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Mughals-Sikhs Wars

Painting of Guru Gobind Singh in battle. Illustration from a manuscript of Krishnavatar.
Date1621–1799
Location
Panjab Delhi, Uttarpradesh,
Result Sikh victory
Territorial
changes		 Sikhs consolidate central rule over the Punjab and Delhi region of the Indian subcontinent

The Mughals-Sikhs Wars were set of wars fought between Sikhs and Mughal Empire, which started with the martyrdom of fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam. He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE. Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear as to whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.[1] His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru introduced the militarization to Sikhism. In response of his father's execution, he fought several battles against the Mughal army and defeated them. Later, another Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur also executed in order of Aurangzeb after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the last Sikh Guru started the Khalsa tradition.

Background edit

The religion of Sikhism began at the time of the conquest of Northern India by Babur. His grandson, Akbar, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das had a favorable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and had a positive relationship with the Sikh gurus until his death in 1605.[2] His successor, Jahangir, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He arrested Guru Arjan Dev because of Sikh support for Khusrau Mirza[3] and ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom led the sixth Guru, Guru Har Gobind, to declare Sikh sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and to establish a fort to defend Amritsar.[4] Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikh by jailing Guru Har Gobind at Gwalior and released him after some time with 52 other rajpoot (hindu) kings on Guru HarGobind's orders. Sikhism did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627.

Sikhs under Guru Hargobind (1621-1635) edit

Jahangir edit

Along with the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Hargobind from the very start was a dedicated enemy of the Mughal rule. He advised Sikhs to arm and fight the Mughals.[5] The death of his father at the hands of Jahangir prompted him to emphasise the military dimension of the Sikh community. He symbolically wore two swords, which represented miri piri. He built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court, Akal Takht.[6]

Jahangir responded by jailing the 14-year-old Guru Hargobind at Gwalior Fort in 1609, on the pretext that the fine imposed on Guru Arjan had not been paid by the Sikhs and Guru Hargobind.[7] It is not clear as to how much time he spent as a prisoner. The year of his release appears to have been either 1611 or 1612, when Guru Hargobind was about 16 years old.[7] Persian records, such as Dabistān-e Mazāhib suggest he was kept in jail for twelve years, including over 1617–1619 in Gwalior, after which he and his camp were kept under Muslim army's surveillance by Jahangir.[8][9] 52 Rajas who were imprisoned in the fort as hostages for "millions of rupees" and for opposing the Mughal empire were dismayed as they were losing a spiritual mentor. Guru Hargobind requested the Rajas to be freed along with him as well and stood surety for their loyal behavior. Jahangir ordered their release as well. Guru Hargobind got a special gown stitched which had 52 hems. As Guru Hargobind left the fort, the captive kings caught the hems of the cloak and came out along with him.[10]

After his release, Guru Hargobind more discreetly strengthened the Sikh army and reconsolidated the Sikh community.[7] His relations with Jahangir remained mostly friendly. He accompanied Jahangir to Kashmir and Rajputana and subdued Tara Chand of Nalagarh, who had continued for a long time in open rebellion and all efforts to subdue him had failed.[11][12][13] During Jahangir's reign, Guru Hargobind fought a battle against the Mughals at Rohilla. The battle was in response to the militarisation of the Sikhs. The Mughals who were led by Governor Abdul Khan were defeated by the Sikhs.[14]

Shah Jahan edit

During the reign of Shah Jahan that started in 1627, relations became bitter again. Shah Jahan was intolerant. He destroyed the Sikh baoli at Lahore.[15] In 1628, Shah Jahan's hunting party plundered some of Guru Hargobind's property, which triggered the first armed conflict.[16]

Guru Hargobind's army fought battles with the Mughal armies of Shah Jahan at Amritsar, Kartarpur and elsewhere. Guru Hargobind defeated the Mughal troops near Amritsar in the Battle of Amritsar in 1634. The Guru was again attacked by a provincial detachment of Mughals, but the attackers were routed and their leaders slain.[17] Guru Hargobind also led his armies against the provincial Muslim governors.[18] The Guru anticipated the return of a larger Mughal force, so retreated into Shivalik Hills to strengthen his defenses and army, with a base in Kiratpur where he continued to stay till his death.[16]

