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Public image of Vladimir Putin

(Redirected from Vladimir Putin's cult of personality)

The public image of Vladimir Putin concerns the image of Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, among residents of Russia and worldwide. According to the Russian non-governmental organization Levada Center, about 85% of the Russian population approved of Putin in the beginning of 2023, the highest in nearly 8 years.[1][2]

Putin in Tuva, age 55, flexing his muscles while fishing in 2007; picture from the official Russian President website. Putin often presents a macho image in the media.

Ratings and polls

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Domestic

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According to public opinion surveys conducted by NGO Levada Center, Putin's approval rating was 60% in July 2020.[3] Putin's popularity rose from 31% in August 1999 to 80% in November 1999, never dropping below 65% during his first presidency.[4] Observers see Putin's high approval ratings as a consequence of the significant improvements in living standards and Russia's reassertion of itself on the world scene that has occurred during his period of office.[5][6] One analysis attributed Putin's popularity, in part, to state-owned or state-controlled television.[7]

A joint poll by World Public Opinion in the US and Levada Center[8] in Russia around June–July 2006 stated that "neither the Russian nor the American publics are convinced Russia is headed in an anti-democratic direction" and "Russians generally support Putin's concentration of political power and strongly support the re-nationalization of Russia's oil and gas industry." Russians generally support the political course of Putin and his team.[9] A 2005 survey showed that three times as many Russians felt the country was "more democratic" under Putin than it was during the Yeltsin or Gorbachev years, and the same proportion thought human rights were better under Putin than Yeltsin.[7]

In January 2013, at the time of 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's approval rating fell to 62%, the lowest figure since 2000 and a ten-point drop over two years.[10] By May 2014, following the annexation of Crimea, Putin's approval rating had rebounded to 85.9%, a six-year high.[11]

After EU and U.S. sanctions against Russian officials as a result of the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Putin's approval rating reached 87 percent, according to a Levada Center survey published on 6 August 2014.[12][13] In February 2015, based on new domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician.[14] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high.[15][16][17] In 2016, the approval rating was 81%.[18]

Despite high approval for Putin, confidence in the Russian economy is low, dropping to levels in 2016 that rivaled the recent lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic crisis. Just 14% of Russians in 2016 said their national economy was getting better, and 18% said this about their local economies.[19] Putin's performance at reining in corruption is also unpopular among Russians. Newsweek reported in June 2017 that "An opinion poll by the Moscow-based Levada Center indicated that 67 percent held Putin personally responsible for high-level corruption".[20]

In July 2018, Putin's approval rating fell to 63% and just 49% would vote for Putin if presidential elections were held.[21] Levada poll results published in September 2018 showed Putin's personal trustworthiness levels at 39% (decline from 59% in November 2017)[22] with the main contributing factor being the presidential support of the unpopular pension reform and economic stagnation.[23][24] In October 2018, two thirds of Russians surveyed in Levada poll agreed that "Putin bears full responsibility for the problems of the country", which has been attributed[25] to decline of a popular belief in "good tsar and bad boyars", a traditional attitude towards justifying failures of the ruling hierarchy in Russia.[26]

In May 2020, Putin's approval rating dropped to a historic low of 59% in an April poll by the Levada Center.[27] In December 2021, a Levada Center poll found that 65% approved of Putin personally, that jumped to 69% who had a positive view of Putin in January 2022, and 71% who approved of the Russian president in February 2022 (before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine).[28][29]

International

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See also: Russophilia and Russophobia

According to a 2017 survey by the Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA), Putin's international reputation increased significantly between 2015 and 2017 (43% favorable in 2017 compared with 33% in 2015).[30] More recent international polling shows that approval for Putin declined to record lows following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[31]

Some of these views have changed considerably over time ever since 2017. For instance, in Romania, in a 2022 poll, only 3% of Romanians had a positive opinion of Putin while 70% of Romanians had a negative one.[32] A 2023 poll by Pew Research Center in 24 countries around the world showed that 87% of respondents felt distrustful of Putin, with only 11% feeling confident in Putin. 82% of respondents have negative views of Russia.[33]

