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La Chaux-de-Fonds

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La Chaux-de-Fonds (French pronunciation: [laʃodəfɔ̃]; archaic German: Schalu) is a Swiss city in the canton of Neuchâtel. It is located in the Jura Mountains at an altitude of 992 metres, a few kilometres south of the French border. After Geneva, Lausanne, Bienne, and Fribourg, it is the fifth-largest city in the Romandie, the French-speaking part of the country, with a population (as of December 2020) of 36,915.[3]

La Chaux-de-Fonds
Municipality
La Chaux de-Fonds in September 2005
La Chaux de-Fonds in September 2005
Flag of La Chaux-de-Fonds
Flag
Coat of arms of La Chaux-de-Fonds
Coat of arms
Location of La Chaux-de-Fonds
Map
La Chaux-de-Fonds is located in Switzerland
La Chaux-de-Fonds
La Chaux-de-Fonds
La Chaux-de-Fonds is located in Canton of Neuchâtel
La Chaux-de-Fonds
La Chaux-de-Fonds
Coordinates: 47°06′10″N 6°49′48″E / 47.10278°N 6.83000°E / 47.10278; 6.83000
CountrySwitzerland
CantonNeuchâtel
Government
 • ExecutiveConseil communal
with 5 members
 • MayorPrésident du Conseil communal (list)
Théo Huguenin-Elie
 • ParliamentConseil général
with 41 members
Area
[1]
 • Total5,566 km2 (2,149 sq mi)
Elevation
992 m (3,255 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2018)[2]
 • Total37,942
 • Density6.8/km2 (18/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
2300
SFOS number6421
ISO 3166 codeCH-NE
Surrounded byFontaines, Fournet-Blancheroche (FR-25), Grand'Combe-des-Bois (FR-25), La Ferrière (BE), La Sagne, Le Locle, Les Bois (JU), Les Fontenelles (FR-25), Les Hauts-Geneveys, Les Planchettes, Renan (BE)
Twin townsWinterthur (Switzerland), Frameries (Belgium)
Websitechaux-de-fonds.ch
SFSO statistics
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part ofLa Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning
CriteriaCultural: (iv)
Reference1302-001
Inscription2009 (33rd Session)
Area213.7 ha (528 acres)
Buffer zone2,867.5 ha (7,086 acres)

The city was founded in 1656. Its growth and prosperity are mainly bound up with watchmaking. It is the most important centre of the watch-making industry in the area known as the Watch Valley. Partially destroyed by a fire in 1794, La Chaux-de-Fonds was rebuilt following a grid street plan, which was and is still unique among Swiss cities, the only exception being the easternmost section of the city, which was spared by the fire. It creates an exciting and obvious transition from the old section to the newer section. The roads in the original section are very narrow and winding and open to the grid pattern near the town square. The famous architect Le Corbusier, the writer Blaise Cendrars, and the carmaker Louis Chevrolet were born there. La Chaux-de-Fonds is a renowned centre of Art Nouveau.

In 2009, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, its sister city, were jointly awarded UNESCO World Heritage status for their exceptional universal value.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

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The watch-making cities of La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle have jointly received recognition from UNESCO for their exceptional universal value.

The Site's planning consists of two small towns located close to each other in the mountainous environment of the Swiss Jura. Owing to the altitude (1,000 m [3,300 ft]) and the lack of water (porous sandstone underground), the land is ill-suited to farming. Planning and buildings reflect the watch-making artisans' need for rational organization. Rebuilt in the early 19th century, after extensive fires, both towns owe their survival to the manufacturing and exports of watches, to which, in the 20th century, was added the minute micromechanical industry.

Along an open-ended scheme of parallel strips on which residential housing and workshops intermingle, the town's planned layout reflects the needs of the local watch-making culture that dates back to the 17th century, and which is still alive today. Both agglomerations present outstanding examples of mono-industrial manufacturing towns, which are still well-preserved and active. Urban planning has accommodated the transition from the artisans' production of a cottage industry to the more concentrated factory production of the late 19th and 20th centuries. In 1867, Karl Marx was already describing La Chaux-de-Fonds as a "huge factory-town" in Das Kapital, where he analyzed the division of labour in the watch-making industry of the Jura.[4]

It is the tenth Swiss Site to be awarded World Heritage status, joining others such as the Old City of Bern, the Rhaetian Railway and the Abbey and Convent of St. Gallen.

