Wikipedia

White Terror (Taiwan)

For other uses, see White Terror (disambiguation).

The White Terror (Chinese: 白色恐怖; pinyin: Báisè Kǒngbù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pe̍h-sek Khióng-pò͘) was the political repression of Taiwanese civilians and political dissenters under the government ruled by the Kuomintang (KMT).[2] The period of White Terror is generally considered to have begun when martial law was declared in Taiwan on 19 May 1949, which was enabled by the 1948 Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, and ended on 21 September 1992 with the repeal of Article 100 of the Criminal Code, allowing for the prosecution of "anti-state" activities. The Temporary Provisions were repealed a year earlier on 22 April 1991. Martial law had been lifted on 15 July 1987.[3][4]

White Terror (Taiwan)
Part of Chinese Civil War, retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, and Cold War
The Horrifying Inspection by Taiwanese printmaker Huang Rong-can. It describes the hostile environment in Taiwan shortly after the February 28 incident, which marked the start of the White Terror period.
LocationTaiwan and other ROC-controlled islands
Date1947–1987
TargetPolitical dissidents, including leftists, liberals, independence activists, and intellectuals
Attack type
Politicide, mass murder, political repression, police state
DeathsAt least 3,000 to 4,000 executed, not including the 228 incident (18,000 to 28,000 killed) or extrajudicial executions[1]
VictimsAt least 140,000 imprisoned
PerpetratorsGovernment of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the Kuomintang (KMT)
MotiveConsolidate rule over Taiwan after retreat from mainland China
White Terror
Chinese白色恐怖
Literal meaningWhite Terror
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBáisè Kǒngbù
Wade–GilesPai2-se4 K'ung3-pu4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJPe̍h-sek Khióng-pò͘

The period of White Terror generally does not include the February 28 incident of 1947, in which the KMT killed at least 18,000 Taiwanese civilians in response to a popular uprising, and also summarily executed many local political and intellectual elites. The two are frequently discussed in tandem as it was the catalyst that motivated the KMT to begin the White Terror.[5][6] Martial law was declared and lifted twice during the February 28 incident.

Two years after the February 28 incident, the KMT retreated from mainland China to Taiwan during the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Wanting to consolidate its rule on its remaining territories, the KMT imposed harsh political suppression measures, which included enacting martial law, executing suspected leftists or those they suspected to be sympathetic toward the communists.[7] Others targeted included Taiwanese locals and indigenous peoples who participated in the February 28 incident, such as Uyongʉ Yata'uyungana, and those accused of dissidence for criticizing the government.[8]

The KMT carried out persecutions against those who criticized or opposed the government, accusing them of attempting to subvert the regime, while excessively expanding the scope of punishment throughout this period.[9] It made use of the Taiwan Garrison Command (TGC), a secret police, as well as other intelligence units by enacting special criminal laws as tools for the government to purge dissidents.[10] Basic human rights and the right to privacy were disregarded, with mass pervasive monitoring of the people, filings of sham criminal cases against anyone who were suspected as being a dissident, as well as labelling any individuals who were not conforming a pro-regime stance as being communist spies, often without merit.[11] Others were labeled as Taiwanese separatists and prosecuted for treason.[12] It is estimated that about 3,000 to 4,000 civilians were executed by the government during the White Terror.[1] The government was also suspected of carrying out extrajudicial killings against exiles in other countries.[a]

Pro-democracy demonstrations attempted during this period, such as the Kaohsiung Incident, were harshly suppressed. The KMT ruled as a one-party state, with the existence of real opposition parties strictly outlawed, resulting in non-existent competitive elections. Despite the existence of nominally fair local elections, some unapproved tangwai candidates that won local elections such as Hsu Hsin-liang were spuriously impeached and often forced into exile.[13] These limited elections were also marred by electoral fraud, most notably during the Zhongli incident.

