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Romania–United States relations

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Relations between Romania and the United States were formally established in 1880, with the appointment of Eugene Schuyler, a renowned and talented diplomat and historian, as the first American diplomatic representative to Romania.[1] After Romania left the Eastern Bloc in 1989, US-Romanian relations have matured into a strategic partnership that encompasses a wide range of political, military, economic and cultural issues. The US supported Romania's entry into NATO, setting the stage for further integration into Europe. Today, Romania is a strong ally of the United States, and the two countries work together to build democracy, fight terrorism, and promote regional security and stability. United States is Observer bureau of the BSCE and both countries are Observer bureau of the CBSS.

Romania–United States relations
Map indicating locations of Romania and USA

Romania
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Romania, Washington, D.C.Embassy of the United States, Bucharest

In addition to close historical and cultural ties, Romania is one of the most consistently pro-American nations in Europe and in the world. According to a 2018 European poll, 78% of Romanians view the United States favorably. This is the second-highest pro-American sentiment in the EU, after Poland.[2] Another poll showed that a very large percentage of Romanians, 87%, want future US ambassadors to Bucharest to continue supporting the fight against corruption in Romania. The same poll showed that 74% of Romanians want the United States to remain the main strategic partner of Romania.[3]

History

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Emil Constantinescu and Bill Clinton in Bucharest during Clinton's visit in which Clinton declared Romania "free of communism". July 11, 1997

Early history

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The earliest contacts between the two countries date to the 1830s when James Buchanan sought to create new trading routes on the Danube and in the Black Sea. In 1839, the American consul to Constantinople urged the Department of State to form consular offices in the Danubian Principalities with the role of increasing trade in the Danube harbors. Though not approved by the Department of State, the first consulate of the United States in the Principalities was established in Galați in 1844. The first career consul to Galați was appointed by President Buchanan in 1858 and was approved by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza a year later, on November 10, 1859. Other consulates were opened in Ismail, Brăila, and Iași, with the first consulate of Bucharest opening in 1864. The United States openly backed Romania during its War of Independence and recognized its independence on May 23, 1878 in a letter written by President Rutherford B. Hayes and delivered to Bucharest by the American consul to Galați.[4]

The official diplomatic relations between Romania and the United States started in 1880 when Eugene Schuyler was appointed as diplomatic agent and consul general of the United States of America to Romania. This was followed by the official recognition of the new Kingdom of Romania on April 7, 1881.[5] Before World War I, the Romanian imports to America were declared subject to the "most favored nation" clause in an executive order issued by President William Howard Taft. A similar act was endorsed by the Romanian authorities in 1912.[4] Although American support for Romania during the war was limited, an American Red Cross mission was sent to the country to provide humanitarian aid starting in 1917.[6] In 1918, Romania's situation was also addressed by President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points, where it was demanded that the occupying Central Powers armies should evacuate the country. Wilson's support for self-determination also helped in establishing the eventual union with Transylvania.[7]

In the United States, Romanians had also volunteered to join the US Army [ro] in fighting on the Western Front. Although the Romanian volunteer unit could not be established before the end of the war, the attempt strengthened the relationship between the two countries. Furthermore, the initiative succeeded in increasing the Romanian enlistments in the army, with 3,200–3,500 Romanians ending up serving in various American units in France, while some volunteers from Youngstown, Ohio managed to form a company size unit – the 112th Trench Mortar Battery.[8][9]

Interwar period

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Following the end of the Great War, the relations between Romania and the United States continued to increase. In 1921, Peter Augustus Jay was appointed as the first minister plenipotentiary to Romania.[5] The cultural relations between the two countries also improved with publicized conference tours of important cultural figures taking place, while the number of Romanian students in top American universities increased as well.[10] On the economic level, American companies continued to invest in Romania such as the Ford Motor Company opening an assembly plant in the country,[11] and the "Româno-Americana" Society under Standard Oil of New Jersey expanding its operations.[12]

World War II

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On June 5, 1942, in the midst of World War II, the United States declared war on Axis-aligned Romania, in response to Romania having declared war on the United States on December 12 of the previous year.[5] The US declared war on Hungary and Bulgaria the same day. The declaration of war passed both houses of Congress unanimously, by votes of 361–0 in the House of Representatives and 73–0 in the Senate.[13][14]

After the war declaration, the United States led a bombing campaign over the country which aimed to knock out Romania's oil exports to Nazi Germany. The most notable raid of this campaign was the low-level raid on Ploiești, code-named Operation Tidal Wave, on August 1, 1943 which saw the loss of over 50 B-24 Liberator bombers.[15] In the aftermath of the raids, oil transports to Germany were severely affected although Romania's oil production failed to be destroyed.[16] Allied casualties amounted to 1,706 KIA and 1,123 POW. After Romania changed sides in 1944, the American prisoners were repatriated during Operation Reunion.