Painde Khan was appointed the leader of the provincial troops by Shah Jahan and marched upon the Guru. Guru Hargobind was attacked, but he won this battle as well.[17] Guru Hargobind also fought the Battle of Kartarpur. Chandu Shah, Guru Arjan's killer, was killed through torture by the Sikhs of Guru Hargobind, a thick iron ring was put around his nose and he was dragged on the floor till the man who killed Guru Arjan, who became a Sikh, poured hot sand on him from the same ladle which was used on Guru Arjan.[19][20]

Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh (1686-1707) edit

In 1675 Pundits from Kashmir in India came to Anandpur Sahib pleading to Guru Teg Bahadur (father of Guru Gobind Singh) about Aurangzeb forcing them to convert to Islam. Guru Teg Bahadur told them that martyrdom of a great man was needed. His son, Guru Gobind Singh said "Who could be greater than you", to his father. Guru Teg Bahadur told pundits to tell Aurangzeb's men that if Guru Teg Bahadur will become Muslim, they all will. When offered a choice between conversion or death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.[21] Guru Gobind Singh, assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. He built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed Sivalik Hill Rajas who attempted to attack the city but the Guru's forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptized Sikhs, on March 30, 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.[22] In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill Rajas and the Mughal army under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, were defeated by the Khalsa at the Battle of Muktsar. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by Bahadur Shah I, Aurangzeb's successor to meet in southern India. When he arrived in Nanded in 1708, he was injured by agents of Wazir Khan, the governor of Sirhind. The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708[24] His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals.[23], the Guru's last words were, "The Granth is the Guru and it will bring you to Akal. The Guru is the Khalsa and the Khalsa is the Guru. The seat has been given to Sri Sahib Mata Devi. Love each other and expand the community. Follow the words of the Granth. The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with the Guru. Follow the conduct of the Guru. Always remain with Waheguru."[25]

Sikhs under Banda Singh Bahadur edit

Banda Singh Bahadur was an Bairagi ascetic who converted to Sikhism after meeting Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded. Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer Punjab and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. Banda left the Deccan with small band and come Northwards, In the vicinity of Delhi, he learned Bahadur Shah was stiil involved fighting his own brother in Deccan and that the Rajputs were in open revolt, He Forwarded the Guru's latter Ordering the Sikhs join him, After gaining supporters, In 1709, he defeated Mughals in the Battle of Samana and captured the Mughal city of Samana (30 km southwest of Patiala).[26][27] Samana minted coins. With this treasury, the Sikhs became financially stable. The Sikhs soon seized Mustafabad (now Saraswati Nagar)[8] and Sadaura (both places in present Yamunanagar district, Northern eastern Haryana).[28] The Sikhs then captured the Cis-Sutlej areas of Punjab, including Malerkotla and Nahan.[citation needed]

On 12 May 1710, in the Battle of Chappar Chiri, the Sikhs killed Wazir Khan, the Governor of Sirhind and Dewan Suchanand, who were responsible for the martyrdom of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh. Two days later, the Sikhs captured Sirhind. Banda Singh was now in control of territory from the Sutlej to the Yamuna. He ordered that the ownership of the land should be given to the farmers and to let them live in dignity and self-respect.[29] The rule of the Sikhs over the entire Punjab east of Lahore obstructed the communication between Delhi and Lahore, the capital of Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in Rajasthan and marched towards Punjab.[30]

The entire Imperial force was organized to defeat and kill Banda Singh Bahadur.[31] All the generals were directed to join the Emperor's army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their beards.[32]

Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan[33] marched to Sirhind and before the return of Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The Sikhs defeated the army but reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops.[34][35] Gulab Singh dressed himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place.[36]

Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in the hills and Chamba forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and on 10 December 1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered.[37][38]

Banda Singh Bahadur wrote Hukamnamas to the Sikhs to reorganize and join him at once.[39] In 1712, the Sikhs gathered near Kiratpur Sahib and defeated Raja Ajmer Chand,[40] who was responsible for organizing all the Hill Rajas against Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand's dead the other Hill Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh. While Bahadur Shah's four sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor,[41] Banda Singh Bahadur recaptured Sadhaura and Lohgarh. Farrukh Siyar, the next Mughal Emperor, appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad Khan's son, the Faujdar of Jammu.[42]

