This article appears to be a dictionary definition. |
Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 π ) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAΕ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAαΈͺ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "Γ©", and "Γ" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qΓ©-(18), qΓ-(62), and KI-(288).
Cities of the ancient Near East edit
The KI π determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[3] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URUπ· became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KURπ³ "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. π‘π³π·π©ππ π LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
Architectural organization edit
Examples edit
Sortable table of archaeological sites edit
Clickable map of archaeological sites edit
Population estimates edit
Measurement units and conversion edit
Acres | Hectares | |
---|---|---|
Square feet | 1 acre (44,000 square feet) | 1 hectare (110,000 square feet) |
Acres | 1 acre (1.0 acre) | 1 acre (0.40 hectares) |
Hectares | 1 hectare (2.5 acres) | 1 hectare (1.0 hectare) |
Square kilometers | 1 square kilometre (250 acres) | 1 square kilometre (100 hectares) |
Square miles | 1 square mile (640 acres) | 1 square mile (260 hectares) |
Population density edit
Author | Discipline | Publication year | Period covered | Region covered | People Per Hectare (pph) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chandler | Historian | 1987 | Ancient Near East | 75β200 | |
Hassan | Geoarchaeologist | 1978 | Bronze Age Asia | 100 | |
Adams | Anthropologist | 1966 | Sumer | 100β200 | |
Modelski | Political scientist | 1997 | Ancient Southwest Asia | 100β200 | |
Renfrew | Paleolinguist | Early Holocene Eurasia | 200 | ||
McEvedy | Demographer | 1967 | Meghalayan | Old World | 250 |
Mallowan | Levantine archaeologist | 1967 | Bronze Age Iraq | 400β500 | |
Yadin | Judaic archaeologist | 1963 | Ancient Levant | 600 | |
Bairoch | Economic historian | 1988 | Ancient Mediterranean | 400β700 | |
Pettinato | Paleographer | 1981 | Ancient Syria | 714 | |
Frankfort | Orientalist | 1948 | Early Dynastic Mesopotamia | 75β494 | |
Wright | Near Eastern archaeologist | 1981 | Northgrippian | Sumer | |
Nissen | Archaeologist | 1972 | Bronze Age | Lower Mesopotamia | 100β200 |
Whitehouse | 1977 | Bronze Age Asia | 75β400 |
Estimated settlement sizes (in hectares) edit
Settlement | Nissen | Pettinato | Mallowan | Adams | Roux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 50β500 | ||||
Bad-tibira | 25 | 50β500 | |||
Larak | 50β500 | ||||
Sippar | 50β500 | ||||
Shuruppak | 100 | ||||
Kish | 84+ | 50β500 | |||
Uruk | 250 | 400 | 50β500 | ||
Ur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Nippur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Girsu | 50β500 | ||||
Lagash | 50β500 | ||||
Umma | 400 | 50β500 | |||
Kesh | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Adab | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Isin | 50β500 | ||||
Larsa | 50β500 | ||||
Zabala | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Akshak | 50β500 | ||||
Shekhna | 100 | ||||
Nagar | 75β100 | ||||
Ebla | 56 | ||||
Anshan |
Estimated settlement populations edit
Settlement | Pettinato | Chandler | Whitehouse | Frankfort | McEvedy | Thompson | Modelski |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Bad-tibira | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Larak | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Sippar | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Shuruppak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β30,000 | 17,000 | ||||
Kish | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 25,000 | ||||
Uruk | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000β40,000 | 50,000 | |||
Ur | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 10,000 | ||||
Adab | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | 13,000 | ||||
Akshak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Isin | |||||||
Larsa | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000 | |||||
Girsu | 40,000β80,000 | ||||||
Lagash | 10,000β20,000 | 19,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 30,000β60,000 | 40,000 | ||
Umma | 10,000β20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 40,000 | 34,000 | ||
Eshnunna | 9,000 | ||||||
Tutub | 12,000 | ||||||
Nippur | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ||||