Cold War

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Relations remained strained during the Cold War while Romania was under communist influence. Bilateral relations began to improve in the early 1960s with the signing of an agreement providing for partial settlement of American property claims. Cultural, scientific, and educational exchanges were initiated, and in 1964 the legations of both nations were promoted to full embassies.[17]

After Communist Party general secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu began to distance Romania from Soviet foreign policy, as in Romania's continued diplomatic relations with Israel and denunciation of the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, President Richard Nixon paid an official visit to Romania in August 1969. Despite political differences, diplomacy continued between US and Romanian leaders throughout the 1970s, culminating in the 1978 state visit to Washington by President Ceaușescu and his wife.[17]

In 1972, a consular convention to facilitate the protection of citizens and their property in both countries was signed. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) facilities were granted, and Romania became eligible for US Export-Import Bank credits.[17]

 
Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon and Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1973

A trade agreement signed in April 1975 accorded most favored nation (MFN) status to Romania under section 402 of the Trade Reform Act of 1974 (the Jackson-Vanik amendment that links MFN to a country's performance on emigration). This status was renewed yearly after a congressional review confirmed a presidential determination that stated Romania was making progress toward freedom of emigration.[17] In 1984, Romania became the only Warsaw Pact country to ignore the Soviet demands and participate in the Olympic Games held in Los Angeles that year.[18]

In the mid-1980s, criticism of Romania's deteriorating human rights record, particularly regarding the mistreatment of religious and ethnic minorities, spurred attempts by Congress to withdraw MFN status. In 1988, to preempt congressional action, Ceaușescu renounced MFN treatment, calling Jackson-Vanik and other human rights requirements unacceptable interference in Romanian sovereignty.[17]

After welcoming the revolution of December 1989 with a visit by Secretary of State Baker in February 1990, the US Government expressed concern that opposition parties had faced discriminatory treatment in the May 1990 elections, in which the National Salvation Front won a sweeping victory. The slow progress of subsequent political and economic reform increased that concern, and relations with Romania declined sharply after the June 1990 Mineriad, where an anti-NSF sit-in was suppressed by Romanian police. Anxious to cultivate better relationships with the US and Europe, and disappointed at the poor results from its gradualist economic reform strategy, the Stolojan government implemented economic reform and conducted free and fair parliamentary and presidential elections in September 1992. Encouraged by the conduct of local elections in February 1992, US Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger visited in May 1992. Congress restored MFN in November 1993 in recognition of Romania's progress in instituting political and economic reform. In 1996, the US Congress voted to extend permanent MFN graduation to Romania.[17]

Present relations

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Traian Băsescu, former President of Romania, with George W. Bush, former President of the United States, March 9, 2005.

As Romania's policies became unequivocally pro-Western, the United States moved to deepen relations. President Bill Clinton visited Bucharest in 1997. The two countries initiated cooperation on shared goals, including economic and political development, defense reform, and non-traditional threats (such as trans-border crime and non-proliferation).[17]

Following the events of September 11, 2001, Romania was fully supportive of the US in the Global War on Terror. Romania was part of the American-led "Coalition of the Willing" that supported the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Romania was invited to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in November 2002 and formally joined NATO on March 29, 2004, after depositing its instruments of treaty ratification in Washington, D.C. President George W. Bush helped commemorate Romania's NATO accession when he visited Bucharest in November 2002. On that occasion, he congratulated the Romanian people on building democratic institutions and a market economy after the fall of communism. Romanian troops served alongside US troops in Afghanistan and were among the last to withdraw from Iraq.[17]

In March 2005, President Traian Băsescu made his first official visit to Washington to meet with President Bush, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and other senior US officials. In December 2005, Secretary Rice visited Bucharest to meet with President Băsescu and to sign a bilateral defense cooperation agreement that would allow for the joint use of Romanian military facilities by US troops. The first proof of principle exercise took place at Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base from August to October 2007.

