia, SPS gained a large amount of political infrastructure as well as material and financial assets.[34][60][61] The Time magazine describe the merger as "purely cosmetic".[62] With such material and with SPS retaining control over major industries, it was able to continue dominating political events in Serbia.[34][63] Milošević was the president of SPS.[64] DS was formed in December 1989, when a group of intellectuals announced the revival of the interwar Democratic Party.[55][65] The first leadership election inside DS was contested between Dragoljub Mićunović and Kosta Čavoški.[66] Mićunović and Čavoški held different political views; Mićunović was a liberal and Čavoški was an anti-communist nationalist.[66][67][68] Mićunović won the election and led DS in the 1990 parliamentary election.[66] SPO, on the other hand, was founded by Vuk Drašković, а writer who gained prominence due to his nationalist-themed books.[69]: 143 [70]: 39  Drašković was initially affiliated with the Saint Sava Association and later with SNO.[71]: 581–582  A schism inside SNO occurred in March 1990, when president Mirko Jović began attacking Drašković due to his previous membership in SKJ.[70]: 53  Due to the schism, Drašković left SNO and, together with Šešelj, formed SPO in the same month.[55][70]: 54  With the formation of SPO, Drašković was also elected its president.[55] SPO was an extreme nationalist party during the 1990 elections, with Drašković being described as a "serious threat" to Milošević.[72][73][74] Šešelj, however, left SPO in May 1990 due to not reaching an agreement on whether to boycott Siniša Kovačević's play Saint Sava.[55][70]: 55  He then formed SČP, although it remained an unregistered party,[75] which in 1991 became the Serbian Radical Party.[55]

The elections were contested by a large number of public figures.[55] Bata Živojinović, Mihailo Janketić, and Miroslav Ilić contested on behalf of SPS; Bora Todorović and Ljuba Tadić contested on behalf of Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia in Serbia (SRSJS),; and Svetislav Basara and Gojko Đogo contested on behalf of DS.[55] Vojislav Brajović, Ljubivoje Ršumović, Branko Milićević, and Minja Subota contested the elections on behalf of citizens groups.[55]

The 1990 election was largely boycotted by Kosovo Albanians, 700,000 of whom were registered to vote.[44][76][77] This allowed SPS to sweep the constituencies in Kosovo; in five constituencies, they ran unopposed.[44][55] Before the election campaign began, Kosovo Albanians organised protests and strikes that were ultimately suppressed by the government of Serbia.[78][79][80] Opposition parties in Kosovo also said that "they would not respect Serbia's new constitution", according to Reuters.[81] Ibrahim Rugova, the president of the Democratic League of Kosovo, said that "to participate in these elections would mean that we accept the conditions the Serbians have imposed upon us".[82]

Presidential candidates

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The following list includes candidates who took part in the presidential elections.[83][84] The election was contested by 32 candidates in total, which remains the record number of candidates in any presidential election in Serbia since then.[85] Ljiljana Ćuić became the first woman to contest a presidential election.[76]

Campaign

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The election campaign began on 28 September, when the elections were called by the president of the National Assembly.[48] Bojan Klačar of the Centre for Free Elections and Democracy said that "SPS entered the elections with such a large infrastructure inherited from the League of Communists that it could not have serious competition" (SPS je ušao u izbore sa toliko velikom infrastrukturom nasleđenom od Saveza komunista da nije mogao imati ozbiljnu konkurenciju).[61] According to N1, the infrastructure that SPS gained in 1990 was worth around US$160,000,000.[55]

Milošević and Drašković were the leading presidential candidates during the campaign period, with Milošević considered to be the favourite.[49][86] The New York Times described the election as "decisive" due to Serbia's role within Yugoslavia, while the Los Angeles Times said that "the election also provides a last chance for Yugoslavia to reconsider its headlong rush toward disintegration and civil war".[87][88] The Toronto Star said that the elections "may determine, to a large extent, the future make-up or break-up of Yugoslavia", while The Washington Post said that "the survival of Yugoslavia may well be at stake" in the Serbian elections.[89][90] Shortly before the election, the San Francisco Chronicle predicted that Serbia "is expected to remain staunchly Communist" after the elections.[91] The Seattle Times considered the presidential election to be "the most important election" that year in Yugoslavia.[92]

Opposition candidates lacked funds during the campaign.[89] By the end of the campaign, the Serbian opposition, Croatia, Slovenia, and Western countries saw Drašković as a more acceptable alternative to Milošević.[90]