History

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City of La Chaux-de-Fonds in winter

The region was first inhabited around 10,000 years ago (Mesolithic). A skull and other traces have been found in caves nearby.[5]

In the middle of the 14th century, the region was colonized from the southern Val-de-Ruz. La Chaux-de-Fonds is first mentioned in 1350 as la Chaz de Fonz. In 1378 it was mentioned as Chault de Font.[5]

The region was under the authority of the lords of Valangin. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the second wave of colonization came from the so-called Clos de la Franchise (the valleys of Le Locle and La Sagne). Agriculture was the main activity but the village remained small. In 1531 there were only about 35 people living there. The first church was built in 1528. By 1530, La Chaux-de-Fonds, like the rest of the Valangin lands, converted to the new Reformed faith. The Lord of Valanginian, René de Challant, fixed the boundaries of the parish in 1550. The church and parish provided a political structure and a small community of Valanginian citizens, free farmers and peasants grew up around the church. By 1615 there were 355 people living in the village. In 1616, the low and middle jurisdiction over La Chaux-de-Fonds moved to Le Locle and La Sagne, while the high court remained in Valanginian. Agriculture, supplemented by mills on the banks of the Doubs, continued to dominate. However, at the end of the 16th century, the city became an important crossroad between Neuchâtel, Franche-Comté and the Bishopric of Basel.[5]

The community grew during the Thirty Years' War, mainly because of its strategic position for trade. Economic activity accelerated in the 18th century with the development of lace- and watch-making. Pierre Jacquet-Droz, best known for his automata, was a particularly prominent watchmaker of this era.

In 1794 the city was devastated by fire. Charles-Henri Junod designed the new city in 1835, which is now known for its ‘modern’ grid-like plan, in comparison with most European cities' meandering streets.[6][7] The central avenue is named the Avenue Léopold Robert.

History of the watch-making industry in La-Chaux-de-Fonds

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Postcard from 1899, showing the synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the Jewish Museum of Switzerland's collection.

In the second half of the 18th century, Swiss watch-making was on the rise. Parallel to this and despite residency bans Jewish traders began to settle in the region and became involved in the industry. From 1848 onwards restrictions on residence and settlement of Jews were gradually lifted in the Canton of Neuchâtel.[8]

In the 1870s, as American companies began to produce watches and watch parts on an industrial scale, Swiss watch-making experienced a crisis. The traditional model of the individual craftsmen was not compatible with the faster-industrialised production rates, but from the 1880s modernisation slowly but surely took hold in the Swiss watch industry.[9][10]

One of the first modern factories was founded by the Ditesheim brothers Achilles, Leopold and Isidore, who had moved to La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1876.[10] Having joined the trade towards the end of the 19th century, many Jewish manufacturers were less bound to the traditional ideas. Thus they were particularly involved and invested in modernisation processes. The Ditesheim company gained international renown and was renamed ‘Movado’ in 1905.[9]

Encouraged by economic success, more newcomers arrived, among them many Jews. Of the 180 or so medium-sized family businesses in the town, about 30 per cent were owned by Jewish families in 1912. The Jewish community had grown from 541 to 900 members in the span of about 20 years.[11]

During the First World War the watch companies largely received armament commissions (for instance for the production of precision fuses for artillery shells). These commissions died down with the end of the war. From 1933, in the run up to the Second World War, Jewish producers began to struggle as their Jewish contacts in occupied countries increasingly faced persecution. Some Jewish companies in La Chaux-de-Fonds were under surveillance from German spies, suspected of illegally exporting war materials for the Allied Forces.[8]

Geography

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La Chaux-de-Fonds and surroundings
 
Aerial view (1950)

La Chaux-de-Fonds has an area, as of 2009, of 55.7 square kilometers (21.5 sq mi). Of this area, 30.46 km2 (11.76 sq mi) or 54.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 15.52 km2 (5.99 sq mi) or 27.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 9.28 km2 (3.58 sq mi) or 16.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.3 km2 (0.12 sq mi) or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.11 km2 (27 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land.[12]

Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area, housing and buildings 8.4%, transport infrastructure 4.6% and parks, green belts and sports fields 1.1%. 24.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.4% is used for growing crops, 40.0% is pasture and 14.2% is alpine pasture. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.[12]

The municipality was the capital La Chaux-de-Fonds district until the district level was eliminated on 1 January 2018.[13] It is located in the Jura Mountains near the French border at an elevation of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

Coat of arms

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The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Tierced per fess, Azure three Mullets of Five Argent in fess, Argent a Hive Or surrounded by seven Bees of the same, and chequy [of 7x3] Argent and Azure.[14]

Demographics

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Modern buildings along Avenue Léopold Robert in La Chaux-de-Fonds
 
Buildings on rue du Nord

La Chaux-de-Fonds has a population (as of December 2020) of 36,915.[3] As of 2008, 29.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[15] Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.3%. It has changed at a rate of 1.4% due to migration and at a rate of −0.2% due to births and deaths.[16]

Most of the population (as of 2000) speak French (31,653 or 85.5%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (1,335 or 3.6%) and Portuguese is the third (1,173 or 3.2%). There are 900 people who speak German and 32 people who speak Romansh.[17]

As of 2008, the population was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The population was made up of 12,444 Swiss men (33.2% of the population) and 5,578 (14.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 14,513 Swiss women (38.7%) and 4,988 (13.3%) non-Swiss women.[18] Of the population in the municipality, 15,164 or about 41.0% were born in La Chaux-de-Fonds and lived there in 2000. There were 3,778 or 10.2% who were born in the same canton, while 6,962 or 18.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9,651 or 26.1% were born outside of Switzerland.[17]

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%.[16]

As of 2000, there were 14,380 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 17,285 married individuals, 2,573 widows or widowers and 2,778 individuals who are divorced.[17]

As of 2000, there were 17,207 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household.[16] There were 7,087 households that consist of only one person and 747 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 16,833 apartments (88.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,376 apartments (7.3%) were seasonally occupied and 756 apartments (4.0%) were empty.[19] As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents.[16] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 2.05%.[16]

Historical population

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The historical population is given in the following chart:[5]

Heritage sites of national significance

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La Chaux-de-Fonds is home to 23 Swiss heritage sites of national significance along with the UNESCO World Heritage Site of La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle.

Library/museum/theater: Bibliothèque de la Ville de la Chaux-de-Fonds et Département audiovisuel (DAV), Musée des beaux-arts de La Chaux-de-Fonds, Musée d‘histoire naturelle, the Musée international d’horlogerie «l’homme et le temps» and the Théâtre et Salle de musique on Avenue Léopold-Robert 27–29

Religious: Synagogue on Rue du Parc 63

Farms: Ferme des Brandt at Les Petites-Corsettes 6, Ferme Haute Fie and Maison Carrée at Le Valanvron 9 and Ferme les Crêtets on Rue des Crêtets 148

Companies: Spillmann SA on Rue du Doubs 32 and Usine électrique at Rue Numa-Droz 174

Houses: Villa Anatole Schwob on Rue du Doubs 167, Villa Fallet on Chemin de Pouillerel 1, Villa Gallet on Rue David-Pierre-Bourquin 55, Villa Jaquemet on Chemin de Pouillerel 8, Villa Stotzer on Chemin de Pouillerel 6 and Maison Blanche at Chemin de Pouillerel 12

Other buildings: the slaughterhouse (Abattoirs) on Rue du Commerce 120–126, the Ancien Manège (collective house from 1968), the crematorium on Rue de la Charrière, the Domaine des Arbres, the Grande Fontaine on Avenue Léopold-Robert and the Loge l’Amitié, after the horrid mudslide that occurred which destroyed the city of La Chaux. [20]

  •  
    Usine électrique
  •  
    Spillmann SA
  •  
    Ancien Manège
  •  
    Crematorium
  •  
    Domaine des Arbres
  •  
    Farm House les Crêtets
  •  
    Museum des Beaux-Arts
  •  
    Maison Blanche
  •  
    Théâtre and Salle de musique
  •  
    Synagogue
  •  
    Library of the City of Chaux-de-Fonds
  •  
    Abattoirs
  •  
    Farm House des Brandt
  •  
    Farm House Haute Fie
  •  
    Grand Fountain
  •  
    Loge l‘Amitié
  •  
    Museum international d’horlogerie
  •  
    Villa Anatole Schwob
  •  
    Villa Fallet
  •  
    Villa Gallet
  •  
    Villa Jaquemet