Romania formally terminated its mission in Iraq on June 4, 2009, and pulled out its troops. On July 23, the last Romanian soldiers left Iraq.[19] Three Romanian soldiers had been killed during their mission, and at least eight were wounded.

 
Romanian Foreign Minister Luminița Odobescu signs a memorandum of understanding on countering foreign state information manipulation with US of State Antony Blinken at the US State Department in 2024

In 2011, the United States and Romania issued the "Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership for the 21st Century Between the United States of America and Romania." The two countries identified key areas for enhanced cooperation, focusing on their political-military relationship, law-enforcement cooperation, trade and investment opportunities, and energy security. The United States and Romania are mutually committed to supporting human rights, strengthening the rule of law, and increasing prosperity in both countries. Romania and the United States also have ties in the form of business, arts and academic programs, including the Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX) for high school students and a Fulbright Program managed by the bilateral Fulbright Commission. Romania's promotion of greater cooperation among its Black Sea neighbors in the areas of defense, law enforcement, energy, economic development, and the environment complements the US goal of enhancing stability in this sensitive and vital region.[5][20][21]

In October 2013, the Romanian Government allowed the United States military to use the Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base for US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan after the closure of the Transit Center at Manas.[22]

In 2024, the US Government informed its Romanian counterpart that the Romanian Armed Forces can access funds for the modernization programs through the Foreign Military Financing program. Under this program, the Romanian side can access up to 4 billion dollars in direct loans as well as up to 8 billion dollars attracted by contracting loans from the financial markets.[23]

Economic relations

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Following the 1989 revolution, Romania's economy began to transition from state control to capitalism. The country worked to create a legal framework consistent with a market economy and investment promotion. Romania became a member of the European Union in 2007. In 1992, the United States and Romania signed a bilateral investment treaty (BIT), which came into force in 1994. In 2003, before Romania's accession to the EU, the United States and Romania amended the BIT, which remains in effect. Romania attracts US investors interested in accessing the European market, with relatively low costs and a well-educated, tech-savvy population being major draws. In Romania, major US firms operate in the energy, manufacturing, information technology and telecommunications, services, and consumer products sectors. Top Romanian exports to the United States include machinery, vehicle parts, steel, and metallic items, and fertilizers.[5]

Resident diplomatic missions

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Embassy of Romania, Washington, D.C.
of Romania in the United States
 
Embassy of the United States, Bucharest
of United States in Romania

U.S military deployments to Romania

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99th Military Base Deveselu

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Main article: Deveselu Military Base
 
The Aegis Ashore Missile Defense Complex Romania.
 
The airbase seen in 2011.

The Romanian Air Force 91st Air Base was closed in 2003, forcing approximately 200 personnel into early retirement; about 15 still live in the commune in the "airmen neighborhood".[26]

The airbase near Deveselu was selected for the NATO missile defense system employing Aegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System and the inauguration ceremony was held in December 2015. The system uses the SM-3 Block I.B. interceptor.[27][28] There are about 500 Romanian soldiers, 250 U.S. troops, and other personnel working at the base.[29]

On 29 April 2022, a ceremony was held at the base with the occasion of the 10th anniversary of its establishment. On this occasion, the military colours of the 99th Military Base Deveselu were decorated with the Order of Military Virtue.[30]

57th Air Base Mihail Kogălniceanu

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Main article: RoAF 57th Air Base
 
US Air Force B-52H Stratofortress taxis at Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base

The base has been used by the US Military since 1999. In 2003, it became one of four Romanian military facilities that have been used by US military forces as a staging area for the invasion of and counter-insurgency efforts in Iraq, operated by the 458th Air Expeditionary Group. It was intended to become one of the main operating bases of United States Army Europe's Joint Task Force East (JTF-E), a rotating task force initially to be provided by the US 2nd Cavalry Regiment, which was to grow to a brigade-sized force eventually. The JTF-E concept was reduced to the Army-only Task Force East, but the base still retains an important role, given added weight by the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.