The ruling pattern and repression of Chiang Kai-shek's regime are rooted in its neo-nationalist ideology and theory. Two of the most prominent movements that practiced KMT’s neo-nationalist ideas were the New Life Movement in Mainland China and the Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan. The New Life Movement has been described by some academics and scholars as "Confucian fascism", which imitates certain fascist regimes to increase Chiang's control of the everyday lives of the citizens.[14][15] Another example is the KMT's National Revolutionary Army (later reorganized into the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947), which was heavily dependent on German military assistance to counter raging communist insurgencies, with its army doctrine inspired by the German military mission during the Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) until Nazi Germany decided to withdraw in 1938 to align with Imperial Japan.[16][17][18] When Chiang retreated to Taiwan in 1949, his regime suspended the liberal democratic provisions in the ROC constitution indefinitely under the martial law, and ruled Taiwan under a variation of right-wing dictatorship. The legacy of authoritarianism during the White Terror in Taiwan has persisted until today, and political discussions about this topic continue to be highly controversial on the island.[19][relevant?]

Time period

edit
Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan
 
Date effective20 May 1949
Repealed15 July 1987
 
Presidential decree on June 13, 1950: Prosecuting Communist Bandits and spies during the Anti-rebellion Period

The White Terror is generally considered to have begun with the declaration of martial law on 19 May 1949. For its ending date, some sources cite the lifting of martial law on 15 July 1987,[20] while others cite the repeal of Article 100 of the Criminal Code on 21 September 1992, which allowed for the persecution of people for "anti-state" activities.[3] Martial law officially lasted for almost four decades,[b] which had been the longest period of martial law in the world at the time it was lifted. It is now the second longest, after Syria's 48-year period of martial law which lasted from 1963 to 2011.[21]

Most prosecutions took place between the first two decades as the KMT wanted to consolidate its rule on the island. Most of those prosecuted were labeled by the Kuomintang (KMT) as "bandit spies" (匪諜), meaning communist spies, and punished as such, often with execution.[20] Chiang Kai-shek once famously said that he would rather "mistakenly kill 1,000 innocent people than allow one communist to escape".[22]

The KMT mostly imprisoned Taiwan's intellectuals and social elites out of fear that they might resist KMT rule or sympathize with communism and separatism.[1] For example, the Formosan League for Reemancipation was a Taiwanese independence group established in 1947, which the KMT believed to be under communist control, leading to its members being arrested in 1950. The World United Formosans for Independence was persecuted for similar reasons. However, other prosecutions did not have such clear reasoning, such as in 1968, when Bo Yang was imprisoned for his choice of words in translating a Popeye comic strip. A large number of the White Terror's other victims were mainland Chinese, many of whom owed their evacuation to Taiwan to the KMT.[23]

Many mainlander victims of White Terror, such as Bo Yang, Lei Chen, and Li Ao, moved on to promote Taiwan's democratization and the reform of the Kuomintang. In 1969, future president Lee Teng-hui was detained and interrogated for more than a week by the Taiwan Garrison Command, which demanded to know about his "communist activities" and told him "killing you at this moment is as easy as crushing an ant to death." Three years later he was invited to join the cabinet of Chiang Ching-kuo.[24]

Fear of discussing the White Terror and the February 28 Incident gradually decreased with the lifting of martial law after the 1987 Lieyu massacre,[25] culminating in the establishment of an official public memorial and an apology by President Lee Teng-hui in 1995. In 2008, President Ma Ying-jeou addressed a memorial service for the White Terror in Taipei. Ma apologized to the victims and their family members on behalf of the government and expressed the hope that Taiwan would never again experience a similar tragedy.[26]

Victims

edit
 
28-yr Ting Yao-tiao before execution after her toddler born in prison was forcibly removed
 
Shih Shui-huan, also executed by firing squad
 
Taiwanese diplomat and independentist Chen Chih-hsiung after and prior to execution with his feet cut off by axe to be pulled by hands to the execution ground