Results of the 2017 Gallup International poll.
Views of Vladimir Putin by country[30]
Sorted by Net Favorability
Country polled Favorable Unfavorable Net Score
  Vietnam
89%
4%
 +85
  Kazakhstan
88%
5%
 +83
  Armenia
89%
8%
 +81
  Russia
79%
11%
 +68
  Serbia
81%
13%
 +68
  Moldova
77%
18%
 +59
  India
53%
4%
 +49
  Ethiopia
59%
11%
 +48
  Greece
72%
25%
 +47
  Iran
62%
17%
 +45
  Iraq
68%
23%
 +45
  Albania
68%
30%
 +38
  Bangladesh
62%
24%
 +38
  Romania
65%
28%
 +37
  Bulgaria
53%
28%
 +25
  Nigeria
55%
30%
 +25
  Thailand
43%
18%
 +25
  Indonesia
48%
26%
 +22
  Philippines
47%
27%
 +20
  Peru
43%
24%
 +19
  Turkey
56%
37%
 +19
  Croatia
52%
34%
 +18
  Mexico
52%
34%
 +18
  North Macedonia
53%
38%
 +15
  Bosnia and Herzegovina
53%
40%
 +13
  Ghana
35%
23%
 +12
  Colombia
46%
38%
 +8
  Pakistan
50%
42%
 +8
  Argentina
38%
34%
 +4
Global median
43%
40%
 +3
  Ecuador
31%
29%
 +2
  Afghanistan
45%
48%
 -3
  Hong Kong
40%
44%
 -4
  Brazil
31%
36%
 -5
  South Africa
34%
40%
 -6
  Azerbaijan
10%
17%
 -7
  Slovenia
42%
52%
 -10
  Italy
35%
52%
 -17
  Latvia
34%
53%
 -19
  Ukraine
35%
59%
 -24
  Austria
29%
60%
 -31
  Australia
17%
60%
 -43
  France
18%
64%
 -46
  Kosovo
10%
59%
 -49
  South Korea
23%
74%
 -51
  Czech Republic
20%
72%
 -52
  United States
14%
66%
 -52
  Japan
10%
63%
 -53
  Spain
19%
72%
 -53
  Germany
20%
74%
 -54
  Ireland
17%
72%
 -55
  United Kingdom
15%
71%
 -56
  Sweden
14%
75%
 -61
  Netherlands
10%
75%
 -65
  Poland
9%
85%
 -76
Result:(55 Country)
44%
40%
 +4

Assessments

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Putin was Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2007;[34] these selections are based on the person or persons "who most affected the news and our lives, for good or ill".[35] In April 2008, Putin was put on the Time 100 most influential people in the world list.[36] Criticism of Putin has been widespread especially over the Runet.[37] It is said that the Russian youth organisations finance a full "network" of pro-government bloggers.[38] On 4 December 2007, at Harvard University, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev credited Putin with having "pulled Russia out of chaos" and said he was "assured a place in history", despite Gorbachev's claim that the news media have been suppressed and that election rules run counter to the democratic ideals he has promoted.[39] In December 2011, amid the protests following the 2011 Russian elections Gorbachev criticized Putin for a decision to seek the third term in the presidential elections and advised Putin to leave politics.[40]

In the U.S. embassy cables leaked in late 2010, Putin was called "alpha dog" and compared with Batman (while Dmitry Medvedev was compared with Batman's crime-fighting partner Robin). American diplomats said Putin's Russia had become "a corrupt, autocratic kleptocracy centred on the leadership of Putin, in which officials, oligarchs and organised crime are bound together to create a "virtual mafia state."[41][42] Putin called it "slanderous".[43]

By western commentators and the Russian opposition, Putin has been described as a dictator.[44][45] Putin biographer Masha Gessen has stated that "Putin is a dictator," comparing him to Alexander Lukashenko.[46][47] Former UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband has described Putin as a "ruthless dictator" whose "days are numbered."[48] U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney called Putin "a real threat to the stability and peace of the world."[49]

 
Moscow rally in support of opposition candidates for the Moscow City Duma, 10 August 2019

In early September 2014 Patriarch Filaret, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, linked Putin with the biblical figure Cain because Filaret believed that although Putin claimed to be their “brother”, he was responsible for "shedding the brotherly blood" of Ukrainians during the War in Donbass.[50] Filaret believed "Satan went into him, as into Judas Iscariot".[50] The Dalai Lama criticized Putin's foreign policy practices, claiming it to be responsible for isolating Russia from the rest of the world.[51][52][53] The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Putin as the 2014 Person of the Year, recognizing "the person who does the most to enable and promote organized criminal activity."[54][55]

