The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.
| Voiced velar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɣ | |||
| IPA Number | 141 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɣ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0263 | ||
| X-SAMPA | G | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced velar tapped fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɡ̞̆ | |
| ɣ̆ |
The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].
There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.
A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.
Features
edit
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editSome of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | бгъьы/bğë | [bɣʲə] | 'leaf' | ||
| Adyghe | чъыгы/čëğë | 'tree' | |||
| Albanian | Arbëresh
Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika |
gliata | [ɣliɑtɑ] | 'tall' | |
| Alekano | gamó | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
| Aleut | agiitalix | [aɣiːtalix] | 'with' | ||
| Angor | ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
| Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[3] | غريب/ğarīb | 'stranger' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology | |
| Aragonese | augua | [ˈawɣwa] | 'water' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
| Aromanian | ghini | [ˈɣi.ni] | 'well' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
| Aramaic | Eastern | ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā | [pʌɣrɑ] | 'body' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. |
| Western | [fʌɣrɔ] | ||||
| Asturian | gadañu | [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] | 'scythe' | Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions | |
| Azerbaijani | Northern | oğul | [oɣul] | 'son' | |
| Southern | اوغول/oğul | ||||
| Basque[5] | hego | [heɣo] | 'wing' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
| Belarusian | галава/ğalava | [ɣalaˈva] | 'head' | ||
| Catalan[6] | agrat | [ɐˈɣɾɑt] | 'liking' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | auga | [ˈauːɣa] | 'his/her/its blood' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Chechen | гӀала / ğala | [ɣaːla] | 'town' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin (Dongping dialect) | 俺/Ǎn | [ɣän55] | 'I' | |
| Xiang | 湖南/húnán | [ɣu˩˧nia˩˧] | 'Hunan (province)' | ||
| Czech | bych byl | [bɪɣ bɪl] | 'I would be' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather /ɦ/ | |
| Dàgáárè | [pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́] | 'woman' | May be a velar with strong tap-like features.[7] | ||
| Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
| Dogrib | weqa[clarification needed] | [weɣa] | 'for' | ||
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[8][9] | gaan | [ɣaːn] | 'to go' | May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.[9] See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accents[9] | |||||
| English | Scouse | grass | [ɣrɑ:s] | 'grass' | Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology[10] |
| Northumbrian | [example needed] | Burr[11] | |||
| Georgian[12] | ღარიბი/ğaribi | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
| German[13][14][failed verification] | Austrian | damalige | [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] | 'former' | Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech.[13][14] See Standard German phonology |
| Ghari | cheghe | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
| Greek | γάλα/gála | [ˈɣala] | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | વાઘણ/vağaŕn | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Gweno | ndeghe | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | ||
| Gwich’in | videeghàn | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
| Haitian Creole | diri | [diɣi] | 'rice' | ||
| Hän | dëgëghor | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing' | ||
| Hebrew | Classical | מִגְדָּל/miğdol | [miɣdɔl] | '[a] tower' | |
| Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing [ʁ]) | שׁוֹמֵר/shomer | [ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ] | '[a male] guard', '[he] guards' | [ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ] by other Modern speakers | |
| Hindustani | Hindi[15] | ग़रीब/garib | 'poor' | Post-velar,[15] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Urdu | غریب/gharib | ||||
| Icelandic | saga | [ˈsaːɣa] | 'saga' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | a dhorn | [ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'his fist' | See Irish phonology | |
| Istro-Romanian[16] | gură | [ˈɣurə] | 'mouth' | Corresponds to [ɡ][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
| Japanese[17] | はげ/hage | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology | |
| Judeo-Spanish | gato | [ˈɣ̞ato̪][18] | 'cat' | ||
| Haketia | gher | [ɣeɾ] | 'only' | appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic[19] | |
| Kabardian | гын/gyn | 'powder' | |||
| Komering | harong | [haɣoŋ] | 'charcoal' | ||
| Lezgian | гъел/ğel | [ɣel] | 'sleigh' | ||
| Lhaovo | Dago’ | qid | [ɣìt] | 'water' | |
| Yunnan | [ɣək˧˩] | ||||
| Limburgish[20][21] | gaw | [ɣɑ̟β̞] | 'quick' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | עוטג/otogh | [ˠotʰoɣ] | 'room' | Generally post-velar |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humor' | Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Low German[22] | gaan | [ˈɣɔ̃ːn] | 'to go' | Increasingly replaced with High German [ɡ] | |
