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Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

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The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also known as the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC shelled the islands of Kinmen (Quemoy) and the Matsu Islands along the east coast of mainland China in an attempt to take them from the Chinese Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), and to probe the extent of American commitment to defend the Republic of China. The conflict also involved air, naval, and amphibious operations. Then U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter reportedly described it as the "first serious nuclear crisis".[5]

Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
Part of the Chinese Civil War and the Cold War

Taiwan Strait
Date23 August – 2 December 1958
(3 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Taiwan Strait
Result Republic of China-American victory
Territorial
changes		 Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
 Republic of China
 United States		  People's Republic of China
Commanders and leaders
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Ching-kuo
Hu Lien
Ji Xingwen †
Zhao Jiaxiang †
Zhang Jie †
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Nathan Farragut Twining
Wallace M. Beakley
Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
Roland N. Smoot		 Mao Zedong
Peng Dehuai
Ye Fei
Xu Xiangqian
Strength
192,000
Naval and air support		 215,000
Casualties and losses
  • 460 PRC troops killed and wounded
  • Several ships sunk and several more damaged in the naval battle of Dongding Island
  • 31 fighter jets shot down[3]
    • Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
    Traditional Chinese八二三炮戰
    Simplified Chinese八二三炮战
    Transcriptions
    Standard Mandarin
    Hanyu Pinyinbā èr sān pào zhàn[4]
    Bopomofoㄅㄚ ㄦˋ ㄙㄢ ㄆㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ
    Wade–GilesPa1-erh4-san1 P'ao4-chan4

    Background

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    Location of Quemoy County (pink) relative to the ROC (dark grey) and the PRC (light grey)

    The conflict was a continuation of the Chinese Civil War and First Taiwan Strait Crisis. The Republic of China (ROC) had begun to build military installations on the island of Kinmen (Quemoy) and the Matsu archipelago. The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) began firing artillery at both Kinmen and some of the nearby Matsu islands.

    Conflict

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    On 24 and 25 August 1958 Chinese Communist and Chinese Nationalist forces clashed in the vicinity of Dongding Island, which the Nationalist troops controlled. The action was seen as an attempt by the communists to land on the island. This was the only naval and amphibious landing action during the crisis. The communist forces were repelled from taking the island.[6][7][8][9] The action has also been seen as an attempt to draw Nationalist forces away from other areas.[10]

    ... on the 24th two night naval engagements took place near Quemoy. The clashes resulted from a Chinese Communist attempt at landing on the small island of Tung-Ting in the Quemoy complex. The first attack involved four Chinese Communist gunboats and six small landing craft while the second involved five Chinese Communist gunboats and thirty motorized junks. According to the GRC Ministry of National Defense, several enemy ships were sunk and the attack was driven off by seven Chinese Nationalist Patrol craft. The GRC lost one LSM (landing craft, mechanized) and had one LST (landing ship, tank) damaged. Prior to September 3, when they were advised of U.S. escort plans, the Nationalists made five attempts to land an LST with troop replacements and several ships. These efforts were turned back by Chinese Communist PT boats and artillery fire.[7]

    In the days after shelling began, the American Joint Chiefs of Staff had determined to defend the islands even if the defense necessitated a nuclear response.[5] Throughout the following weeks as the crisis continued to unfold, contingency plans were developed as it became clear that the critical issue was supplying Kinmen. In a meeting on 2 September, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other top officials to formulate an ongoing American strategy. The group determined that the use of nuclear weapons would ultimately be necessary for the defense of Kinmen, but that the United States should initially limit itself to using conventional forces.[5] Throughout the crisis, coordination between American policymakers and military commanders was hampered by communication delays of days at a time,[11] but by September American officials had authorized naval escorts to accompany ROC convoys up to 3 miles off Kinmen and begun to supply the ROC with advanced weapons. The Chinese Communists considered the escorts a violation of the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. On 19 September, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter warning that the American actions threatened world war, claiming that the Soviet Union would be forced to honor its commitments to the territorial integrity of Communist China. The letter was rejected by the American government.[5]

    The Eisenhower Administration responded to the request for aid from the ROC according to its obligations in the ROC-United States mutual defense treaty that had been ratified in 1954. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the reinforcement of the U.S. Navy Seventh Fleet in the area, and he ordered American naval vessels to help the Nationalist Chinese government to protect the supply lines to the islands. In addition, the U.S. Air Force deployed F-100D Super Sabres, F-101C Voodoos, F-104A Starfighters, and B-57B Canberras to Taiwan to demonstrate support for Taiwan. The F-104s were disassembled and airlifted to Taiwan in C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft, marking the first time such a method was used to move fighter aircraft over a long distance.[12]