According to Denis Volkov from Moscow Levada Center, drawing any conclusions from Russian poll results or comparing them with Western polls is pointless as there's no real political competition in Russia. Unlike in democratic states, the Russian voters aren't offered any "credible alternatives" and the public opinion is formed primarily with state-controlled media which promotes the ruling party and discredits any alternative candidates.[56] This kind of illusion of democracy, choice only between "A and A", is part of "Russian consciousness", according to a nationalist publicist Alexander Prokhanov, who considers the "elections between A and B" to be part of a "liberal" mindset.[57]

Brands

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Putin's name and image are widely used in advertisements and product branding.[58] Among Putin-branded products are Putinka vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, Gorbusha Putina caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image.[59] In October 2016, the luxury company, Caviar, produced a limited series of iPhone 7s made from Damascus steel called Supremo Putin Damascus. It features a golden bas-relief portrait of Putin.[60] Putin Huylo (also spelled Putin Huilo) is a beer that is made by Pravda beer brewery in Lviv, Ukraine and also by several other breweries around the world.[61][62][63][64][65]

Physical condition

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A picture of Putin smiling at a camera during the MAKS airshow, 2007

Putin has created a cult of personality for himself as an outdoorsy, sporty, tough guy public image, demonstrating his physical capabilities and taking part in unusual or dangerous acts, such as extreme sports and interaction with wild animals.[66] For example, in 2007, the tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda published a huge photograph of a bare-chested Putin vacationing in the Siberian mountains under the headline: "Be Like Putin."[67] Such photo ops are part of a public relations approach that, according to Wired, "deliberately cultivates the macho, take-charge superhero image".[58] The British tabloid Daily Express has commented that this cultivated image runs counter to the reality of Putin's modest physical stature,[68] his height being officially reported as 170 cm (5 ft 7 in),[69] and some of the activities used to promote his virile prowess have been criticized for involving deception or being completely staged. Notable examples of Putin's macho adventures include:[70]

  • Putin flew in a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter over Chechnya in 2000 and a Tu-160 supersonic heavy bomber on 16 August 2005 at MAKS Airshow.[70]
  • Martial arts – Putin demonstrated his martial art skills on a tatami at the Kodokan Institute in Tokyo on 5 September 2000 and has subsequently made further demonstrations.[70] Putin currently holds a black belt in Judo.[71] Putin had also been awarded a 9th Dan belt in Taekwondo before it was rescinded in February 2022.[72]
  • Adventures in the wild – On his trip to Tuva in August 2007, Putin was seen riding horses, rafting, fishing and swimming in a cold Siberian river (mostly bare-chested).[67] In August 2009, Putin repeated the experience.[73] In 2008, Putin visited the Ussuri national park, where he sedated an Amur tiger with a tranquiliser gun and then helped measure its teeth and fit it with a tracker.[67] Claims were made later that the tiger was actually from the Khabarovsk Zoo and that it died soon after the stunt, but the suspected tiger named by the Khabarovsk Zoo workers[74] was found in late 2009 in Zelenogorsk,[75] while the claims of a stunt were denied by the scientists who organized the "safari".[76] In April 2010, Putin traveled to Franz Josef Land in the Russian Arctic, where he tranquilized a polar bear and attached a satellite tag to it.[77] In late August 2010, Putin shot darts from a crossbow at a gray whale off Kamchatka Peninsula coast as part of an eco-tracking effort, while balancing on a rubber boat in the sea.[70][78]
  • Descending in a deepwater submersible – On 1 August 2009, Putin descended 1395 m to the bottom of Lake Baikal, the world's deepest lake, on a MIR submersible accompanied by deepwater explorer Anatoly Sagalevich (who had been among the team which had reached the bottom at the North Pole in the Arktika 2007 expedition). From the bottom of Baikal Putin spoke to journalists via hydrophone.[79]
  • Riding a motorbike – In July 2010, Putin appeared at a bikers festival in Sevastopol riding a Harley-Davidson tricycle; the high council of Russian bikers movements unanimously voted him into a Hells Angel rank with the nickname of Abaddon.[70][80] Putin's associations with motorcycle gangs led to him being accidentally placed on a blacklist of banned people in Finland.[81] In August 2011 a video showed Putin riding with the Night Wolves who were later sanctioned by the United States, EU, and Canada.[71]
  • Firefighting from the air – In August 2010, Russian TV broadcast a video of Putin co-piloting a firefighting plane Beriev Be-200 to dump water on a raging fire during the 2010 Russian wildfires.[58][70]
 