In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhaura and went to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh.[43] During this time Sikhs were being persecuted especially by Mughals in the Gurdaspur region.[44] Banda Singh came out and captured Kalanaur and Batala(both places in modern Gurdaspur district[45] which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his army.[46] In March 1715, the army under the rule of Abd al-Samad Khan,[47] the Mughal governor of Lahore, drove Banda Bahadur and the Sikh forces into the village of Gurdas Nangal,6 km to the west of city Gurdaspur, Punjab and laid siege to the village.[48] The Sikhs defended the small fort for eight months under conditions of great hardship,[49] but on 7 December 1715 the Mughals broke into the starving garrison and captured Banda Singh and his companions.[8][50]

Banda Singh Bahadur was put into an iron cage and the remaining Sikhs were chained.[51] The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population.[52][53] They were put in the Delhi fort and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims.[54]

The prisoners remained unmoved. On their firm refusal these non-converters were ordered to be executed. Every day 100 Sikh soldiers were brought out of the fort and murdered in public.[55] This continued for approximately seven days.[56] He was told to kill his four-year-old son, Ajai Singh, which he refused to do.[57] So, Ajai Singh was murdered, his heart was cut out, and thrust into Banda Bahadur's mouth. However, his resolution did not break under torture, and so he was martyred. After three months of confinement,[58] on 9 June 1716, Banda Singh's eyes were gouged out, his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed.[8][59]

Persuasion of Sikhs and the reorganization of Khalsa Army edit

After 1716, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah began a campaign of genocide against Sikhs through his Governor of Lahore, Abdus Samad Khan. His son and, later, successor, Zakariya Khan Bahadur led a standing army dedicated to eliminating Sikhs, executed Sikhs publicly, and offered monetary rewards for the heads of killed Sikhs.[60] The Sikhs "retaliated by killing government functionaries and plundering Mughal posts, arsenals, and treasuries"[61] but could not assemble an army.[62] The persecution of the Mughal Empire forced some Sikhs to abandon the outward signs of their faith, but "the more sincere had to seek a refuge among the recesses of the hills or in the woods to the south of the Sutlej"[63] The Sikhs went into hiding during this period. From 1718-1738, the Sikhs carried out a guerrilla war against the Mughal Empire in the area around the Sivalik Hills.[62] Historian Josepeh Cunningham writes of the period: "The Sikhs were scarcely again heard of in history for the period of a generation".[63]In 1733, Zakariya Khan Bahadur attempted to negotiate a peace with the Sikhs by offering them a jagir, the title Nawab to their leader, and unimpeded access to the Harmandir Sahib. After discussion at a Sarbat Khalsa, Kapur Singh was elected leader of the Sikhs and took the title of Nawab. Nawab Kapur Singh combined the various Sikh militias into two groups; the Taruna Dal and the Buddha Dal, which would collectively be known as the Dal Khalsa. Sikh militias over 40 years of age would be part of the Buddha Dal and Sikh militas under 40 years were part of the Taruna Dal.[64] The Taruna Dal was further divided in five jathas, each with 1300 to 2000 men and a separate drum and banner.[65] The area of operations of each Dal, or army, was Hari ke Pattan, where the Sutlej river and Beas River meet; the Taruna Dal would control the area east of Hari ke Pattan while the Budha Dal would control the area west of it.[66] The purpose of the Budda Dal, the veteran group, was to protect Gurdwaras and train the Taruna Dal, while the Taruna Dal would act as combat troops. However, in 1735, the agreement between Zakariya Khan and Nawab Kapur Singh broke down and the Dal Khalsa retreated to the Sivalik Hills to regroup. Later the command of Dal Khalsa was taken by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia who was an able and powerful administrator.

Execution of Bhai Mani Singh edit

In 1738, Bhai Mani Singh asked to Governor of Lahore, Zakaria Khan, for permission to hold the Diwali festival to celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas at the Harmandir Sahib. The permission was granted for a tribute of Rs. 5,000.[67] He hoped that he would be able to pay the sum out of the offerings to be made by the Sikhs who were invited to come, and issued initiations to various Sikhs for this purpose. The Governor alongside Diwan Lakhpat Rai[68] had different intentions and he sent secret orders to his forces to make a surprise attack on the Sikhs during the festival. Bhai Mani Singh learned of this plan and sent messages to tell the Sikhs not to come; those that did left due to the presence of a military force and suspicious movement of the officers.[69] Thus, no money could be collected or paid to the government; and Bhai Mani Singh was ordered to be executed.