Around 140,000 Taiwanese were imprisoned under harsh treatment during this period, with many either indirectly dying or suffering various health problems in the process. About 3,000 to 4,000 were directly executed for their real or perceived opposition to the KMT's Chiang Kai-shek government.[1] Most of the victims of the White Terror were men, however, a number of women were tortured and/or executed.[27][28]

Examples

edit

Legacy

edit

Since the lifting of martial law in 1987, the government has set up the 228 Incident Memorial Foundation, a civilian reparations fund supported by public donations for the victims and their families. Many descendants of victims remain unaware that their family members were victims, while many of the families of victims, especially from Mainland China, did not know the details of their relatives' mistreatment during the riot. The Taiwanese government also established the Transitional Justice Commission, which aimed to erase the authoritarian legacy of the KMT regime under Chiang and deliver justice to the families and relatives of the victims.

Film

edit

Literature

edit
  • Vern Sneider's novel A Pail of Oysters in 1953 was based on the officer's personal field survey revealing people's life in Taiwanese society under suppression in 1950s, was banned by Chinese Nationalists' authorities until being reissued in 2016 – 35 years after his death.[90][91][92][93]
  • Tehpen Tasi's autobiography Elegy of Sweet Potatoes (Japanese: 臺湾のいもっ子) in 1994, based on his testimony with the other political prisoners together for 13 months in 1954–1955.[94][95]
  • Julie Wu's The Third Son in 2013 describes the event and its aftermath from the viewpoint of a Taiwanese boy.[96]
  • Jennifer J. Chow's The 228 Legacy in 2013 focuses on how there was such an impact that it permeated throughout multiple generations within the same family.[97]
  • Shawna Yang Ryan's Green Island in 2016 tells the story of the incident as it affects three generations of a Taiwanese family.[98]
  • Ken Liu's The Paper Menagerie & Other Short Stories in 2016 includes a short story titled The Literomancer which references the February 28 incident from the perspective of a young American girl who had recently moved to Taiwan, and asks both her father, who works on an American military base, and a neighbor, and old man named Mr. Kan about the incident. It develops on these two different perspectives throughout the story, becoming progressively darker.
  • Principle Jian Tian-lu's Hushen (姜天陸：胡神), a 2019 literature award winner expresses the humanity concern in contrast with the brutality on the first scene of 1987 Lieyu massacre.[99]
  • Poet Hung-hung's The fog has no voice - mourning the souls lost in March 7 Incident (鴻鴻：霧沒有聲音——悼三七事件亡魂), an eulogy poet in memory of the victims and refugees in 2024.[100][101]

Games

edit
  • In 2014, Sharp Point Press and Future-Digi publicized the 'Rainy Port Keelung with 3 light novels telling a love story in the background of Keelung Massacre during the Feb. 28 incident.[102]
  • In 2017, Taiwanese game developer Red Candle Games launched Detention, a survival horror video game created and developed for Steam. It is a 2D atmospheric horror side-scroller set in 1960s Taiwan under martial law following the February 28 incident. The critically acclaimed game also incorporates religious elements based on Taiwanese culture and mythology. Rely On Horror gave the game a 9 out of 10, saying that "every facet of Detention moves in one harmonious lockstep towards an unavoidable tragedy, drowning out the world around you."[103]
  • In 2017, Erotes Studio produced Blue Blood Lagoon with the story of high-school students running for life to escape from the bloodshed of military conscription arrest, prosecution and execution during the July 13 Penghu incident.[104]
  • In 2019, Team Padendon publicized a ghost RPG PAGUI based on a true family story of the Kaohsiung Massacre victims in Feb. 28 Incident: An orphan raised by a temple uncovered his identity and looked for his dispersed family for over 60 years with no result until he died; an old lady in her 90s heard the news arrives but only find her son in the coffin.
  • In 2020, MatchB Studio produced an adventure puzzle Halflight with two brothers playing near a base witnessed an execution site upon the Feb. 28 incident, and one fell missing in chaos, followed by the family being persecuted apart, so the little boy went back trying to find the younger brother, but only stepped into the worse ending in 50 years.