Putin driving a Formula 1 car, 2010 (see the video)
  • Driving a race car – Putin tested a modified Prost AP04 F1 race car with a Renault livery on 7 November 2010 in Saint Petersburg, reaching a reported maximum speed of 240 km per hour (149 mph).[70][82][83]
  • Scuba diving – Putin took part in scuba diving at the archaeological site of the ancient Greek colony of Phanagoria in the Taman Bay on 11 August 2011.[84] During the dive, he "discovered" two amphorae and emerged from the sea exclaiming to television cameras "Treasure!". In October 2011, spokesman Dmitry Peskov told media: "Putin did not find the amphorae on the sea bed that had been lying there for thousands of years [...] They were found during an [archaeological] expedition several weeks or days beforehand. Of course they were then left there [for him to find] or placed there. It is a completely normal thing to do."[85] The New Republic called it an example of Putin Jumping the shark.[86]
  • In September 2012, Putin flew in a motorized hang glider alongside endangered Siberian white cranes to "guide them on their migration to Asia."[87]
  • Fishing – In July 2013, Putin was pictured in Tuva, Siberia, holding up a large pike that he 'caught' and which the Kremlin claimed weighed 21 kg (46 lb), a very large amount for that species. Many media outlets and internet users questioned whether the fish could have weighed that much.[88] Some bloggers also pointed out that Putin's fishing trip wasn't on the official schedule and that he was photographed wearing clothing identical to that worn during a previous trip to the region.[89]
  • In a 2014 art exhibition organised by Putin Supporters group on Facebook, and labelled "bizarre" by BBC News,[90] the Russian leader was depicted in the guise of the all-conquering Ancient Greek hero Heracles. The series of images associated each of twelve various military and political feats performed by Putin with one of the mythological figure's famous Twelve Labors.
  • In August 2015, Putin used a submersible to explore a Byzantine shipwreck off the coast of Crimea. "83 metres is a pretty substantial depth," he said in televised comments after the dive. "It was interesting."[91]
  • In May 2019, Putin scored 8 goals in an amateur hockey league all-star game and was reportedly provided with plenty of scoring opportunities by his linemates and was met with little resistance by the opposing team's defence.[92]
  • In April 2021, Putin was named Russia's "most handsome man" in a poll of two thousand conducted by Superjob.ru, a Russian job board site. People from three hundred cities were surveyed. Complex described the selection process as "highly questionable" and emphasized the disproportionate results of the survey.[93]
  • On 1 September 2022, in Kaliningrad, Putin was appearing to struggle with control of his legs during a conference with Russian school pupils.[94][95][96][97][98][99]

Singing and painting

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Putin playing and then singing Blueberry Hill at a charity concert

On 11 December 2010, at a concert organized for a children's charity in Saint Petersburg, Putin sang Blueberry Hill with Maceo Parker's jazz band and played a little piano of it and of the Russian patriotic song С чего начинается Родина from his favourite spy movie The Shield and the Sword. After that he took part in singing of a Russian song about cosmonauts, Grass by the Home. The concert was attended by various Hollywood and European stars such as Kevin Costner, Sharon Stone, Alain Delon, and Gérard Depardieu.[100][101] Putin also played or sang "С чего начинается Родина" on a number of other occasions,[102] such as a meeting with the Russian spies deported from the U.S., including Anna Chapman.[103] Another melody which Putin is known to play on the piano is the Anthem of Saint Petersburg, his native city.[104]

Putin's painting "Узор на заиндевевшем окне" (A Pattern on a Hoarfrost-Encrusted Window), which he had painted during the Christmas Fair on 26 December 2008, became the top lot at the charity auction in Saint Petersburg and sold for 37 million rubles.[105] The picture was made for a series of other paintings by famous Russians. The painters were required to illustrate one of the letters of the Russian alphabet with a subject connected to Nikolay Gogol's novel Christmas Eve (the 200th anniversary from Gogol's birth was celebrated in 2008). Putin's picture depicted a hoarfrost pattern (Russian: Узор, illustrating the Cyrillic letter У) on a window with curtains sewn with traditional Ukrainian ornaments.[105] The creation of the painting coincided with the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute, which left a number of European states without Russian gas and amid January frosts.[106]

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A scene from the Superputin comics

A Russian movie called A Kiss not for Press premiered in 2008 on DVD. The movie is said to be based on the biography of Vladimir Putin and his wife Lyudmila.[107] Dobby, a house elf from Harry Potter film series, has been found to look like Putin,[108] and so was also Daniel Craig in his role of James Bond (he was the first blond actor to play James Bond).[109] There are a large number of songs about Putin.[110] These include:

