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Automatic train operation (ATO) ensures partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.
Most systems elect to maintain a driver (train operator) to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies.
Many modern systems are linked with Automatic Train Control (ATC) where normal signaller operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. The ATO and ATC systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coast when moving and station dwell time, in order to bring a train back to the timetable slot defined for it.
Examples
editThe earliest ATO system on a full Underground line was on the Barcelona Metro line 2 (now integrated on L5), which ran from 1963 until 1970 on its seven trains. Another example was on the Victoria line of the London Underground, opened in 1968. The ATO system performs all functions of the driver except for the opening and closing of the doors. The driver needs only to press two buttons to start the train and, if the way is clear, then the train will automatically proceed to the next station. Many newer systems are now computer-controlled, including London's Docklands Light Railway, the Central Line and Jubilee Line of the London Underground, Line 14 of the Paris Métro, Copenhagen Metro, Kelana Jaya Line of Kuala Lumpur Rail Transit System, the Washington Metro, Hong Kong MTR, Manila Light Rail Transit System, North East Line, Circle Line and the future Downtown Line of Singapore MRT, Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, Kobe Municipal Subway, a number of ART-based and VAL-based systems.
| Network | Lines |
|---|---|
| CPTM | 7, 9 and 12 |
| London Underground | Victoria Line, Central Line, Jubilee Line |
| Milan Metro | Lines 3 |
| Barcelona Metro | Lines 2, 3, 5 and 11 are ATC operation |
| Madrid Metro | All lines except line 2 |
| New York City Subway | L line to begin full ATO in 2012.[1] 7 line undergoing track and signal modernization, with completion in 2018.[2] |
| Nuremberg U-Bahn | Conversion the existing U2 to ATC operation[3] |
| Rio Tinto Group | Iron ore railway driverless go ahead[4][5] |
| San Juan Tren Urbano | Has an Siemens ATC system that allows fully automatic operation possible[6] |
| Seville Metro | ATO has been installed shortly after its inauguration |
| Metro de Caracas | ATO has been installed on his inauguration, this system have all lines. |
| Valencia Metro | Line 1 has ATO installed in the underground section of the line. Lines 3 and 5 are preinstalled as ATO |
| Praha Metro (Cz) | On Line C, ATO (automatic target braking, door control, passenger information system control,...) operated sice 1978 till 1996 (installation of MATRA ATP). Producer: VUZ Praha, analogue solution, direct commands coded by permanent magnets |
| Praha Metro (Cz) | Line A has ATO (automatic target braking, door control, passenger information system control, traction energy consumption optimisation, travelling time control, driverless turn in terminal station...) operated sice 2003. Producer: AZD Praha, computer solution, data from trackside part transferred via ATP data channel (ATP provided by Bombardier ZWUS Katowice, PL) |
| Ceske Drahy (Czech railways) (Cz) | ATO (automatic target braking, traction energy consumption optimisation, travelling time control, ...) is being operated sice 1991 (test runs with passengers), since 1993 in commercial operation. At present, over 200 vehicles (75+75 pcs EMUs class 471, 20 pcs high-speed el.locos class 380, 19 refurbished diesel locos class 750.7, 37 refurbished diesel railcars class 842) equipped with on-board part, over 300 km of tracks equipped with lineside part (Praha - Pardubice 100 km, Praha - Decin 120 km, Hranice n.M - Ostrava 50 km, Ostrava - Opava 30 km, some other short pieces), next 300 of track km prepared for GPS orientation (no necessary trackside part). ATO also successfully cooperated with ETCS. Producer: AZD Praha, computer solution. |
Records
edit |
For the purpose of these records, a "driverless" train is defined as one that normally operates fully automatically, with no on-board human intervention.
- Longest fully automatic driverless network: Vancouver SkyTrain, 68.7 km (42.7 mi) on three lines
- Longest partially automatic driverless line: Lille Metro Line 2, 31.7 km (19.7 mi)
- First partially automatic driverless line: London Underground, Victoria Line, 1968
- First Metro with All Lines system Caracas Metro , 1983
- Longest fully automatic driverless underground line: Circle MRT Line, Singapore, 35.7 km (22.2 mi)
- First fully automatic driverless underground line: Paris Métro line 14, Paris, 1998
The Dubai Metro (about 70 km in the first phase, inclding 50 km in one line) and Singapore's Circle MRT Line (33.3 km) are likely to take over the longest network/line and longest underground line records respectively when completed.[7][8]
The future
editMany railways are planning on using ATO in the future. It has been partially implemented on the Delhi Metro with plans of full ATO operations by the year 2013. ATO will be introduced on the London Underground's Northern line in 2012. Although ATO may also be used on the future Crossrail and Thameslink trains, it has not yet been implemented on any UK mainline railways.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "MTA L Train Response to Squadron" (PDF) (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ "New York Flushing Line CBTC contract awarded". Railway Gazette. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Railway Gazette: Driverless operations start in Nürnberg
- ^ Railway Gazette International July 2008 p203
- ^ http://www.mineprocessing.com/News/detail-a135-b2-c0-d0-e0-f.html
- ^ www.railway-technology.com Tren Urbano Rapid Transit System, Puerto Rico - Accessed 2011-07-12
- ^ Railway Technology - ALSTOM chosen for the world’s longest fully automated metro line in Singapore
- ^ DubaiCityGuide.com : Special Features - Schon Properties
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