Politics

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In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 28.18% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (25.73%), the PdA Party (14.2%) and the Green Party (12.03%). In the federal election, a total of 10,293 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.1%.[21]

Economy

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Regional train at La Chaux-de-Fonds

As of  2010, La Chaux-de-Fonds had an unemployment rate of 8.2%. As of 2008, there were 260 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 95 businesses involved in this sector. 10,594 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 550 businesses in this sector. 11,813 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,290 businesses in this sector.[16] There were 17,870 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 46.1% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 19,692. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 208, of which 198 were in agriculture and 10 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 10,153 of which 9,063 or (89.3%) were in manufacturing and 903 (8.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 9,331. In the tertiary sector; 2,287 or 24.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 680 or 7.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 571 or 6.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 150 or 1.6% were in the information industry, 372 or 4.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 573 or 6.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 816 or 8.7% were in education and 2,078 or 22.3% were in health care.[22]

In 2000, there were 8,916 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,481 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.6 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 19.3% of the workforce coming into La Chaux-de-Fonds are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.[23] Of the working population, 21.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.8% used a private car.[16]

Religion

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Religion in La Chaux-de-Fonds, 31.12.2014[24]

  Roman Catholic (43.4%)
  Protestant (27.1%)
  Other Christian (1.2%)
  Jewish (0.3%)
  Islam (7.8%)
  Other Religion (3.2%)
  Undeclared (1.9%)
  Unaffiliated (15.1%)
 
Neo-Gothic Sacré-Cœur church

According to the 2000 census, 11,320 or 30.6% of the city's inhabitants were Roman Catholic, while 10,258 or 27.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 205 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.55% of the population), there were 300 individuals (or about 0.81% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 2,365 individuals (or about 6.39% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 129 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who were Jewish, and 1,369 (or about 3.70% of the population) who were Muslims. There were 90 individuals who were Buddhist, 83 individuals who were Hindu and 45 individuals who belonged to another church. 10,059 (or about 27.17% of the population) belonged to no church, were agnostic or atheist, and 1,960 individuals (or about 5.30% of the population) did not answer the question.[17]

Education

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In La Chaux-de-Fonds about 12,347 or (33.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 3,943 or (10.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 3,943 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.7% were Swiss men, 28.5% were Swiss women, 12.0% were non-Swiss men and 7.7% were non-Swiss women.[17]

In the canton of Neuchâtel most municipalities provide two years of non-mandatory kindergarten, followed by five years of mandatory primary education. The next four years of mandatory secondary education are provided at thirteen larger secondary schools, which many students travel out of their home municipality to attend.[25] The primary school in La Chaux-de-Fonds is combined with Les Planchettes. During the 2010–11 school year, there were 38 kindergarten classes with a total of 728 students in La Chaux-de-Fonds. In the same year, there were 113 primary classes with a total of 2,042 students.[26]

As of 2000, there were 754 students in La Chaux-de-Fonds who came from another municipality, while 644 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[23]

La Chaux-de-Fonds is home to 2 libraries. These libraries include; the Bibliothèque de la Ville and the Haute école Arc – Arts appliqués. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 670,267 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year, a total of 342,720 items were loaned out.[27]

Culture

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Villa Jeanneret-Perret (Maison Blanche) by Le Corbusier

La Chaux-de-Fonds is the home of the Musée International d'Horlogerie (International Museum of Watch Making), originally constructed with funds donated by the Gallet watchmaking family in 1899.[28] The Museum is considered as an important showcase for the history of the timekeeping arts.

Art Nouveau had a great influence on architecture and culture in the city during the late 19th century.

The daily newspaper L'Impartial has been published in La Chaux-de-Fonds since 1880.

The Wakker Prize was granted to La-Chaux-de-Fonds in 1994.

Sports

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Stade de la Charrière

La Chaux-de-fonds is home to HC La Chaux-de-Fonds, a professional ice hockey team that competes in the Swiss League (SL), the second-highest league in Switzerland. Their home arena is the 7,200-seat Patinoire des Mélèzes. The team had a successful stint[citation needed] in the National League (NL) where they played for a few years and won the championship six times in a row, from 1968 to 1973.[citation needed]

La Chaux-de-Fonds also has an amateur football team, FC La Chaux-de-Fonds.