During the first three months of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the airport was transited by 1,300 cargo and personnel transports towards Iraq, comprising 6,200 personnel and about 11,100 tons of equipment.[31]

Starting in 2019, the United States Army has stationed units at the base on nine-month rotations.[32] In 2022, elements of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at the base, an event which marked the first deployment of the 101st Division to Europe in nearly 80 years.[33] As part of the Bomber Task Force mission, B-52 Stratofortress bombers operated from the base for the first time in 2024.[34] Also in 2024, construction work began on expanding the base, which will become the largest NATO base in Europe, able to house over 10,000 American and NATO soldiers and civilians.[35]

71st Air Base Câmpia Turzii

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Main article: RoAF 71st Air Base

The first United States Air Force use of the Câmpia Turzii Air Base happened in 2008 with the deployment of F-15E Strike Eagles in support of the air policing missions for the Bucharest Summit that happened in the same year.[36] In 2021, the base began modernization with the help of the United States through the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 part of the European Deterrence Initiative program.[37] Further base upgrades were completed in 2023.[38]

Since 2021, the US Air Force has also stationed MQ-9 Reaper drones at the base.[39] The drones are operated by the 731st Expeditionary Attack Squadron.[40]

High-level mutual visits

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Guest Host Place of visit Date of visit
  Colonel Sergiu Voinescu   President Rutherford B. Hayes Washington, D.C. November 1880
  Queen Marie   President Calvin Coolidge New York 1926
  Prime Minister Ion Gheorghe Maurer   President Lyndon B. Johnson New York June 26, 1967
  President Richard Nixon   President Nicolae Ceaușescu Bucharest August 2–3, 1969
  President Nicolae Ceaușescu   President Richard Nixon White House, Washington, D.C. October 24, 1970
White House, Washington, DC, Wilmington, Cleveland, Hartford, and New York. December 4–7, 1973
  President Gerald Ford   President Nicolae Ceaușescu Bucharest, Sinaia August 2–3, 1975
  President Nicolae Ceaușescu   President Jimmy Carter White House, Washington, D.C., New York, Chattanooga, Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans April 11–17, 1978
  President Ion Iliescu   President Bill Clinton White House, Washington, D.C. April 19–23, 1993
September 25–29, 1995
  President Bill Clinton   President Emil Constantinescu
  Prime Minister Victor Ciorbea 		Bucharest July 11, 1997
  President Emil Constantinescu   President Bill Clinton White House, Washington, D.C., Chicago, San Francisco July 14–17, 1998
Washington, D. C. April 23–25, 1999
  Prime Minister Adrian Năstase   President George W. Bush White House, Washington, D.C. October 29 – November 1, 2001
  President George W. Bush   President Ion Iliescu Bucharest November 23, 2002
  Prime Minister Adrian Năstase   President George W. Bush White House, Washington, D.C. March 28–29, 2004
July 18–21, 2004
  President Traian Băsescu   President George W. Bush White House, Washington, D. C. March 8–9, 2005
July 26–28, 2006
  President George W. Bush   President Traian Băsescu Bucharest April 2–4, 2008
  Vice President Joe Biden   President Traian Băsescu Bucharest October 22, 2009
  President Traian Băsescu   President Barack Obama McCormick Place, Chicago May 20–21, 2012
  President Klaus Iohannis   President Barack Obama White House, Washington, D. C. March 31 – April 1, 2016
  President Donald Trump June 9, 2017
August 20, 2019
  Vice President Kamala Harris   President Klaus Iohannis Bucharest March 11, 2022
  President Klaus Iohannis   President Joe Biden White House, Washington, D. C. May 7, 2024
Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, D. C. July 9-11, 2024