  • Такого, как Путин – "[I Want] A Man Like Putin" by Singing Together[111]
  • Гороскоп (Путин, не ссы!) – "Horoscope (Putin, Don't Pee Pee!)" by Uma2rman[112]
  • ВВП – "VVP" by a Tajik singer Tolibjon Kurbankhanov (Толибджон Курбанханов)[113][114]
  • Our Madhouse is Voting for Putin by Rabfak. (Рабфак).
  • Vladimir - a song by a Polish bard Maleńczuk. The singer said that he planned to release it before the Sochi Olympics, but the Russian annexation of Crimea contributed greatly to the promotion of the song.[115]
  • Putin khuylo!, a song originated in Ukraine in 2014 having grown from a football chant[116]
  • Putin - a song released in 2022[117] by Polish singer and producer Cypis[118][119] denouncing the tragedies of the war after Russia's invasion, gaining tens of millions of views on various social media[120] and trending in many Western and Eastern European countries, including Ukraine.[121]

Putin also is a subject of Russian jokes and chastushki, such as "[Before Putin] There Was No Orgasm" featured in the comedy film The Day of Elections.[122] There is a meta-joke that, since the coming of Putin to power, all the classic jokes about a smart yet rude boy called Вовочка (Vovochka, diminutive from Vladimir) have suddenly become political jokes.

Various humorists and anti-Putinists have latched onto the initialism "KhPP" (Russian: ХПП), interpretted as standing for "a cunning Putin plan" (Russian: хитрый план Путина).[123]

Putin features in the coloring-book for children Vova and Dima (presented on his 59th birthday),[124] where he and Dmitry Medvedev are drawn as well-behaved little boys, and in the Superputin online comics series, where Putin and Medvedev are portrayed first as superheroes,[58] and then as a troll and an orc in the World of Warcraft.[125]

Putin was portrayed by internet personality Nice Peter in his YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History, in Season 2's finale episode, "Rasputin vs. Stalin" (aired on 22 April 2013).[126]

In 2014, Putin earned the nickname "dickhead" or "fuckface" ("хуйло" in Russian and Ukrainian) in Ukraine, following the spread of the chant of Ukrainian football hooligans. On 14 June 2014, Ukraine's acting Foreign Minister Andriy Deshchytsia cited the chant in front of the cameras during an anti-Russian rally at Russia's Embassy in Kyiv.[127]

In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, leaders at the 48th G7 summit ridiculed Putin's photo ops—particularly his manly, bare-chested photographs with airbrushed muscles—including Boris Johnson.[128]

Documentary films about Putin include the television series The Putin Interviews (2017),[129] Putin's Witnesses (2018) and Putin's Palace (2021),[2] while films include Patryk Vega's Putin (2024).[3]

Putinisms

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Not to be confused with Putinism.
Main article: Vladimir Putin's language
Alluding to Rudyard Kipling's python Kaa, Putin addresses the Russian non-systemic opposition, who, according to him, work for foreign interests: Come to me, Bandar-logs![130]