| Malay | Standard | ghaib | [ɣai̯b] | 'unseen' | Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/. |
| Johor-Riau | ramai | [ɣamai̯] | 'crowded (with people)' | /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | [ɣamaː] | /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology | |||
| Terengganu | |||||
| Negeri Sembilan | [ɣamai̯] | ||||
| Pahang | [ɣamɛ̃ː] | ||||
| Sarawak | [ɣamɛː] | ||||
| Macedonian | Berovo accent | дувна/duvna | [ˈduɣna] | 'it blew' | Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology |
| Bukovo accent | глава/glava | [ˈɡɣa(v)a] | 'head' | Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect | |
| Mi'kmaq | nisaqan | [nisaɣan] | 'weir' | Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology. | |
| Navajo | ’aghá | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
| Neapolitan | Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) | chiahäte | [kjaˈɣɜ tə][23] | 'wounded' | Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian. |
| Nepali | कागज/kağdz | [käɣʌ(d)z] | 'paper' | Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology | |
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Northern Qiang | hhnesh | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[24] | å ha | [ɔ ˈɣɑː] | 'to have' | Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.[24] See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | digoc | [diˈɣuk] | 'said' (3rd pers. sg.) | |
| Okanagan | ɣəɣicɣc | [ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ] | 'Sparrow hawk' | ||
| Pashto | غاتر/ğatër | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
| Pela | [ɣɔ˥] | 'to rain' | |||
| Persian | باغ/bac | [bɒːɣ] | 'garden' | ||
| Polish | niechże | [ˈɲɛɣʐɛ] | 'let' (imperative particle) | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[25][26] | agora | [ɐˈɣɔɾɐ] | 'now' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some Brazilian dialects[27] | mármore | [ˈmaɣmuɾi] | 'marble', 'sill' | Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants. | |
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib | [ɣ̄əriːb] | 'poor' | |
| Shahmukhi | غریب/ġarrīb | ||||
| Romani | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | ||
| Russian | Southern | дорога/doroga | [dɐˈro̞ɣə] | 'road' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard |
| Standard | угу/ugu | [ʊˈɣu] | 'uh-huh' | Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology | |
| горох же / goroh že | [ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe] | 'the peas' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[28] | ||
| Sakha | аҕа/ağa | [aɣa] | 'father' | ||
| Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | Allophone of /ɡ/ |
| Scottish Gaelic | laghail | [ɫ̪ɤɣal] | 'lawful' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[29] | ovih bi | [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] | 'of these would' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[29] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| S'gaw Karen | ဂ့ၤ/ghei | [ɣei] | 'good' | ||
| Sindhi | غم/camu | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
| Slovene | Standard | h gori | [ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí] | 'to the mountain' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology |
| Some dialects | gajba | [ˈɣáːjbà] | 'crate' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | amigo | [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] | 'friend' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[30] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
| Swedish | Västerbotten Norrland dialects | meg | [mɪːɣ] | 'me' | Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[31] Here also /∅/ in Kalix. |
| Tadaksahak | zog | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
| Tajik | ғафс/cafs | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
| Tamazight | aɣilas (aghilas) | [aɣilas] | 'leopard' | ||
| Tamil | Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) | முகம் | [muɣəm] | 'face' | Not very common |
| Turkish | Non-standard | ağaç | [aɣat͡ʃ] | 'tree' | Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology |
| Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
| Southern | ghra | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
| Tyap | ghan | [ˈɣan] | 'to hurry' | ||
| Uzbek[32] | ёмғир / yomgʻir/yamğır | [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] | 'rain' | Post-velar.[32] | |
| Vietnamese[33] | ghế | [ɣe˧˥] | 'chair' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | drage | [ˈdraːɣə] | 'to carry' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Yi | ꊋ/we | [ɣɤ˧] | 'win' | ||
| Zhuang | Lwg roegbit | [lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥] | 'Wild duckling' | ||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive.
Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
- ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
- ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
- ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.[failed verification]
- ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
- ^ "Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
- ^ Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.[ISBN missing]
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
- ^ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
References
edit- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
- Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7