Memorials

edit

See also

edit

Notes and references

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ See Henry Liu and Chen Wen-chen.
  2. ^ 38 years and 57 days.

Citations

edit
  1. ^ a b c d Huang, Tai-lin (20 May 2005). "White Terror exhibit unveils part of the truth". Taipei Times. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  2. ^ Rubinstein, Murray A. (2007). Taiwan: A New History. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 302. ISBN 9780765614957.
  3. ^ a b "White Terror Period". National Human Rights Museum. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Taiwan: Amendment of Article 100 of the Criminal Code". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  5. ^ 楊碧川. "嘉義的228故事：濫殺槍決，血染機場、火車站". The Reporter (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  6. ^ Sui, Cindy (13 March 2016). "Taiwan Kuomintang: Revisiting the White Terror years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  7. ^ Fuchs, Chris (27 February 2017). "30 years after end of martial law, scars from Taiwan's 'White Terror' remain". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  8. ^ Chen, Yu-fu; Hetherington, William (30 August 2021). "Aboriginal White Terror period victims remembered – Taipei Times". taipeitimes.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  9. ^ Hale, Erin (10 December 2021). "Book review: Stories from Taiwan's "White Terror"". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  10. ^ Bodenner, Chris (7 December 2016). "Is Taiwan Really a Beacon of Freedom? – The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  11. ^ Adams, John (26 February 2017). "Victims demand justice 70 years after Taiwan's bloody 228 Incident massacre | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  12. ^ "肅殺的白色恐怖！寧可錯殺一千也不放過一人 – 歷史". 13 March 2020.
  13. ^ 房慧真. "【中壢事件40周年】許信良：群眾火燒警局時，我在三溫暖睡覺". The Reporter (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022. 真正的秋後算帳在1979，蔣經國接任總統這一年。年初由余登發父子被捕揭開序幕，許信良主張前往聲援，因為參與「橋頭事件」遊行，許信良被省政府以「擅離職守」罪名移送監察院，6月底，就職縣長1年半的同時，公懲會宣布許信良「休職2年」。只因曠職1天，辛苦拚來的桃園縣長，被迫提早謝幕。
  14. ^ Hartnett, Shaou-Whea Dodge & Keränen 2019, p. 5-6.
  15. ^ Frederic Wakeman (1 June 1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism". The China Quarterly. Vol. 150. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 395–432. JSTOR 655343. Retrieved 7 September 2023 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ "Fascism in China Today – Ancient Roots and Modern Realities". Alexandria, Virginia: World Future Fund. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  17. ^ Eastman, Lloyd E. (1972). "Fascism in Kuomintang China". The China Quarterly. 49. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0305741000036481. JSTOR 652110. S2CID 154740593. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022 – via JSTOR.
  18. ^ Rummel, R. J. (1991). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1412806704. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022 – via University of Hawaiʻi.
  19. ^ Morris, James X. (27 February 2019). "The 228 Incident Still Haunts Taiwan". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b Chen, Ketty (Winter 2008). "Disciplining Taiwan: The Kuomintang's Methods of Control during the White Terror Era (1947–1987)" (PDF). Taiwan International Studies Quarterly. 4 (4): 187. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  21. ^ Barker, Anne (28 March 2011). "Syria to end 48 years of martial law". ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  22. ^ Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p. 38
  23. ^ a b 張, 子午. "The Graveyard At The Center Of Taiwan's White Terror Period". The Reporter. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  24. ^ Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2005). Lee Teng-Hui and Taiwan's Quest for Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 101–103. ISBN 9781403970565.
  25. ^ Hau Pei-tsun (2000-01-01). <8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981-1989)>. Commonwealth Publishing. ISBN 9576216389. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2020-10-28.(in Chinese)
  26. ^ "President Ma attends White Terror Memorial". China Post. July 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03.
  27. ^ Cheung, Han. "Taiwan in Time: The women claimed by the White Terror". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  28. ^ Ping, Hsing Ku. "Wang Ruisong and Chiang Kai-Shek :Ping-Hsing Ku Abuse". Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  29. ^ Lu, Fang-shang (1999). 《戒嚴時期台北地區政治案件相關人士口述歷史：白色恐怖事件查訪（上、下）》 [Oral History of People Related to Political Cases in Taipei During the Martial Law Period: Investigation on the White Terror Incidents (Part 1 & 2)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taipei City Archives. ISBN 9789570249767.