Bhai Mani Singh was taken to Lahore in chains; when he could not pay the dues he had agreed to pay the Mughals (to legally hold the event) he was ordered to convert to Islam. Refusing to give up his beliefs he was condemned to death by dismemberment.[70] When the executioner started to begin from his wrists, Bhai Mani Singh reminded the executioner of the sentence, reminding the executioner of his punishment and to start from the joints in his hands. The killing of the pious and honourable head priest caused deep resentment among the Sikhs but before they could retaliate, the situation changed with dramatic suddeness with the news of a Nadir Shah invasion,[71]

Invasion of Nader Shah edit

In 1738, Nader Shah of the Persian Afsharid dynasty invaded Muhammad Shah's Mughal Empire. Nadir Shah defeated the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Karnal and proceeded to sack Delhi. During the panic before and after the Battle of Karnal, important functionaries of the Mughal Empire fled Delhi but were intercepted by small jathas of the Dal Khalsa and relieved of their wealth.[63] Nadir Shah then gave Muhammad Shah back his title of Mughal Emperor but took away his royal treasury, including the Peacock Throne. When Nadir Shah began his retreat, the Sikhs who had been seeking refuge in the Sivalik Hills came down from the mountains and mercilessly plundered the treasure of the Persian Army. It is said that while passing through Lahore, Nadir Shah inquired from Zakariya Khan about the robbers who were audacious enough to attack. his soldiers. The governor replied: "They are fakirs who come twice a year to their Guru's pond and disappear after bathing in it." "Where do you live?" Shah asked. " Their horses are the saddles," Zakariya Khan replied. Nadir is said to have prophesied, "Be careful, the day is not far when these rebels will take over your country.[62]

Interlude between invasion edit

Nadir Shah's five-month stay in India 1739–1747 completely disrupted the administration of the Punjab. Zakaria Khan could do nothing but maintain his position by dancing in the presence of the Persians. Sikhs were the only peoples who refused to keep trucks with foreigners. Their conduct during the occupation, especially in freeing the Indian prisoners, changed their reputation from highwaymen to fighters for freedom and did much to restore their prestige among the common people. With the belief that the peasantry were after them, the Khalsa returned to the plains, built a fort at Dallewal on the banks of the Ravi, and resumed their pilgrimage to Amritsar. According to a contemporary Muslim writer: "Sikh horsemen were seen at full gallop towards their favorite shrine of devotion. They were often killed in the attempt and sometimes taken prisoner, but they managed to escape on such occasions." Instead of looking for the crown of the Taj." Martyrdom... No precedent was known of a Sikh agreeing to give up his faith on his way to Amritsar. Kapoor Singh as the overall commander of the army. The commanders of some of these regiments, such as Hari Singh Bhangi, Naudh Singh of Sukerchakia, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jai Singh Kanhaiya, played a decisive role in liberating Punjab from the Mughals and foreign invaders. As the reorganization took effect, Sikh leaders incited the peasants to refuse to pay revenue to the government. A clash between a band of Sikh horsemen and the State Constabulary resulted in the death of Lakhpat Rai's brother. The minister wreaked terrible vengeance for the murder of his brother. Sikhs living in Lahore were rounded up and beheaded at Shaheed Ganj; Copies of the Granth that could be found were burned; In Amritsar the tank surrounding the Harimandir was filled with garbage. Lakhpat Rai and Yahya Khan then went in search of a Sikh concentration on the banks of the Ravi, north of Lahore. The Sikhs retreated further north, but found their way blocked by troops of hill people. Some fought their way out and fled into the mountains; Others turned back and tried to cross the Bari Doab to the Sikh columns coming to their aid. The soldiers of the governor inflicted heavy punishment on the Sikhs; About seven thousand were killed and three thousand prisoners were taken to Lahore and beheaded at Shaheed ganj. The disaster of June 1746 is known as the Ghallughara (Catastrophe). Sikhs got a respite of five months after Ghallughara. Shah Nawaz rebelled against Yahya's authority and a civil war ensued in the winter months of 1746–1747. In March 1747, Shah Nawaz forcibly entered Lahore and imprisoned his brother, and declared himself governor, imprisoned Rai and appointed Kaura Mal, a Sahaj dhari Sikh, as his minister. Another figure who came to the forefront at this time was Adina Beg Khan, who had earlier (1739) been appointed governor of the Jalandhar Doab by Zakaria Khan. Shah Nawaz's tenure as the governor of Lahore was not long. Yahya Khan escaped from prison and appealed to his father-in-law, Vizier Kamruddin , to help him regain power in Punjab. Shah Nawaz, on the advice of Adina Beg, invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade the country, who had succeeded his master, Nadir Shah, as ruler of Afghanistan. While Zakaria Khan's sons were busy fighting amongst themselves, the Sikhs were quietly regaining their strength. After the Sarbat Khalsa general assembly on March 30, 1747, the first date of Baisakh, they built a fort just outside Amritsar, which he named Ram Rauni in honour of the city's founder, Guru Ram Das.

