Wikipedia

List of dialects of English

(Redirected from American English dialects)

Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar. For the classification of varieties of English only in of pronunciation, see regional accents of English.

Overview

edit

Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible."[1] English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents (systems of pronunciation) as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions. Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors. Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels: within a broad national or regional dialect, various more localised sub-dialects can be identified, and so on. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure.

The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia.[2] Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English: the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers.

British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world.[3] Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English.

Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers.[4] For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects.[5] Australian English, likewise, shares many American and British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English, New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers.

Europe

edit

English language in Europe

 
Dialects and accents of English spoken in the British Isles

Great Britain

edit

England

edit

English language in England:

Scotland

edit

Wales

edit

Non-geographic based English

edit

British dependencies and territories

edit

Ireland

edit

Continental Europe

edit

Eastern Europe

edit

Mediterranean

edit

North America

edit

United States

edit

American English:

Canada

edit

Canadian English:

Caribbean, Central, and South America

edit

Caribbean

edit

The Bahamas

edit

Barbados

edit

Belize

edit

Bermuda

edit

Cayman Islands

edit

Colombia

edit

Costa Rica

edit

Dominican Republic

edit

Falkland Islands

edit

Guyana

edit

Honduras

edit

Jamaica

edit

Nicaragua

edit

Panama

edit

Puerto Rico

edit

Saba

edit

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

edit

Trinidad and Tobago

edit

Turks and Caicos Islands

edit

Virgin Islands

edit

Asia

edit

Bangladesh

edit

Brunei

edit

Myanmar (Burma)

edit

Hong Kong

edit

China and Taiwan

edit

India

edit

Indian English:

  • Standard Indian English
    • Indian English: the "standard" English used by government administration, it derives from the British Indian Empire.
    • Butler English: (also Bearer English or Kitchen English), once an occupational dialect, now a social dialect.
    • Hinglish: a growing macaronic hybrid use of English and Indian languages.
  • Regional and local Indian English
    • East Region: Oriya English, Maithili English, Assamese/Bengali English, North-East Indian English etc.
    • West Region: Gujarati English, Maharashtrian English etc.
    • North Region: Hindustani English, Delhi/Punjabi English, UP/Bihari English, Rajasthani English etc.
    • South Region: Telugu English, Kannada English, Kanglish, Tenglish, Tanglish, Tamil English, Malayali English etc.

Japan

edit

South Korea

edit

Malaysia

edit

Middle East

edit

Nepal

edit

Pakistan

edit

Philippines

edit

Singapore

edit

Sri Lanka

edit

Africa

edit

Cameroon

edit

The Gambia

edit

Ghana

edit

Kenya

edit

Liberia

edit

Malawi

edit

Namibia

edit

Nigeria

edit

Sierra Leone

edit

South Africa

edit

South Atlantic

edit

Uganda

edit

Zambia

edit

Zimbabwe

edit

Oceania

edit

Australia

edit

Fiji

edit

New Zealand

edit

Palau

edit

South Atlantic

edit

World Global English

edit

These dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over the world, and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines.

Antarctica

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Wakelin, Martyn Francis (2008). Discovering English Dialects. Oxford: Shire Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7478-0176-4.
  2. ^ Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2003
  3. ^ Filppula, Markku; Klemola, Juhani; Sharma, Devyani, eds. (2013-12-16). "The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-977771-6.
  4. ^ The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. 1999-01-28. doi:10.1017/chol9780521264778.011. ISBN 978-1-139-05365-5.
  5. ^ Trudgill and Hannah, 2002
  6. ^ a b Hickey, Raymond (2005). Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–198. ISBN 90-272-4895-8.
  7. ^ Hickey, Raymond (2002). A Source Book for Irish English (PDF). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 90-272-3753-0. ISBN 1-58811-209-8 (US)
  8. ^ Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Mar 4, 2010 pg. 10

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dialects_of_English&oldid=1257531901#North_America"