Kesh | 10,000 | 11,000 | |||||
Zabala | 10,000 | ||||||
Assur | |||||||
Nineveh | |||||||
Akkad | |||||||
Mari | 40,000 | ||||||
Ebla | β€40,000 | 30,000 | |||||
Shekhna | 20,000 | ||||||
Nagar | 10,000β15,000 | 15,000 | |||||
Tell Chuera | |||||||
Anshan | 10,000 | ||||||
Susa | 10,000β15,000 |
Lands of the ancient Near East edit
Lower Mesopotamia edit
Sumer edit
Hammar Marshes edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Euphrates | Uruk | Muthanna |
Zabala | Dhi Qar | |
Umma | ||
Girsu | ||
Lagash | ||
Larsa | ||
Bad-tibira | ||
Kesh | ||
Ur | ||
Kuara | ||
Eridu |
Gu-Edin edit
Qurna Marshes edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Dilbat | Al-QΔdisiyyah |
Mashkan-shapir | ||
Nippur | ||
Marad | ||
Isin | ||
Kisurra | ||
Shuruppak |
Hawizeh Marshes edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Pashime | Maysan |
Akshak? | Wasit | |
Der | ||
Larak? | ||
Adab |
Central Mesopotamia edit
Akkad edit
Greater Syria edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Euphrates | Mari | Deir ez-Zor |
Baghdad Belts edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Tigris | Assur | Saladin |
Middle Euphrates | Kutha | Babil |
Borsippa | ||
Sippar | ||
Sippar-Amnanum | ||
Kish | Baghdad | |
ΚΏAdhaim | Gasur | Kirkuk |
Diyala | Akkad? | Diyala |
Eshnunna | ||
Tutub |
Central lands edit
Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin edit
Zagros Mountains forest steppe edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karun | Shimashki | Isfahan |
Awan? | Lorestan | |
Elam? | Ilam |
Mesopotamian Marshes edit
Southern Iran edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karkheh | Susiana | Khuzestan |
Marun | ||
Karun | Anshan | Fars |
Upper Mesopotamia edit
Eastern Turkey edit
Eastern Anatolia edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Euphrates | Aratta? | IΔdΔ±r |
AΔrΔ± |
Northwestern Iran edit
Azerbaijan edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Great Zab | Aratta? | West Azerbaijan |
Eastern Syria edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Khabur | Urkesh | Al-Hasakah |
Shekhna | ||
Asnakkum | ||
Kahat | ||
Tell Arbid | ||
Nagar | ||
Tell Hamoukar | ||
Sikkan | ||
Nabada |
Northern Iraq edit
Assyria edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Tigris | Nineveh | Nineveh |
Kurdistan edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Little Zab | Simurrum? | Sulaymaniyah |
Western Iran edit
Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Diyala | Lulubum? | Kermanshah |
Hamazi? | ||
Awan? |
Northernmost regions described in the earliest writings edit
Lands and their (proposed) locations | Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact |
---|---|
Mediterranean Region, Turkey |
|
Iginimmashe AΚΎabak (Sumerian): π ππ πΊ πππ igi.nim.ma.Ε‘ea.ab.ba lit.β'Upper Sea' Mediterranean Sea | |
Amanus Mountains (Sumerian): πΌππ π―π ama.a.numβαΈ«ur.saΕ Hatay Province | |
Mashu and the Cedar Forest (Sumerian): π³πππ» kur.ΕeΕ‘erin.kud lit.β'Mountains of Cedar-felling' | |
Eastern Anatolia Region |
|
Hurum Mountain (Sumerian): π―ππ π³πͺπ αΈ«ur.ru.umkur.ku.ra lit.β'Mountain Cave' Mount Ararat, IΔdΔ±r Province | |
Aratta πΆπ arattaki AΔrΔ± Province |
Westernmost regions described in the earliest writings edit
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Mari π π·π ma.riβki |
Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
Mariotes | Mariotic |
Sutium π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Raqqa Governorate |
Suteans π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Sutean π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Suhum | Homs Governorate | ||
Apum | Al-Hasakah Governorate |
Akkadian dialect | |
Armani | Aleppo Governorate |
Amorites π₯π mar.tu |
Amorite |
Amurru | Tartus Governorate | ||
Ebla π π·π eb.laki |
Idlib Governorate |
Eblaites | Eblaite |
Easternmost regions described in the earliest writings edit
Southernmost regions described in the earliest writings edit
Land | (Proposed) Locations | People(s) | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Sigtata AΚΎabak (Sumerian): ππ«π« πππ sig.ta.taa.ab.ba lit.β'Lower Sea' Persian Gulf | |||
Dilmun ππ dilmunki |
Eastern Province |
||
Magan π£πΆπ maβ.ganki |
Ad Dhahirah Governorate |
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.Β 119β145), 165 pages, Glossary, itti, p. 128
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign no. 461, p. 163, ki.
- ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)