    By 11 September, the artillery crisis was overall stabilized (even though numerous rounds of artillery would still be fired by Communist China almost daily for the next two months or so) because U.S. Navy warships started to escort ROC convoys to Kinmen, breaking the previous artillery blockade due to constant PRC artillery shells that prevented any air or naval relief for Kinmen. The PRC did not want to risk war with the United States so they refrained from firing on any convoys if they observed U.S. Navy ships. The biggest issues in the crisis after September 11 were the air battles and the success or failure of the naval convoys relieving the Kinmen garrison.[3]

    Landing units with LVTs from the ROC Marine Corps spent the next few months delivering supplies to the Kinmen Islands, starting from 10 September. Despite continued artillery fire from the PRC, the Marines were able to keep the islands supplied. For this action, the ROC Marines were later awarded a presidential banner from Chiang Kai-shek.[13]

     
    The U.S. carrier USS Lexington (top) with a supply ship and USS Marshall (bottom) off Taiwan during the crisis
     
    F-104As of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base in September 1958.
     
    MIM-14 Nike Hercules of the 71st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, U.S Army, at Tamsui, Taipei County, on 20 October 1958

    Also, under a secret effort called "Operation Black Magic", the U.S. Navy modified some of the F-86 Sabre fighters of the Nationalist Chinese Air Force with its newly developed early AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. These missiles gave the Nationalist Chinese pilots a decisive edge over the Chinese Communists' Soviet-made MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighters in the skies over the Matsu Islands and the Taiwan Strait. The Nationalist Chinese pilots used the Sidewinder missiles to score numerous kills on People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) MiG aircraft. The operation suffered blowback when one missile lodged in a MiG-17 without exploding, to be removed after landing and reverse-engineered into the Soviet K-13.

    The US Army's contribution reinforced the strategic air defense capability of the Republic of China. A provisional Nike missile battalion was organized at Fort Bliss, TX, and sent via USMTS USS General J. C. Breckinridge to Nationalist China. The 2nd Missile Battalion was augmented with detachments of signal, ordnance and engineers, totaling some 704 personnel. In addition, American ambassador Everett Drumwright advocated for a preemptive strike against PRC positions.[14]

    Twelve long-range 203 mm (8.0 in) M115 howitzer artillery pieces and numerous[quantify] 155 mm howitzers were transferred from the U.S. Marine Corps to the Army of the Nationalist China. These were sent west to Kinmen Island to gain superiority in the artillery duel back and forth over the straits there.

    Soon, the Soviet Union dispatched its foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko, to Beijing to discuss the actions of the PLA and the PLAAF, with advice of caution to the Communist Chinese.

    On 24 September 1958 the Sidewinder missile was used for the first time in air-to-air combat as 32 Republic of China F-86s clashed with 100 PLAAF MiGs in a series of aerial engagements. 25 MiGs were shot down by Sidewinders, the first "kills" to be scored by air-to-air missiles in combat. In October more dogfights between ROC and PRC fighter jets occurred and the total airplane casualties during the crisis was 31 PRC MiGs shot down and 2 ROC F-86s shot down.[3][15][16]

    Soon, the People's Republic of China was faced with a stalemate, as the PLA's artillerymen had run out of artillery shells. The Communist Chinese government announced a unilateral ceasefire on 6 October 1958. However, on 20 October the PLA resumed artillery fire on Kinmen because a U.S. Navy warship had breached the PRC-declared 3 nautical miles exclusive zone from the coast of China that they claimed was a stipulation for their unilateral ceasefire agreement. Another more likely reason for the resumption of the PRC artillery bombardment was U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had arrived in Taipei to discuss the situation with the ROC government. The overall crisis finished by December 1958 when both the PRC and ROC troops settled into their eccentric alternating odd and even days firing period that lasted until 1979 when the United States and the PRC established diplomatic relations. Because both armies knew exactly what day, what time, and which areas would be attacked by artillery shells (military bases and artillery positions) the PRC and ROC troops were safe from harm due to hiding in bunkers thanks to this gentleman's agreement.[3][17]

    U.S. Marine Corps Marine Air Group 11 stationed at NAS Atsugi, Japan, was sent to Taiwan in March 1960 and landed at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and moved via trucks to Pingtung Air Base about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Kaohsiung. They remained there, conducting air operations from the WWII Japanese air strip until sometime in late April 1960 when they returned to Atsugi, Japan.[18] They were joined at Pingtung by a reinforced rifle company from the Ninth Marines based on Okinawa.[citation needed]

    Aftermath

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    August 23 Artillery Battle Museum in Kinmen