Mir Mannu struggle with Sikhs edit

Adina Beg, the Faujdar (garrison commander) of Jalandhar, sent a message to the Dal Khalsa chief to cooperate with him in the civil administration, and he wanted a meeting to discuss the matter.[72] This was seen as a trick to disarm the Sikhs and keep them under government control. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia replied that their meeting place would be the battleground and the discussion would be carried out by their swords. Beg attacked the Ram Rauni fort at Amritsar and besieged the Sikhs there.[73] Dewan Kaura Mal advised the Governor to lift the siege and prepare the army to protect the state from the Durrani invader, Ahmed Shah Abdali. Kaura Mal had a part of the revenue of Patti area given to the Sikhs for the improvement and management of Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.[74]

Kaura Mal had to go to Multan to quell a rebellion there. He asked the Sikhs for help and they agreed to join him.Kaura Mal defeated the Multan army, cut off the head of the fallen Shah Nawaz and sent it as a trophy to Mir Mannu. A grateful Mannu gave him the title of Maharaja Bahadur and made him the governor of Multan. The Diwan who believed that the credit for his success was mainly due to the Sikh soldiers rewarded them generously.

By the autumn of 1751, Punjab was filled with rumors of another Afghan invasion. Mir Mannu had failed to pay the revenue of the four districts assigned to Durrani and in mid-November, advance units of the Afghan army led by General Jahan Khan crossed the Indus; Ahmad Shah was following them.

Mir Mannu summoned Kaura Mal from Multan and Adina Beg Khan from Jalandhar and prepared to join the war. In December 1751 he crossed the Ravi river to check the Afghans. Instead of joining Jahan Khan. Ahmad Shah took a detour, and closed in on Lahore from the north-east. Mannu quickly retraced his steps and trapped himself outside the city walls.

On 5 March 1752 hostilities started between the two armies. Kaura Mall fell on the second day of the battle, while Adina Beg quietly disappeared from the field. Mir Mannu fought as long as he could and then laid down his arms. The Afghans took an indemnity of thirty lakh rupees in cash from Mannu. According to the terms of the treaty, ratified by the Mughal emperor on 13 April 1752, Lahore and Multan were handed over to Ahmad Shah Durrani.

Kaura Mal's death broke the only link between Mir Mannu and the Sikh chieftains. He took advantage of the conflict between the Afghans and the Mughals in the Bari Doab, the Jalandhar Doab and across the Sutlej to come within 50 miles of Jind, Thanesar and Delhi.

Mannu, having learned how the Sikhs had captured large parts of his territory, now resumed his policy of repression. Once again a price was imposed on his head and strict orders were passed to shelter him anywhere. There were skirmishes between the Sikh bands and Mannu's roving columns in different parts of the province.