  30. ^ Huang, tHui-zhen (28 November 2007). "四六事件" [April 6 Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Ministry of Culture (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  31. ^ Cheung, Han (July 10, 2016). "Students, soldiers and spies". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  32. ^ Chang, Mau-Kuei; Lin, Chong-Wei; Wu, Rwei-ren (13 October 2017). "臺灣外省人生命記憶與敘事資料庫 (II) – 揭開「白色封印」研究成果報告 (完整版)" [Database of Life Memories and Narratives of Chinese Mainlanders (II) – Uncovering the "White Seal" Research Report (full Edition)] (PDF). Theme Research Project Report to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Executive Yuan (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  33. ^ Lin, Chuan-Kai; Chang, Mau-Kuei; Lai, Chi-Yu (2016). "台灣五零年代海軍白色恐怖案件" [White Terror Cases of Taiwanese Navy in 1950s] (PDF). 台灣外省人生命記憶與敘事資料庫 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  34. ^ Kuo, Chi-Bin (16 July 2020). "3" (PDF). 桂永清與戰後海軍重整 [Gui Yong-ching and the Navy Reorganization after the Chinese Civil War] (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taoyuan, Taiwan: Institute of Historical Research, National Central University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  35. ^ Huang, Tai-lin (20 May 2005). "White Terror exhibit unveils part of the truth". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  36. ^ Zhang, Yan-hsian; Gao, Shu-yuan (1998). 《鹿窟事件調查研究》 [Investigation aResearch on the Luku Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: Cultural Affairs Department, New Taipei City Government. ISBN 9570217588. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  37. ^ Weng, Yu-huang; Chen, Wei-han. "Luku Incident survivor pens memoir of events". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  38. ^ 傅琪貽 (13 October 2017). "戰後臺灣原住民的白色恐怖 (1950年代)" [The White Terror on the Taiwanest Aborigines after WWII in 1950s] (PDF). Taiwanese History and International Academic Research Cross-Strait (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 臺灣日本綜合研究所. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  39. ^ Yang, Bi-chuan (27 February 2017). "The 228 Massacre In Alishan: "All We Have Left Are Ashes And Bones"". The Reporter. Taipei. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  40. ^ Maciej Rosalak (1 June 2021). "Statki PRL w pułapce Czang Kaj-szeka" [Ships of the Polish People's Republic in the trap of Chiang Kai-shek] (in Polish). Warsaw: Orle Pióro. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  41. ^ a b Lin, Hung-I (2008). "Chapter 4, 1953–1960" (PDF). 《封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」，1949–1960》 [Blockading the China coast: the "port-closure policy" of ROC government, 1949–1960] (MD thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  42. ^ Li, Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). "Praca" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  43. ^ Li, Shicheng (2015-02-16). "The death of Ting Yao-tiao". 《鹿窟風雲–八十憶往：李石城回憶錄》 [Lo̍k-khut History - Reminiscing in eightieth anniversary: Memoir of Li Shi-cheng] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taichung, Taiwan: Elephant White Cultural Enterprise Publishing. ISBN 9789863581338.
  44. ^ Kan, Yao-ming (6 February 2014). "My countryside, my writing (speech)". 《魔神仔的人類學想像》 [Anthropological Imagining of the Demon] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book Inc. ISBN 9789571174167.
  45. ^ Han Cheung (18 July 2021). "Taiwan in Time: The women claimed by the White Terror". Taipei Times. Taipei. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  46. ^ Wang, Han-ping; Chin, Jonathan (25 November 2015). "Exhibition on White Terror era opens in Tainan - Taipei Times". Taipei Times. Taipei. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  47. ^ Prof. Sergey Vradiy (2020-02-20). ""Tuapse" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations" (PDF). Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  48. ^ Лев КАПЛИН. "The tragedy of the tanker "Tuapse"" (in Russian). Riddles of History. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  49. ^ Moody, Peter R. (1977). Opposition and dissent in contemporary China. Hoover Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8179-6771-0. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  50. ^ Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf (1983). Patterns in the dust: Chinese-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949-1950. Columbia University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-231-05362-2. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  51. ^ Howard L. Boorman; Janet Krompart (1970). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231045581. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  52. ^ Craft, Stephen G. (2015). American Justice in Taiwan: The 1957 Riots and Cold War Foreign Policy. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813166377. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  53. ^ Wang, Feng (16 October 2015). 刺殺蔣介石：美國與蔣政權鬥爭史 [Assassination on Chiang Kai-shek: A History of American Struggle with Chiang's Regime] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: China Times Publishing. ISBN 9789571364308. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  54. ^ Han Cheung (18 March 2018). "Taiwan in Time: Chiang Kai-shek's last challenger". Taipei: Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  55. ^ "One man's struggle for a nation's freedom". Translated by Huang, Francis; Svensson, Perry; Chang, Eddy; Lin, Jackie; Shaw, Grace. Taipei: Taipei Times. 5 September 2002. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  56. ^ "Military authorities burn Lei Chen Memoirs" (PDF). Taiwan Communiqué (36). Taipei: International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan. September 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  57. ^ Chen, Yi-shen; Wang, Jing-ling (1 December 2000). 蘇東啟政治案件專輯 [Collection of the Su Tung-chi Political Cases] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. ISBN 9576717396. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  58. ^ Shih, Ming-hsiong (1998). "視死如歸的台獨勇士：陳智雄" [The Taiwanese independence braveheart confronting the death: Chen Chih-hsiung]. 白色恐怖黑暗時代台灣人受難史 [The history of Taiwanese suffering in the Dark Age of White Terror] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Avanguard Publishing. p. 25-29. ISBN 9789578011526. Retrieved 2024-06-28 – via Google Books.
  59. ^ Shih, Ming-hsiong (9 February 2016). 我終生敬仰的陳智雄烈士 [Martyr Chen Chih-hsiung, whom I respect the whole life] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Taiwan People News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  60. ^ Bo Yang (20 April 1996). "〈山崩地裂〉". 《柏楊回憶錄》 [Memoir of Bo Yang] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing. ISBN 9573227924.
  61. ^ Yao, Mu-chi (2012-12-01). "〈白色的歲月變色的我〉". 《秋蟬的悲鳴：白色恐怖受難文集第一輯》 [The Cry of the Autumn Cicada: White Terror Anthology (Volume 1)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: National Human Rights Museum. ISBN 9789860348613.
  62. ^ Zhu, Li-hsi (8 April 2019). "40年前，松山機場外那面破車窗" [The broken car window outside Songshan Airport 40 years ago] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei, Taiwan: EThe Foundation for Excellent Journalism Award. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  63. ^ Chen, Yi-shen (April 2022). 戰後台灣對外關係史論 [A historical review of Taiwan’s foreign relations after the war] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei, Taiwan: Chengchi University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-626-95670-3-4.
  64. ^ "Who murdered Mr Lin's mother and daughters?" (PDF). Taiwan Communiqué. No. 2. Seattle: International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan. January 1981. ISSN 1027-3999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  65. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (16 February 1992). "A Dictatorship That Grew Up". The New York Times Magazine. New York. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  66. ^ Chen, Su-jen (11 September 1981). "Statement of Chen Su-jen" (PDF). Taiwan Communiqué. 1 (5). Odijk, Netherlands: International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  67. ^ Hsu, Jenny W. (2 July 2009). "Report sheds light on 1981 mystery". Taipei Times. Taipei. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  68. ^ Arax, Mark; Holley, David (3 March 1985). "Rooted in Taiwan Connection: The Plot to Kill Henry Liu — Slayers Confess Details". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  69. ^ House of Representatives; Ninety-Ninth Congress (3 April 1985). The Murder of Henry Liu: Hearings and Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  70. ^ Li, Luffy; Van Trieste, John; Watt, Louise (9 August 2024). "Relatives of Victims of 1987 Lieyu Massacre Call for Reburial". Taipei, Taiwan: TaiwanPlus. Retrieved 13 August 2024 – via Youtube.
  71. ^ Zheng Jing; Cheng Nan-jung; Ye Xiangzhi; Xu Manqing (1987-06-13). <Shocking inside story of the Kinmen Military Murder Case>. Freedom Era Weekly, Ver 175–176. Archived from the original on 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  72. ^ Guan Ren-jian (2011-09-01). <The Taiwan you don't know: Stories of ROC Arm Forces>. Puomo Digital Publishing. ISBN 9789576636493. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2021-02-10.(in Chinese)
  73. ^ Hioe, Brian (8 August 2024). "Control Yuan Calls for Justice Over 1987 Massacre of Vietnamese Refugees by the Military". Taipei, Taiwan: New Bloom. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  74. ^ Chen, Guang-hsing (2001-05-01). "為什麼大和解不／可能？ 〈多桑〉與〈香蕉天堂〉殖民／冷戰效應下省籍問題的情緒結構" [Why is 'great reconciliation' im/possible? De-Cold War/Decolonization, or Modernity and Its Tears] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 國際邊緣‧名家專欄 National Central University. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  75. ^ Liao, Shuyi (2015-07-11). "時光倒影 一場時代的荒謬劇 ——《香蕉天堂》" [Reflection in Time – A Ridicule Drama of the Era <Banana Paradise>] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Merit Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  76. ^ Hsiao Chiu (2002-08-21). "香蕉天堂 \ 大時代下外省人的悲情故事" [Banana Paradise – A Sad Story of Mainlanders under the Great Epoch] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan123. Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  77. ^ Jonathan Crow. "Good Men, Good Women (1995)". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  78. ^ "好男好女" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Public Television Service. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  79. ^ Stephen Holden (1996-03-23). "Heartbreak Island Film Review". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  80. ^ Centre of Taiwan Studies (2014-07-28). "Film Screening: Super Citizen Ko and Q&A with Director Wan Jen". SOAS University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  81. ^ Chen, Ping-hao. "<Super Citizen Ko>" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taiwan Film and Audiovisual Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  82. ^ "天公金 (2000) Forgotten or Forgiven" (in Chinese (China)). 1905電影網. 2000. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  83. ^ Zhan, Zhengde (2019-11-15). "白色恐怖懺情錄" [White Terror Confession] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Medium. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  84. ^ Holden, Stephen (2010-02-26). "When the Language of Diplomacy Includes 'Kapow!'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  85. ^ Anderson, John (2010-02-26). "'A Prophet': The Crime Epic Reborn". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  86. ^ Addiego, Walter (2011-01-07). "Review: 'Formosa Betrayed'". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  87. ^ "'Easier With Practice' captivates". Los Angeles Times. 2010-02-26. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  88. ^ Liao, Leslie. "Taiwanese hit film "Detention" based on true story". Taipei: Radio Taiwan International. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  89. ^ "設計系黃心健《失身記》獲奧地利電子藝術節榮譽獎" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University Alumni Center. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  90. ^ Jackson, Grace (2017-03-09). "Remembering 2–28 Across Culture, Distance and Time". Taiwan Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  91. ^ Hong, Keelung (2003-02-28). "My Search for 2–28". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  92. ^ Portteus, Danielle (2006-06-15). "Back in print". Monroe News. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  93. ^ Cheung, Han (2016-02-28). "Literary redemption". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  94. ^ Prof. Jianyuan Zeng (2016). "哀音綿綿--蔡德本與《蕃薯仔哀歌》裡的嘉義朴子左翼青年身影" [Sound of Sorrow – Tehpen Tasi and the left-wing youth figure from Puzi Town, Chiayi County in "Elegy of Sweet Potatoes"] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 台灣法律網 LawTW. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  95. ^ "《靈魂與灰燼：臺灣白色恐怖散文選》獨家書摘：蔡德本《蕃薯仔哀歌》" [<Soul and Dust: Prose Selection of White Horror in Taiwan> – Exclusive Book Excerpt on Tehpen Tasi's "Elegy of Sweet Potatoes"] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Spring Hill Publishing and National Human Rights Museum. 2021-07-16. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  96. ^ Winterton, Bradley (May 7, 2014). "Book review: The Third Son". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  97. ^ Bloom, Dan (Aug 19, 2013). "US author probes 'legacy' of the 228 Incident in novel". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  98. ^ "Green Island by Shawna Yang Ryan - PenguinRandomHouse.com". Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  99. ^ "【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」 小金門的殺戮時代" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen: Up Media. 2019-11-23. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  100. ^ Hung Hung (7 March 2024). "霧沒有聲音——悼三七事件亡魂" [The fog has no voice - mourning the souls lost in March 7 Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei, Taiwan: United Daily News. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  101. ^ "金門三七慘案：難民家屬首度來台尋求真相與和解" [March 7 Incident of Kinmen: The refugee family members come to Taiwan seek the truth and reconciliation for the first time] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei, Taiwan: Amnesty International Taiwan. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  102. ^ "Finding Taiwanese Footprints of Taiwanese Through Games – An interview with the production team of <Rainy Port Keelung>" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Animen News. 2014-03-17. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  103. ^ "Review: Detention – Rely on Horror". 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  104. ^ 吳柏緯 (2017-04-05). "July 13, February 28 and Zheng Nanrong...Learn about Taiwanese history by playing games" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Liberty Times. Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2021-07-29.