Slogans

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The table below lists slogans that political parties used throughout the campaign.[61] Nikola Šainović, an SPS official and future prime minister of Serbia, said regarding the SPS slogans that "we believed in that slogan" (mi smo u tu parolu verovali) and that "it was not just a marketing slogan, there was practically no marketing then, it was a real political slogan" (to nije bila samo marketinška parola, tada marketnga praktično nije ni bilo, to je bila prava politička parola).[61] Mićunović said that "that slogan spoke of our desire to say that we were wrong a lot, so it's time to decide wisely" (ta parola je govorila o našoj želji da kažemo da smo dosta grešili, pa je vreme da prelomimo pametno).[61] SPO used slogan acronyms, with the first letters of the words in Serbian spelling out their abbreviations.[55]

Political party Original slogan English translation Ref(s)
Democratic Party Vreme je
Prelomite pametno 		The time has come
Decide wisely 		[76]
Serbian Renewal Movement Snaga, pobeda, obnova
Sutra počinje odmah 		Strength, victory, renewal
Tomorrow begins immediately 		[76]
Socialist Party of Serbia Sa nama nema neizvesnosti
Srbija se saginjati neće 		There is no uncertainty with us
Serbia will not bend down 		[76]

Media promotion

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Klačar argued that political communication was free during the campaign period.[61] Despite this, the government portrayed opposition politicians as "enemies of society" (neprijateljima društva).[44] Opposition parties were also faced with a media blockade; Studio B and Radio B92 were the only opposition-friendly media during the 1990 elections.[55][75] SPS controlled most television and radio stations, as well as newspapers.[75][87] During the campaign, SPS used the media to attack their political opponents and smear presidential candidates, such as Drašković.[89][93]

Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) presented candidates for the parliamentary and presidential elections during the election campaign.[44][94] RTS allowed candidates to present their programmes on television.[87] It was noted that Đurić's presentation in November was cut from 30 minutes to 17 minutes due to a "musical interlude" and "the presenter's lengthy introduction".[95]

Issues

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The campaign was met with high social polarisation and fear, as well as politically motivated incidents.[34][87][96] Shortly before the end of the campaign, Slobodan Ivanović, an SPO activist, was killed in Dubnica, near Vranje, by a SPS supporter while campaigning.[34][55] Opposition parties were focused on ideological themes during the campaign.[55] The main issues that were discussed during the campaign included Kosovo, nationalism, social and economic prosperity, and democracy.[55][90][93] Both Milošević and Drašković pledged to reform the economy according to the Western-style economy.[49] This issue was, however, reported to be put aside by The Washington Post, and that nationalism was instead the main issue during the campaign.[90]

Timeline

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The campaign period was met with opposition protests that were mainly orchestrated by SPO and DS.[58] They organised protests regarding alleged unequal treatment of the opposition on the RTS and against electoral irregularities.[58] Anti-government protests were also held before the campaign even started, with the June protest in Belgrade being attended by between 30,000 and 40,000 people.[72][97][98] The protest was organised by DS, LS, NRS, SPO, and Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia, and it was held in front of the building of RTS.[55] They demanded that free elections be held that year and left a petition calling for free elections and the introduction of a multi-party system.[97] RTS broadcast the protest in a negative tone, while the government labelled the protest as "anti-Serbian".[55][98] The protest resulted in the intervention of the police, with Mićunović and Borislav Pekić being physically attacked by them.[55][99] Four cars were damaged during the protests, according to the police.[100] Once the elections were called, SPO organised a protest at Kosovo Polje.[55] Due to SPS supporters organising a counter-protest, violence was on the verge of happening, though the police intervened and the protest remained peaceful.[55]

Throughout the campaign period, there were also talks about orchestrating an election boycott due to the inequal treatment of the opposition.[58][101] Mićunović and then-executive board president of DS Zoran Đinđić were opposed to a boycott; Mićunović said that, in case of a boycott, opposition parties would "leave a clear space for the existing government, and we would deprive our own sympathizers of the opportunity to choose" (ostavljamo čist prostor postojećoj vlasti, a sopstvene simpatizere lišavamo mogućnosti da biraju).[58] The decision to take part in the election was strongly opposed by Čavoški.[58] Čavoški eventually left DS due to this decision and formed the Serbian Liberal Party.[58] The government refused to implement amendements to the election law that were proposed by the opposition, which temporarily caused 12 parties, including SRSJ and SNO, and two candidates, Drašković and Ivan Đurić of SRSJ, to proclaim an election boycott in late November.[44][58][102] The parties also feared that vote fraud would occur.[103] By 27 November, the number of parties that announced a boycott had grown to about 40.[104] With the government adopting some of the recommendations, the boycott was eventually cancelled.[58][55]