Transport

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The municipality is located at the junction of four railway lines and has six different railway stations within its borders. The primary station is La Chaux-de-Fonds, others include La Cibourg, La Chaux-de-Fonds-Est, La Chaux-de-Fonds-Grenier, Le Reymond, and Le Crêt-du-Locle.

The city is also served by Les Eplatures Airport and the La Chaux-de-Fonds trolleybus system.

Climate

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Climate data for La Chaux-de-Fonds (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		11.7
(53.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		7.0
(44.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		2.2
(36.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 107
(4.2) 		93
(3.7) 		99
(3.9) 		96
(3.8) 		131
(5.2) 		119
(4.7) 		131
(5.2) 		131
(5.2) 		114
(4.5) 		117
(4.6) 		118
(4.6) 		132
(5.2) 		1,389
(54.7)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 54
(21) 		61
(24) 		36
(14) 		13
(5.1) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3
(1.2) 		29
(11) 		56
(22) 		253
(100)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.3 11.5 11.4 11.7 14.4 12.8 12.5 11.6 10.4 12.3 11.9 13.6 146.4
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 8.9 9.6 6.4 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 5.1 9.2 42.5
Average relative humidity (%) 82 79 75 73 75 75 74 76 80 81 82 83 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95 106 144 160 171 192 215 205 160 134 93 80 1,754
Percent possible sunshine 38 40 42 43 40 45 50 52 47 44 37 35 44
Source: MeteoSwiss[29]

In July 2023, La Chaux-de-Fonds experienced a severe storm, resulting in one fatality and approximately 40 injuries. The storm, characterized by powerful winds reaching speeds of up to 217 km/h, inflicted significant damage to the town's infrastructure, leading to estimated repair costs of CHF 70-90 million. The destructive winds tore roofs off buildings, toppled trees, and impacted thousands of structures and vehicles. Meteorological analysis suggested that the wind pattern resembled a downburst rather than a tornado, a weather phenomenon caused by a sudden cooling of air within a thunderstorm.[30]

Notable people

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Léopold Robert
 
Numa Droz
 
Le Corbusier, 1964
 
Blaise Cendrars, c.1907
 
Adrienne von Speyr, c. 1930
 
Anne-Lise Grobéty, 1993
 
Magali Di Marco Messmer, 2008

18th C

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19th C

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20th C

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Sport

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Watch companies

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Many watch companies started in La Chaux de Fonds:

Twin town

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La Chaux-de-Fonds is twinned with

Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  4. ^ UNESCO world heritage site
  5. ^ a b c d e La Chaux-de-Fonds in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  6. ^ The Le Corbusier Guide, Google Books
  7. ^ La Chaux-de-Fonds et le Locle Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Swiss Tourism Site
  8. ^ a b Mahrer, Picard, Stefanie, Jacques. Uhrmacher, in: Diner, Dan (Hg.): Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur, vol. 6, Stuttgart 2015, S. 207–211.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b Mahrer, Stefanie (2012). Handwerk der Moderne. Jüdischer Uhrmacher und Uhrenunternehmer im Neuenburger Jura 1800 – 1914. Boehlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20935-3.
  10. ^ a b Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories. Basel: Christoph Merian. pp. 106–109. ISBN 978-3856168476.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Factsheet La Chaux-de-Fonds".
  12. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010
  13. ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 15 February 2018
  14. ^ Flags of the World.com accessed 20-October-2011
  15. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 20-October-2011
  17. ^ a b c d e STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011
  18. ^ Canton of Neuchatel Statistics Archived 5 December 2012 at archive.today, République et canton de Neuchâtel – Recensement annuel de la population (in German) accessed 13 October 2011
  19. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011
  20. ^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  21. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Archived 14 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 May 2010
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  24. ^ La Chaux-de-Fonds – Contrôle des habitants Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in French) accessed 7 February 2016
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  28. ^ Catherine Cardinal, Jean-Michael Piquet, Catalogue of Selected Pieces, Institut l'homme et le temps, pg. 5
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  33. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 25 November 2018
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