Mannu's soldiers used to search the villages for Sikhs. Those who were strong among them died fighting; Non-combatants, including women and children, were brought to Lahore in chains and killed in the horse market. Fighting and retaliation continued till Mannu's death on 4 November 1753, when he accidentally fell from his horse. With the death of Mannu ended another attempt to crush the growing power of the Khalsa. A Punjabi doggerel popular among Sikhs in those days summarizes how much light Mannu shed on the atrocities he had inflicted on them: [75] 

 Mannu is our sickle
 We cut fodder for him
 the more it bites
 The more we grow

The Khalsa gain territory edit

Ahmed Shah Durrani invaded again along with his son Timur Shah Durrani in 1756 on the invitation of Mughlani Begum, the wife of Mir Mannu, late subedar of Punjab under Mughal Empire. They conquered the Mughal cities of Lahore, Sirhind, Delhi, Mathura, Vrindavan. And they were able to take women slaves including daughters of late emperor Muhammad Shah and Alamgir II along with of other Hindu women from towns of Mathura, Vrindavan and Agra.[76]

Adina Beg did not pay revenues to the government so the Governor dismissed him[77] and appointed a new Faujdar (garrison commander) in his place. The army was sent to arrest him and this prompted Adina Beg to request Sikh help. The Sikhs took advantage of the situation and to weaken the government, they fought against the army. One of the commanders was killed by the Sikhs and the other deserted. Later, the Sikhs attacked Jalandhar[78] and thus became the rulers of all the tracts between Sutlej and Beas rivers, called Doaba.[79] Instead of roaming in the forests now they were ruling the cities.

The Sikhs started bringing more areas under their control and realising revenue from them. In 1758, joined by the Mahrattas,[80] they conquered Lahore and arrested many Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amrit Sarovar with debris a few months earlier. They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy water).[81][82] By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire, and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed subahdar of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and Malhar Rao Holkar the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the Deccan leaving Adina in sole control.[83] Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza, and set up his headquarters in Batala nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba.[84] Punjab now had three masters on paper: Mughals, Afghan and Maratha. jn actually, it was only Two: Adina Beg Khan and Sikh. and both of them each tried to convince the other that he was the overlord and another tenant. Sikhs had some reasons, Think so because Adina Beg Khan actually, Asked for his protection and gave him written money, but Adina was unexpected. they recruited a lot of soldiers and a thousand loggers were hired to hack, The forest in which the Sikhs used to take refuge in times of trouble. Then he besieged the Sikh fort of Ram Rauni (now renamed as Ramgarh). The changed face of Adina Beg astonished the Sikhs. However, once they understood his game, they didn't let him relief. They first punished Randhawas who supported Adina, Before they could teach the Adina a lesson, he died in September 1758. [84]

 
Adina Beg Khan

Later the Sikhs fought holy wars against Ahmad Shah Abdali in which they emerged victorious and Dominant power in Northern India .

Sikhs Domination edit

The Sikhs took Sirhind on January 14, 1764, in which about a month of occupying its territory, and by the middle of February, 1764 Jamuna crossed into upper Ganga doab At Buria Ghat. Sikhs under their leader Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, including Other Sikh chiefs like Khushal Singh, Baghel Singh, Sham Singh, Tara Singh Gaiba, Gurbaksh Singh, Bhanga Singh, Karam Singh and Rai Singh, at the head of about 40,000 horses Looted Saharanpur (February 20, 1764), Shamli, Kandha.Ambli,Miranpur, Deobandi, Muzaffarnagar, Jawalapur, Kankhal, Landaura, Najibabad, Nagina, Moradabad, Chandausi, Anupcity and Garhmuktesar.

This was the first time since Banda Singh Bahadur that the Sikhs had crossed the Jamuna and plundered the villages of Balira, which had long been the homes of respected men Syed family. They looted beyond count in coins, gold and jewels, burned the country and took captives (for ransom). Najib-ud-daulah (lord of the district), being distracted by news, marched towards the Sikhs, and by rapid movement reached Go to them. Najib-ud-daulah paid eleven lakhs as tribute to Sikhs,

Reference edit

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  3. ^ Markovits 2004, p. 98
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  7. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference mandair48 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference eos was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ The Sikh Review, Volumes 42–43, Issues 491–497. Sikh Cultural Centre. 1994. pp. 15–16.
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  15. ^ Sikhism Origin and Development By Dalbir Singh Dhillon, p121 "In the year A. D. 1632, Shah Jahan revived his religious policy and issued ... of his policy, the Gurdwara and a Baoli at Lahore was destroyed and a mosque was erected over its place"
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  24. ^ However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.[23]
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