Drašković, a right-wing nationalist,[44][75] portrayed the election as a contest "between good and evil".[105] He earned the moniker "King of the Squares" (kralj trgova) due to his incendiary and provocative rhetoric during the election campaign; his public image was compared to Rasputin because of his beard and hair.[55][86][88] During the campaign, he took a hardline approach towards Kosovo and Serbs in other Yugoslav constituent republics, while also supporting the introduction of free-market capitalism.[49][106] He had a "seven-day solution" for Kosovo, proposing Kosovo Albanians to either sign a "Serbian loyalty oath or get out" of Kosovo, or the army would intervene.[90] His campaign events were a "mixture of Rasputin and rock concerts".[89] In October, during the Log Revolution in Croatia, Drašković proposed to "send our own armed volunteer units to defend our people and our fatherland".[107] Later at a Novi Pazar gathering, Drašković said that "anyone who, in this land of Raška, holds a Turkish flag, an Ustaša flag, an Albanian flag, or anyone else's flag except the Serbian flag, will be left without a hand and without a flag" (svaki onaj ko u ruku, ovom Raškom zemljom, stegne turski barjak, ustaški barjak, albanski barjak ili bilo čiji drugi barjak sem srpskog, ostaće i bez ruke i bez barjaka).[55] Although a nationalist, by the end of the campaign Drašković moderated his rhetoric,[90][108] and said that he would negotiate with Croatia and Slovenia to not let Yugoslavia disintegrate.[87][105][109] He was also opposed to the breakup of Yugoslavia.[110][111] Drašković's last campaign event, attended by 15,000 people, was more of a commemorative rally for the murdered SPO activist.[55][112]

Mićunović said that DS campaigned barely without any infrastructure and that they were pressured to use only direct methods of campaigning.[61] During the campaign, DS promoted its technocratic, economically liberal-oriented, and pro-Western programme.[75][87][90] Besides this, they favoured a representative parliamentary democracy, and promoted human and political freedoms and civic rights.[113]: 92  They favoured a moderate approach towards Kosovo, opting to negotiate with Kosovo Albanians.[49] DS was a catch-all party and composed of ideologically heterogeneous groupings.[114] Political scientist Vukašin Pavlović and Metropolitan University Prague lecturer Marko Stojić positioned DS on the centre-right during the 1990 elections.[69]: 143 [115] Vojislav Koštunica, the vice-president of DS, described the elections as "vital".[111] Vladeta Janković said that DS would enter the government led by SPO in the event of a SPO victory.[90] DS and SRSJ received support from intellectuals.[49] SRSJ, however, only gained support in Vojvodina but not in the rest of Serbia.[87] SRSJ's nominee was Đurić, who campaigned on a moderate, liberal, and pro-European programme and received support from the West.[44][49] Dragan Veselinov of the NSS said that opposition forces would unite in case of a second round in the presidential election.[51]

SPS campaigned on a constructive programme and positive themes and presented itself as a democratic socialist party.[55][116] In its first programme, published in October, SPS had the intention to develop "Serbia as a socialist republic, founded on law and social justice".[70]: 64 [117]: 206  Despite this, the rhetoric of SPS was largely built on combining nationalism and social demagogy.[44] In comparison with other former communist parties, SPS did not abandon its authoritarian traits.[44] SPS also promoted conspiracy theories during the campaign, such as alleging that there is a United States plot to destroy Serbia.[93] Their president, Milošević, campaigned on presenting himself as a moderate, promising stability, protecting Serbia's national interests, and protecting industrial workers from unemployment.[87][105] Opposition parties criticised Milošević due to his former affiliation with SKS.[105] Regarding the status of Yugoslavia, Milošević was in favour of keeping the status quo and said that a civil war could break out if other constituent republics declared independence.[105] Most of his supporters were frightened of a change to a market economy, a change of government, and the dissolution of Yugoslavia; Milošević himself opposed free-market policies and promoted protectionist measures instead.[55][105] During the campaign period in October, the government of Serbia raised tariffs and introduced trade barriers to reduce imports from Croatia and Slovenia.[105][118] While campaigning, Milošević said that "A Socialist defeat could unleash dark forces from the country's past".[87] In the final campaign week, Milošević gave a choreographed speech in Novi Sad; workers from state-owned factories were given the afternoon off and sent to Milošević's rally.[119] After the rally had ended, the supporters were bussed back home.[119] Despite only 15,000 people attending the rally, the state-controlled media reported the number to be between 75,000 and 150,000.[119] His last campaign event was held on 5 December.[120]

