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Consonants
Hard			Soft
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	bok^ⓘ; apdjējt^[1]	boot	bʲ	Bjēlyj^ⓘ	beautiful
d	dat'^ⓘ; futbōl^ⓘ^[1]	do	dʲ	djēlo^ⓘ; [hod'bā] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): text has malformed markup (help)^ⓘ; [zhenīt'ba] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): text has malformed markup (help)^ⓘ^[1]	dew (UK)
f	фо́рма^ⓘ; вы́ставка^ⓘ;^[1] бо́ров^ⓘ^[2]	fool	fʲ	фина́л^ⓘ; верфь^ⓘ; кровь^ⓘ^[2]	few
ɡ	год^ⓘ^[3]^[4]; анекдо́т^ⓘ^[1]	goo	ɡʲ	геро́й^ⓘ	argue
—			j	есть^ⓘ [je-]; ёж^ⓘ [jɵ-]; юг^ⓘ [ju-]; я^ⓘ [ja]; майо́р^ⓘ^[5]	yes
k	кость^ⓘ; бе́гство^ⓘ^[1]; флаг^ⓘ^[2]	scar	kʲ	кино́^ⓘ; секью́рити	skew
l	луна́^ⓘ^[6]	pill	lʲ	лес^ⓘ; боль^ⓘ	lean
m	мы́ло^ⓘ	moot	mʲ	мя́со^ⓘ; семь^ⓘ	mute
n	нос^ⓘ	noon	nʲ	нёс^ⓘ; день^ⓘ; ко́нчик^ⓘ^[7]	newt (for some dialects)
p	под^ⓘ; ры́бка^ⓘ^[1]; зуб^ⓘ^[2]	span	pʲ	пе́пел^ⓘ; цепь^ⓘ; зыбь^ⓘ^[2]	spew
ɾ	раз^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish	ɾʲ	ряд^ⓘ; зверь^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish
s	соба́ка^ⓘ; ска́зка^ⓘ^[1]; глаз^ⓘ^[2]	soup	sʲ	си́ний^ⓘ; здесь^ⓘ; есть^ⓘ; грызть^ⓘ^[1]	assume (for some dialects)
ʂ	широ́кий^ⓘ; кни́жка^ⓘ^[1]; муж^ⓘ^[2]; что^ⓘ^[8]	rush	ɕː	щека́^ⓘ; счита́ть^ⓘ; мужчи́на^ⓘ^[9]^[10]	wish sheep
t	то^ⓘ; во́дка^ⓘ;^[1] лёд^ⓘ^[2]	stand	tʲ	тень^ⓘ; дитя́^ⓘ; путь^ⓘ; грудь^ⓘ^[2]	stew (UK; for some dialects)
ts^[11]	цена́^ⓘ; нра́виться^ⓘ^[10]	cats	tɕ^[11]	чай^ⓘ; течь^ⓘ^[10]	chip
v	вы^ⓘ; его́^[4]; афга́н^[1]	voodoo	vʲ	весь^ⓘ; вью́га^ⓘ	view
x	ход^ⓘ; Бог^ⓘ^[3]^[10]	loch (Scottish); ugh	xʲ	хи́трый^ⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкий^ⓘ^[1]^[3]^[10]	huge (for some dialects)
z	зуб^ⓘ; сбор^ⓘ^[1]	zoo	zʲ	зима́^ⓘ; резьба́; жизнь^ⓘ; про́сьба^ⓘ^[1]	presume (for some dialects)
ʐ	жест^ⓘ; волшба́^[1]	rouge	ʑː	по́зже^ⓘ^[12]	prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	трава́^ⓘ	father	æ	пять^ⓘ; ча́сть^ⓘ^[13]	pat (US)
ɛ	жест^ⓘ; э́тот^ⓘ	met	e	пень^ⓘ; э́тика^ⓘ^[13]	mace
ɨ	ты^ⓘ; ши́шка^ⓘ; с и́грами	roses (for some dialects)	i	ли́ния^ⓘ; и́ли^ⓘ	meet
o	о́блако^ⓘ; шёпот^ⓘ	chore	ɵ	тётя^ⓘ; плечо́^ⓘ^[13]	foot
u	пу́ля^ⓘ	boot	ʉ	чуть^ⓘ; лю́ди^ⓘ^[13]	choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
ɐ	облака́^ⓘ; како́й^ⓘ; сообража́ть^ⓘ; тропа́^ⓘ^[14]	bud	—
ə	ко́жа^ⓘ; о́блако^ⓘ; се́рдце^ⓘ	about	ə	во́ля^ⓘ; сего́дня^ⓘ; ку́ча^ⓘ^[15]	lasagna
ɨ	дыша́ть^ⓘ; жена́^ⓘ; во́ды^ⓘ; эта́п^ⓘ; к Ива́ну	roses (for some dialects)	ɪ	лиса́^ⓘ; четы́ре^ⓘ; тяжёлый^ⓘ; де́вять^ⓘ; часы́^ⓘ^[16]	bit
ʊ	мужчи́на^ⓘ	put	ʉ	чуде́сный^ⓘ; люби́ть^ⓘ^[13]	youth
ɛ	тетра́эдр; поэте́сса^[17]	met	—
o	ра́дио^ⓘ; поэте́сса^[17]	chore	ɵ	ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст^[18]	foot
Suprasegmental
IPA	Example		Explanation
ˈ	четы́ре^ⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]		Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː	сза́ди^ⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ]^[1]		Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
^ a b c ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди and Бог, and in the interjections ага́, ого́, го́споди, ей-бо́гу, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
^ a b Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня, сего́дняшний, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help).
^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
^ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
^ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
^ a b c d e [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм, начди́в, дочь бы, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
^ ^a ^b The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
^ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.^{[citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

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[voice-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).

[devoice-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).

[g2-3] ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди^ⓘ and Бог^ⓘ, and in the interjections ага́^ⓘ, ого́^ⓘ, го́споди^ⓘ, ей-бо́гу^ⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.

[g-4] Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня^ⓘ, сего́дняшний^ⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).

[5] The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.

[6] /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).

[7] Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.

[8] Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.

[щ-9] ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.

[dz-10] [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм^ⓘ, начди́в, дочь бы^ⓘ, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.

[tie-11] The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.

[12] Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).

[palatalized_vowel-13] Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.

[14] Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.

[15] Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).

[a-16] Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.^{[citation needed]}

[foreign-17] In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

[foreign2-18] Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

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