    Intermittently shelling until 1979

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    "On 25 October [the Chinese Communists] ... declared that they would not fire on even-numbered days ... if there were no American escort." This allowed Taiwan to resupply their military units on those islands on those days.[19] Afterwards, both sides continued to bombard each other with shells containing propaganda leaflets on alternate days of the week. This strange informal arrangement continued until the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Communist People's Republic of China in 1979. The timed shelling created little damage and casualties; it was mainly aimed at military compounds and artillery pieces. Sometimes during tense diplomatic moments PRC forces would revert to August/September 1958 levels of bombardment, temporarily breaking the normally scheduled non-lethal propaganda artillery shelling. One of these occasions happened in June 1960, when President Eisenhower visited Taipei. During Eisenhower's visit PRC forces fired over 100,000 artillery rounds onto Kinmen within a few days, killing 7 ROC soldiers and wounding 59, while 6 civilians perished and 15 were injured. ROC soldiers withheld their fire until after Eisenhower left Taipei. After his visit they retaliated by firing thousands of artillery rounds of their own onto mainland China from Kinmen. The PRC bombardment damaged 200 homes, five schools and a hospital on Kinmen, showing that during the 20-year period of mostly propaganda leaflets being fired by both sides it was still a very dangerous combat zone until 1979.[20]

    The crisis subsided and returned to status quo ante bellum on 2 December when the U.S. Navy secretly and quietly removed their extra warships from the Taiwan Strait and the ROC Navy resumed unilateral combat and escort duties.[21]

    On 23 August 2019, the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, President Tsai Ing-wen visited the Taiwushan martyrs' shrine (太武山忠烈祠) where she placed flowers and offered incense.[22]

    During the crisis, American leadership risked the alienation of the American public, relations with key allies such as France and Japan, and even nuclear war. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles argued that while the status quo result was a victory, the American government could not permit such a situation to arise again. Other than the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis from 1995 to 1996 there has been no crisis involving the United States since 1958 in the Taiwan Strait.[23]

    See also

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    References

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    Citations

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    1. ^ "Anniversaire de la bataille de Kinmen : l'Unité nationale au cœur de la défense de Taiwan, selon Tsai Ing-wen". 24 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
    2. ^ Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West by Shih-Shan Henry Tsai. Page 189. Published 2009
    3. ^ a b c d "The Meaning of the Taiwan Strait Crisis". www.airforcemag.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
    4. ^ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019. 字詞 【八二三炮戰】 注音 ㄅㄚ ㄦˋ ㄙㄢ ㄆㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ 漢語拼音 bā èr sān pào zhàn
    5. ^ a b c d M.H. Halperin (December 1966). The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History. Daniel Ellsberg. pp. i–xvii.
    6. ^ TAIWAN STRAITS. CIA. 27 August 1958. Nationalists{...}claim to have driven off "invasion fleet" headed for Tungting Island.
    7. ^ a b The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis_ A Documented History. 1975.
    8. ^ DTIC ADA234362: Use of Naval Force in Crises: A Theory of Stratified Crisis Interaction. Volume 2. December 1988.
    9. ^ 1958 Awake. 8 October 1958.
    10. ^ 八二三砲戰60週年（四）824海戰 東碇島曾開火. 22 August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
    11. ^ Halperin, M. H. (December 1966). The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History. Daniel Ellsberg. p. 250.
    12. ^ Davies, Peter E. (2014). F-104 Starfighter Units in Combat. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-78096-313-6.
    13. ^ Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966). "Republic of China Marine Corps". Marine Corps Gazette. Marine Corps Association.
    14. ^ Halperin, M. H. (December 1966). The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History. p. 241.
    15. ^ https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4900.html Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Page 471. Retrieved 26 September 2021
    16. ^ Sidewinder AIM-9. US Naval Academy 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
    17. ^ Halperin, Morton H. (January 1966). "The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
    18. ^ SSgt. B Tharp, VMF(AW)531
    19. ^ Morton Halperin (1 December 1966). "The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History". Research memorandum (RM-4900-ISA). ISSN 0272-1821. Wikidata Q107251229..
    20. ^ "Taiwan in Time: Greeting by artillery fire – Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 16 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
    21. ^ Halperin, Morton H. (December 1996). "The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis, A Documented History". RAND Corporation. p. 539. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
    22. ^ 陳冠霖 (24 August 2019). 823祭拜先烈 總統蔡英文：勿忘823精神. Kinmen Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
    23. ^ Halperin, M.H. (December 1966). The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History. Daniel Ellsberg. p. 505.

    Sources

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    Further reading

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    • Bush, R. & O'Hanlon, M. (2007). A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98677-1
    • Bush, R. (2006). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-1290-1
    • Carpenter, T. (2006). America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6841-1
    • Cole, B. (2006). Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36581-3
    • Copper, J. (2006). Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0-275-98888-0
    • Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning
    • Gill, B. (2007). Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-3146-9
    • Shirk, S. (2007). China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530609-0
    • Tsang, S. (2006). If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40785-0
    • Tucker, N.B. (2005). Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Taiwan-China Crisis. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13564-5
    • Watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
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