Works cited

edit

English language

edit

Chinese language (Traditional)

edit
  • 藍博洲，1991，幌馬車之歌。台北：時報文化。
  • 藍博洲，1993，白色恐怖。台北：揚智。
  • 魏廷朝，1997，台灣人權報告書，1949–1995。台北：文英堂。
  • 台灣省文獻委員會編，1998，台灣地區戒嚴時期五零年代政治案件史料彙編（一）：中外檔案。南投：台灣省文獻委員會。
  • 呂芳上計劃主持，1999，戒嚴時期台北地區政治案件相關人士口述歷史：白色恐怖事件查訪（上）。台北：台北市文獻委員會。
  • 朱德蘭，2001，崔小萍事件，南投：省文獻會。
  • 任育德，2003，從口述史看1950年代政治案件的女性受刑人，近代中國第154期。
  • 曹欽榮、鄭南榕基金會，2012，流麻溝十五號：綠島女生分隊及其他，臺北市，書林出版。
  • 顏世鴻，2012，青島東路三號：我的百年之憶及台灣的荒謬年代，臺北市，啟動文化。
  • 余杰，2014，在那明亮的地方 : 台灣民主地圖 ，臺北市，時報文化。
  • 向陽主編，2016， 打破暗暝見天光，新北市，國家人權博物館籌備處。
edit
Library resources about
White Terror (Taiwan)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Terror_(Taiwan)&oldid=1252340222"