Nikola Šećeroski left a legacy in Serbian politics, having been described as a symbol of "ridiculing and making the democratic process meaningless" (ismevanje i obesmišljavanja demokratskog procesa).[44] Ćuić, a driving instructor and poet, was not politically active prior to the election.[76][121] In the election, she was nominated on behalf of a citizens group.[121] Ćuić did not run an active campaign but did participate in television programmes.[121] "Whoever throws a cigarette butt on the street has done evil to all mankind" (Ko baci opušak na ulicu, učinio je zlo celom čovečanstvu), Ćuić once said during the campaign.[122]

For the second round of the parliamentary elections, opposition parties formed a coalition.[123]

Opinion polls

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Opinion polls were not considered reliable during the 1990 elections.[90] The Los Angeles Times reported in their election coverage that in opinion polls for the presidential elections, Milošević had a modest lead over Drašković.[124] The Washington Post reported that, according to one opinion poll, SPO would receive the largest number of seats in the National Assembly.[90] An exit poll showed that DS enjoyed strong support in Belgrade.[108]

Condcut

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Despite the opposition parties claiming electoral fraud, such as voting multiple times, abuse of postal votes, manipulation in the counting of votes, and trying to dispute the legitimacy of the elections, election observers gave the elections a transitional rating and declared the elections to be free.[44][55][108] RIK dismissed the allegations of voter fraud.[125] Drašković said after the elections that "citizens voted for restraints, for Bolshevism, for the past, for darkness, and for shame" (građani glasali za stege, za boljševizam, za prošlost, za mrak i za sramotu), and initially said that SPO might not accept the results.[44][106] Nebojša Popov from UJDI compared the election to the pre-World War II Weimar Germany elections.[44] Opposition parties later conceded the election; they were surprised and disappointed about the results.[96][124]

The election was observed by 170 foreign journalists and 65 people from monitoring organisations.[126] The National Republican Institute for International Affairs concluded that the election was fair and reported that observers complained about "bias and favouritism in media coverage".[96] Zoran Hodzera, who monitored on behalf of the Americans and Canadians of Serbia delegation, concluded that the "elections would not be considered legal in the West" due to irregularities that occurred.[127] Hodzera said that there was a spike in the number of voters shortly before the elections, that there were voters who voted without their ID cards, that the government intimidated voters, and that state-run media was biased against opposition parties during the campaign.[127]

Results

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Unlike in most post-communist countries after the Revolutions of 1989, including the constituent states in Yugoslavia, the elections in Serbia were won by the incumbent government party.[58][128] In comparison, the elections in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia were won by anti-communists.[62][102][129] On the first round of election day, The New York Times reported that SPS might not win a majority of seats in the National Assembly.[87]

Presidential election

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There were 7,033,610 citizens who had the right to vote in the presidential elections.[130]: 27 

Milošević won the presidential election in a landslide.[131] Observers saw this as a shock, considering that they expected that Drašković would receive a strong showing.[131] Drašković won 16% of the popular vote.[132] A second round was not held considering that Milošević won a majority of the popular vote.[133]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Slobodan MiloševićSocialist Party of Serbia3,285,79967.71
Vuk DraškovićSerbian Renewal Movement824,67416.99
Ivan ĐurićSRSJS–UJDI277,3985.72
Sulejman UgljaninParty of Democratic Action from Novi Pazar109,4592.26
Vojislav ŠešeljIndependent96,2771.98
Blažo PerovićYU Bloc57,4201.18
Slobodan MatićAlliance of All Serbs of the World28,9780.60
Dragan JovanovićGreen Party22,4580.46
Ljuben Alen AleksovIndependent19,1230.39
Ljubomir GrujićIndependent17,6750.36
Milan LazarevićIndependent11,0340.23
Tihomir ŽivanovićIndependent9,8920.20
Jovan KoprivicaIndependent9,6770.20
Miodrag GojkovićParty of Independent Businessmen "Zapis"9,2620.19
Tomislav KrsmanovićMovement for the Protection of Human Rights8,0950.17
Živan HaravanParty of Social Justice7,7910.16
Velimir CvetićSocial Democratic Party of Yugoslavia6,5750.14
Milan MladenovićIndependent6,4590.13
Miroslav VeselinovićIndependent6,1800.13
Nikola BarovićIndependent5,3550.11
Predrag VuletićLiberal Party5,0190.10
Ratimir VojvodićIndependent4,4140.09
Ljiljana ĆuićIndependent3,7640.08
Milorad RadovićIndependent3,4250.07
Saša GoranciIndependent3,4090.07
Nikola ŠećeroskiIndependent3,1680.07
Čedomir NešićIndependent2,5530.05
Slobodan RankovićIndependent2,4250.05
Radivoje ŠaranacRepublican Party1,9180.04
Jovan StojkovićIndependent1,1540.02
Miomir TošićIndependent9040.02
Hercen RadonjićIndependent8470.02
Total4,852,581100.00
Valid votes4,852,58196.63
Invalid/blank votes169,4613.37
Total votes5,022,042100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,033,61071.40
Source: Republic Bureau of Statistics[134]: 2–3 