Putin has produced a large number of popular aphorisms and catch-phrases, known as putinisms.[131] Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language.[131]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Indicators". Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Putin's approval rating ends 2022 at 81%, boosted by support for the war in Ukraine". www.intellinews.com. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Center, Levada (29 July 2020). "PUTIN'S RATING DROP". Levada: GOVERNMENT APPROVAL AND POLITICAL TRUST BY POPULATION. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Putin's performance in office — Trends". Russiavotes.org. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  5. ^ "Quarter of Russians Think Living Standards Improved During Putin's Rule" (in Russian). Oprosy.info. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  6. ^ No wonder they like Putin by Norman Stone, 4 December 2007, The Times.
  7. ^ a b Russia through the looking-glass openDemocracy. "...while only about half of Russian households have a telephone line at home, well over 90% have access to the First Channel and Rossiya. And for a vast majority of Russians, they are virtually the only source of information about political events. Given that typically well over half of their news broadcasts consist of sympathetic coverage of Putin and members of the United Russia party, and oppositional figures are always presented in a negative or ironic light (if at all), it is unsurprising that the president is enjoying considerable popularity.". Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  8. ^ "Levada-Center -Description". Levada.ru. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  9. ^ Russians Support Putin's Re-Nationalization of Oil, Control of Media, But See Democratic Future Archived 28 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine – World Public Opinion.org
  10. ^ Arkhipov, Ilya (24 January 2013). "Putin Approval Rating Falls to Lowest Since 2000: Poll". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  11. ^ "Putin's Approval Rating Reaches Six-Year High – Poll". RIA Novosti. 15 May 2014.
  12. ^ "Августовские рейтинги одобрения – Левада-Центр". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  13. ^ "Putin's Approval Rating Soars to 87%, Poll Says". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  14. ^ "The world's most popular politicians: Putin's approval rating hits 86%". Independent. 27 February 2015.
  15. ^ "Vladimir Putin's approval rating at record levels". The Guardian. 23 July 2015.
  16. ^ Июльские рейтинги одобрения и доверия (in Russian). Levada Centre. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
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  18. ^ Ray, Julie; Esipova, Neli (28 March 2017). "Economic Problems, Corruption Fail to Dent Putin's Image". gallup.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  19. ^ Ray, Julie; Esipova, Neli (28 March 2017). "Economic Problems, Corruption Fail to Dent Putin's Image". gallup.com. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  20. ^ "Alexei Navalny: Is Russia's Anti-Corruption Crusader Vladimir Putin's Kryptonite?". Newsweek. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
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  22. ^ "Trust in Putin Drops to 39% as Russians Face Later Retirement, Poll Says". Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  23. ^ "Disquiet on the Home Front: Kremlin Propagandists Struggle to Contain the Fallout from Pension Reform and Local Elections - Disinfo Portal". Disinfo Portal. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Things are going wrong for Vladimir Putin". The Economist. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  25. ^ ""Левада-Центр": две трети россиян считают, что в проблемах страны виноват Путин". www.znak.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  26. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | 'Good Tsar, Bad Boyars': Popular Attitudes and Azerbaijan's Future". Refworld. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  27. ^ "ОДОБРЕНИЕ ИНСТИТУТОВ ВЛАСТИ И ДОВЕРИЕ ПОЛИТИКАМ". Levada Center. 6 May 2020.
  28. ^ "More than two thirds of Russians approve of Putin, says poll". 2 March 2022.
  29. ^ "Seven in 10 Russians approve of Putin, says latest poll". 2 March 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Gallup International's 41st Annual Global End of Year Survey" (PDF). WIN/GIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  31. ^ "Ratings for Russia drop to record lows". pewresearch.org. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  32. ^ Nahoi, Ovidiu (24 March 2022). "Sondaj: patriotismul românilor în context de război" (in Romanian). RFI România. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  33. ^ Gubbala, Moira Fagan, Jacob Poushter and Sneha (10 July 2023). "Large Shares See Russia and Putin in Negative Light, While Views of Zelenskyy More Mixed". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 27 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Adi Ignatius. Person of the Year 2007, Time.
  35. ^ "Everything You Wanted to Know About TIME’s Person of the Year", Time Magazine, 9 December 2014
  36. ^ Albright, Madeleine."Vladimir Putin", Time. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  37. ^ "Das Internet prägt Russlands Wahlkampf" [The internet characterises Russia's campaign] (in German). RP online. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  38. ^ Smirnova, Julia (8 February 2012). "Wie die Putin-Jugend das Internet manipulierte". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  39. ^ Struck, Doug. "Gorbachev Applauds Putin's Achievements", The Washington Post, 5 December 2007.
  40. ^ "Gorbachev says Putin 'castrated' democracy in Russia". BBC News. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  41. ^ David Leigh; Luke Harding (2011). WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. PublicAffairs. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-61039-062-0.
  42. ^ Marcel Van Herpen (25 January 2013). Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-137-28280-4.[permanent dead link]
  43. ^ Parfitt, Tom. "WikiLeaks row: Putin labels US embassy cables 'slanderous'", The Guardian, 1 December 2010.
  44. ^ Andrew Osborn (25 September 2011). "Fears Vladimir Putin will turn Russia into outright dictatorship". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
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  79. ^ В.В.Путин, находящийся с рабочей поездкой в Сибирском федеральном округе, совершил спуск на глубоководном аппарате «Мир» на дно озера Байкал premier.gov.ru [dead link]
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  124. ^ Вова и Дима Lenta.ru
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  126. ^ [1] Epic Rap Battles of History Stalin vs. Rasputin.
  127. ^ [2] Guardian, 15 June 2014.
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  129. ^ Poniewozik, James (9 June 2017). "Oliver Stone's 'Putin Interviews': Flattery, but Little Skepticism". The New York Times.
  130. ^ "Come to me, blogger-logi!". Themoscownews.com. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  131. ^ a b Путинизмы – "продуманный личный эпатаж"? BBC (in Russian)
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