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Flaviu Vasile, Rus (2018). The cultural and diplomatic relations between Romania and the United States of America. 1880-1920. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-606-543-970-2.
  2. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 479: Future of Europe". December 10, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  3. ^ "Studiu Avangarde: Românii sunt pro-americani, își doresc în continuare ca SUA să susțină lupta anticorupție și să rămână principalul partener al țării noastre / Rusia, considerată cel mai mare dușman al intereselor României". October 28, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Alexandru Cristian (2020). 140 Years of US – Romanian Relations | Partners without a Partnership. ISBN 979-8645339838.
  5. ^ a b c d e "History of the U.S. and Romania". U.S. Embassy in Romania.
  6. ^ "C.T. Williams Diary 1917". University of Virginia Library.
  7. ^ "Photo Exhibit "American and French Soldiers on the Romanian Front in the First World War"". U.S. Embassy in Romania. July 11, 2018.
  8. ^ R. Negru (June 12, 1937). "Să nu-i uităm nici pe aceștia!" (PDF). Unirea (in Romanian). p. 4.
  9. ^ Mihai-Octavian Groza (2012). "În Statele Unite ale Americii pentru cauza românească. Voluntarii români din America, în anii Primului Război Mondial". Arc peste timp lucrările simpozionului național de istorie: 15 octombrie 2012. ISBN 9786068131498.
  10. ^ "100 Years of Romanian Cultural Presence in the US: an overview". washington.mae.ro. September 2021.
  11. ^ Lavinia Popica (2010). "Ford Motor Company in Romania". Muzeul Național. No. XXII. ISSN 1015-0323.
  12. ^ Daniel Mihu (January 6, 2022). "Societatea "Româno ‒ Americană" între 1917 ‒ 1938". Historia (in Romanian).
  13. ^ "Message to Congress on a State of War Between the United States and Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria". The Presidency Project: University of California Santa Barbara.
  14. ^ "77th Congress: Statutes of the United States], The United States Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress.
  15. ^ Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour. p. 311.
  16. ^ Frank Joseph (2011). The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe. ABC-CLIO. pp. 171–175.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h "Background Note: Romania". US State Department. October 2007.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ^ Leavy, Jane (July 23, 1984). "Romania: No Boycott, A Winning Presence". The Washington Post.
  19. ^ "Romania's last contingent in Iraq returns home - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn.
  20. ^ "The Fulbright Program". fulbright.ro. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  21. ^ "Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX)". romania.americancouncils. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  22. ^ "U.S. To Use Romania Base For Afghan Withdrawal". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. October 19, 2013.
  23. ^ George Marinescu (August 14, 2024). "New financial instruments for financing military expenditure". bursa.ro.
  24. ^ "Ambasada României în Statele Unite ale Americii | CONSULATUL GENERAL AL ROMÂNIEI la Chicago".
  25. ^ "U.S. Embassy in Romania". ro.usembassy.gov.
  26. ^ "Cum s-a infiltrat CIA pe străzile comunei românești unde AMERICANII instalează SCUTUL ANTIRACHETĂ". Gândul. May 7, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014.
  27. ^ "United States Ballistic Missile Defense Site at Deveselu Air Base in Romania". U.S. Embassy in Romania. May 3, 2011.
  28. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news".
  29. ^ Alison Mutler (November 25, 2019). "NATO Shows Off Missile Base In Romania, Calling It 'Purely Defensive'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  30. ^ "Împlinirea a 10 de la înfiinţarea Bazei Militare 99 Deveselu, marcată printr-o ceremonie şi decorarea Drapelului de luptă al unităţii". Agerpres (in Romanian). April 29, 2022.
  31. ^ Darius Martinescu (February 21, 2013). "Zece ani cu US ARMY. Cu ce s-au ales românii". RomaniaLibera.ro.
  32. ^ "The USAREUR Representatives arrive in Romania". Ministerul Apărării Naționale. February 27, 2019.
  33. ^ "After 80 years the Screaming Eagles return to Europe". www.army.mil. July 30, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  34. ^ David Cenciotti (July 21, 2024). "Two U.S. B-52 Bombers Make Historic First Deployment To Romania". theaviationist.com.
  35. ^ Ilknur Pintilie (July 1, 2022). "Baza Aeriană Mihail Kogălniceanu se extinde semnificativ". Pro TV (in Romanian).
  36. ^ Randall Haskin (July 23, 2008). "Bolar Spring Break 2008". lakenheath.af.mil.
  37. ^ Vandiver, John (July 9, 2020). "Air Force wants to turn Soviet-era base in Romania into NATO Black Sea hub". Stars and Stripes.
  38. ^ Christopher Gardner (September 19, 2023). "Romanian and U.S. officials in Campia Turzii celebrate new facilities at Air Base 71, part of more than $100 million in U.S. investments in the Romanian base". DVIDS.
  39. ^ Bethany Karlberg (February 16, 2021). "MQ-9 begins flying missions from Romania". United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa.
  40. ^ Keisler IV, Thomas S. "Newly activated 731st EATKS welcomes new commander". aviano.af.mil.

Further reading

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  • Flaviu Vasile, Rus, ed., "The cultural and diplomatic relations between Romania and the United States of America. 1880-1920", Cluj-Napoca, MEGA Publishing, 2018.
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