Parliamentary election

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In the first round of the parliamentary election, 96 members were elected, while the rest, 154 members, were elected in the second round.[56] The voter turnout was reported to be 71%, the highest of any parliamentary election in Serbia since then.[34][135] The election resulted in a landslide victory for Milošević's SPS, winning 194 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly.[136] The second-placed was the opposition SPO, which won 19 seats, while the third-placed was DS, which won 7 seats.[34] Minority parties won 14 seats, while independents won 8.[76][136] Only four women were elected to the National Assembly.[61]

Elections were repeated in one constituency in March 1991 due to the death of Miodrag Bulatović, elected with the nomination of SPS.[44] In this election, Šešelj of SRS, Pekić of DS, Jovan Marjanović of SPO, and Radoš Karaklajić of SPS were the candidates.[44] Despite the SPS nominating its own candidate, Milošević gave campaign infrastructure to Šešelj instead.[44] Šešelj was eventually elected a member in the second round.[44]

 
PartyVotes%Seats
First roundSecond roundTotal
Socialist Party of Serbia2,320,58748.1587107194
Serbian Renewal Movement794,78616.4901919
Democratic Party374,8877.78077
Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians132,7262.75538
Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak84,1561.75303
Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Vojvodina74,7481.55022
People's Peasant Party68,0451.41011
New Democracy – Movement for Serbia67,3561.40000
People's Radical Party63,0411.31000
Party of the Union of Peasants of Serbia52,6631.09022
Serbian National Renewal40,3590.84000
Serbian Democratic Party32,9270.68011
Green Party32,0070.66000
Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia in Serbia27,3580.57000
Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative24,9820.52011
Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina23,6300.49011
Party for Democratic Action21,9980.46101
Party of Yugoslavs21,7840.45011
Party of Independent Businessmen and Peasants13,7780.29000
Workers' Party of Yugoslavia13,7740.29000
Serbian Saint Sava Party9,1690.19000
Liberal Party7,3250.15000
Social Democratic Party of Roma of Serbia6,4910.13000
League for Pančevo – Party of Moderate Progress6,0340.13000
Human Rights Protection Movement4,8350.10000
Peasant-Workers' Party of Serbia4,8020.10000
Party of Independent Businessmen "Zapis"4,3810.09000
Democratic Forum4,1720.09000
New Communist Movement of Yugoslavia4,0170.08000
Party of People's Harmony3,8380.08000
Party of Independent Democrats of Serbia3,4860.07000
Democratic Reform Party of Muslims3,4320.07011
Yugoslav Socialist Democratic Party3,0260.06000
Serbian Royalist Bloc2,9660.06000
Democratic Alliance of Turks1,8420.04000
Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia1,5280.03000
Serbian School Youth Party1,3680.03000
Unknown Proposer1,1370.02000
Democratic Party (Davidović – Grol)1,0220.02000
All-Serb People's Movement8260.02000
Democratic Party of Freedom7070.01000
Democratic Political Party of Roma – Kragujevac5430.01000
Republican Party4800.01000
Independents456,3189.47088
Total4,819,337100.0096154250
Valid votes4,819,33795.94
Invalid/blank votes204,0184.06
Total votes5,023,355100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,036,30371.39
Source: Republic Bureau of Statistics[134]: 4  and Mihailović et al., 1991[137]: 280–281 

References

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